python-basics
June 23, 2025
1 If Loop
[4]: age = input('Please enter the age:')
age = int(age)
if age >=18 :
print('The person is an adult.')
print('Inside the if loop')
else:
print('The person is not an adult.')
print('Inside the else loop')
print('End of the program')
Please enter the age: 21
The person is an adult.
Inside the if loop
End of the program
[6]: score = 80
if score < 50:
print("Grade: C")
elif (score >= 50) and (score <= 80) :
print("Grade: B")
elif (score >= 80 ) and (score <=100):
print("Grade: A")
else:
print("Grade: NA")
Grade: B
[11]: # nested if loop
# divisibility rule of 6 .
num = 15
if num > 0 :
print('A valid number is entered, Thank you !!')
1
if num % 2 == 0 :
print('The number is divisible by 2')
if num % 3 == 0 :
print('The number is divisible by 3')
print('Hence the number is divisible by 6')
else :
print('The number is not divisible by 3')
print('Hence, the number is not divisible by 6')
else :
print('The number is not divisible by 2')
print('Hence, the number is not divisible by 6')
else:
print('Please enter a valid number')
A valid number is entered, Thank you !!
The number is not divisible by 2
Hence, the number is not divisible by 6
2 Write data into a file
[12]: fileobject = open( 'D:/Dump/Demo.txt' ,'w')
fileobject.write('This is some text created to test the write functionality of␣
↪python.')
fileobject.close()
[13]: fileobject = open( 'D:/Dump/Demo.txt' ,'w')
fileobject.write(' Writing some more text to the file')
fileobject.close()
[14]: fileobject = open( 'D:/Dump/Demo.txt' ,'a')
fileobject.write(' \n This is the appended text.')
fileobject.close()
[16]: #### Assignment
## In the above code where we checked the divisibility of 6 , try to add␣
↪entries into logs where we have the print commands.
import datetime
user = input('Please enter the user : ')
num = input('Please enter the number : ')
num = int(num)
# user = 'saanvi'
# num = 100
fileobject = open('D:/Dump/log.txt','a')
fileobject.write( datetime.datetime.now().strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S") + '|' +␣
↪user + '|*************************************************\n')
2
fileobject.write( datetime.datetime.now().strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S") + '|' +␣
↪user + '|The program begins\n')
if num > 0 :
fileobject.write( datetime.datetime.now().strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S") +␣
↪'|' + user + '|A valid number '+ str(num) +' is entered, Thank you !!\n')
if num % 2 == 0 :
fileobject.write( datetime.datetime.now().strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")␣
↪+ '|' + user + '|The number is divisible by 2\n')
if num % 3 == 0 :
fileobject.write( datetime.datetime.now().strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:
↪%S") + '|' + user + '|The number is divisible by 3\n')
fileobject.write( datetime.datetime.now().strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:
↪%S") + '|' + user + '|Hence the number is divisible by 6\n')
else :
fileobject.write( datetime.datetime.now().strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:
↪%S") + '|' + user + '|The number is not divisible by 3\n')
fileobject.write( datetime.datetime.now().strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:
↪%S") + '|' + user + '|Hence, the number is not divisible by 6\n')
else :
fileobject.write( datetime.datetime.now().strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")␣
↪+ '|' + user + '|The number is not divisible by 2\n')
fileobject.write( datetime.datetime.now().strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")␣
↪+ '|' + user + '|Hence, the number is not divisible by 6\n')
else:
#print('Please enter a valid number')
fileobject.write( datetime.datetime.now().strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S") +␣
↪'|' + user + '|Invalid number '+ str(num) +' entered\n')
fileobject.write( datetime.datetime.now().strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S") + '|' +␣
↪user + '|The program ends\n')
fileobject.close()
Please enter the user : xyz
Please enter the number : 21
3
3 List comprehension
[19]: salary = [ 34000,48000,56789,98345,52891 ]
increased_salary = []
for sal in salary:
increased_salary.append( round(sal * 1.1,2))
print(salary)
print(increased_salary)
[34000, 48000, 56789, 98345, 52891]
[37400.0, 52800.0, 62467.9, 108179.5, 58180.1]
[21]: increased_salary_1 = [ round(sal * 1.1,2) for sal in salary ]
print(increased_salary_1)
[37400.0, 52800.0, 62467.9, 108179.5, 58180.1]
[22]: # increase the salary by 10% if the salary is less than 50k else increase it by␣
↪5%
increased_salary_2 = [ round(sal * 1.1,2) if sal < 50000 else round(sal * 1.
