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Computer Networking Notes Explained

The document provides a comprehensive overview of computer networking, covering its introduction, types, topologies, OSI and TCP/IP models, transmission media, networking devices, IP addressing, protocols, network security, and emerging trends. Key goals of computer networks include resource sharing, communication, reliability, and scalability. It also discusses various network types such as LAN, WAN, and PAN, and highlights the importance of security measures against threats.

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3 views3 pages

Computer Networking Notes Explained

The document provides a comprehensive overview of computer networking, covering its introduction, types, topologies, OSI and TCP/IP models, transmission media, networking devices, IP addressing, protocols, network security, and emerging trends. Key goals of computer networks include resource sharing, communication, reliability, and scalability. It also discusses various network types such as LAN, WAN, and PAN, and highlights the importance of security measures against threats.

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22ra5a6701
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Computer Networking Notes – Detailed Explanation

(B.Tech Level)

1. Introduction to Computer Networks


A computer network connects two or more devices (computers, printers, mobile phones) so they
can share information and resources.
Goals:
- Resource sharing: Share hardware, software, and data across devices.
- Communication: Email, instant messaging, video conferencing.
- Reliability & redundancy: Backup paths to ensure continuous connectivity.
- Scalability: Ability to expand the network without redesign.
Example: A campus network allowing file sharing, internet access, and internal messaging.

2. Network Types
- LAN: Local Area Network, high speed, small area like an office or school.
- MAN: Metropolitan Area Network, covers a city.
- WAN: Wide Area Network, connects large geographical areas like countries.
- PAN: Personal Area Network, short range, connects personal devices like smartphones and
Bluetooth devices.

3. Network Topologies
- Bus: Single backbone cable, simple but prone to failure if cable is damaged.
- Star: Devices connected to a central hub/switch, easy to manage but hub is a single point of
failure.
- Ring: Devices connected in a loop, data travels in one direction, break affects entire network.
- Mesh: Every device connected to every other device, reliable but costly.
- Hybrid: Combination of topologies for flexibility.

4. OSI Reference Model (7 Layers)

1. Physical: Transmission of raw bits via cables/wireless.

2. Data Link: Framing, error detection, flow control.

3. Network: Routing, addressing (IP).


4. Transport: Ensures complete data delivery (TCP/UDP).

5. Session: Manages communication sessions.

6. Presentation: Data translation, encryption, compression.

7. Application: Interfaces for user applications like browsers and


email.

5. TCP/IP Model (4 Layers)

1. Network Interface: Hardware-level communication.

2. Internet: IP addressing and routing.

3. Transport: End-to-end communication (TCP/UDP).

4. Application: Protocols like HTTP, FTP, SMTP.

6. Transmission Media
- Guided: Twisted pair cables, coaxial cables, fiber optics.
- Unguided: Radio waves, microwaves, infrared.

7. Networking Devices
- Hub: Broadcasts to all devices.
- Switch: Directs data to the intended device.
- Router: Connects and routes data between networks.
- Gateway: Connects different network architectures.
- Access Point: Wireless device connection point.

8. IP Addressing
- IPv4: 32-bit address format (e.g., 192.168.1.1).
- IPv6: 128-bit address format.
- Subnetting: Splitting a network into smaller sub-networks.
9. Protocols
- HTTP/HTTPS: Web communication.
- FTP: File transfer.
- SMTP/POP3/IMAP: Email protocols.
- DNS: Resolves domain names to IP addresses.
- DHCP: Automatically assigns IP addresses.
- TCP/UDP: Reliable vs. faster but less reliable data transfer.
10. Network Security
Threats: Viruses, worms, phishing, DoS attacks.
Security Measures: Firewalls, encryption (SSL/TLS), authentication (passwords, biometrics), VPNs.
11. Emerging Trends
- 5G Networks
- SDN (Software Defined Networking)
- IoT (Internet of Things)
- Cloud Networking
- Edge Computing

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