↪05,2) for sal in salary ]
print(increased_salary_2)
[37400.0, 52800.0, 59628.45, 103262.25, 55535.55]
4 Dictionary comprehension
[28]: sample_dict = { 'name' : 'Ashok' , 'age': 56 , 'Profession' : 'Teacher'}
print(sample_dict)
print(sample_dict.keys())
print(sample_dict.values())
{'name': 'Ashok', 'age': 56, 'Profession': 'Teacher'}
dict_keys(['name', 'age', 'Profession'])
dict_values(['Ashok', 56, 'Teacher'])
[29]: # Traditional approach
numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4]
squared_dict = {}
for num in numbers:
squared_dict[num] = num ** 2
print(squared_dict)
{1: 1, 2: 4, 3: 9, 4: 16}
[31]: squared_dict_1 = { num : num ** 2 for num in numbers }
print(squared_dict_1)
4
{1: 1, 2: 4, 3: 9, 4: 16}
[41]: squared_dict_2 = { num : num ** 2 if num % 2 == 0 else num for num in␣
↪numbers }
print(squared_dict_2)
{1: 1, 2: 4, 3: 3, 4: 16}
[43]: squared_even_dict_3 = {num: num ** 2 for num in [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9] if num % 2␣
↪== 0}
print(squared_even_dict_3)
{2: 4, 4: 16, 6: 36, 8: 64}
5 Object Oriented Programming - OOP concept
[62]: class Dog:
no_ears = 2
no_legs = 4
no_tails = 1
can_fly = False
is_mammal = True
is_fast = None
def sound(self,sound_animal):
print('The sound of the animal is ',sound_animal)
[63]: dalmatian = Dog()
print(dalmatian.no_ears)
print(dalmatian.no_tails)
print(dalmatian.can_fly)
dalmatian.has_spots = True
print(dalmatian.has_spots)
print(dalmatian.sound('barking'))
print('***************************************')
pomerian = Dog()
print(pomerian.no_ears)
print(pomerian.no_tails)
print(pomerian.can_fly)
pomerian.hairy = True
print(pomerian.hairy)
print(pomerian.sound('woof woof'))
2
1
False
True
5
The sound of the animal is barking
None
***************************************
2
1
False
True
The sound of the animal is woof woof
None
[77]: class Dog:
no_ears = 2
no_legs = 4
no_tails = 1
can_fly = False
is_mammal = True
is_fast = None
def __init__(self,name,breed):
print('Inside the constructor')
self.dog_name = name
self.dog_breed = breed
def sound(self,sound_animal):
print('The sound of the animal is ',sound_animal)
print('The name of the dog is ',self.dog_name)
[78]: my_dog = Dog('Friend', 'Golden Retriever')
print(my_dog.dog_name)
print(my_dog.dog_breed)
my_dog.sound('growl')
Inside the constructor
Friend
Golden Retriever
The sound of the animal is growl
The name of the dog is Friend
5.0.1 Inheritence
[85]: class Animal :
def __init__(self,name):
self.animal_name = name
def speak(self):
print(f"{self.animal_name} makes some sound")
class Dog(Animal):
def speak(self):
6
print(f"{self.animal_name} makes woof woof sound")
class Cat(Animal):
def speak(self):
print(f"{self.animal_name} makes meow sound")
[86]: # Create objects
dog = Dog("Buddy")
cat = Cat("Whiskers")
generic_animal = Animal("Some Animal")
[89]: print(generic_animal.speak())
print(dog.speak())
print(cat.speak())
Some Animal makes some sound
None
Buddy makes woof woof sound
None
Whiskers makes meow sound
None
5.0.2 Polymorphism
[91]: class Dog:
def speak(self):
return 'Woof!'
class Cat:
def speak(self):
return 'Meow'
class Cow:
def speak(self):
return "Moo!"
[94]: dog = Dog()
cat = Cat()
cow = Cow()
print('Dog speaks', dog.speak())
print('Cat speaks', cat.speak())
print('Cow speaks', cow.speak())
Dog speaks Woof!
Cat speaks Meow
Cow speaks Moo!
7
5.0.3 Encapsulation
[100]: class BankAccount:
def __init__(self, balance,username):
self.__acc_balance = balance # Private attribute
self.user_name = username
def deposit(self, amount):
if amount > 0:
self.__acc_balance += amount
return self.__acc_balance
[102]: account = BankAccount(1000,'Satish')
print(account.deposit(500)) # Output: 1500
print(account.user_name)
#print(account.__acc_balance) # Error: AttributeError
1500
Satish
6 Yield
[110]: def countdown(n):
i = 1
while i <= n:
yield i
i += 1
[111]: for number in countdown(5):
print(number)
1
2
3
4
5
[ ]: ## lambda function
[115]: multiply = lambda x, y: x * y
print(multiply(5, 6))
30
[ ]:
