for loop
while loop
for loop – A for loop is used to iterate over a sequence that is either a list, tuple, dictionary, or a set.
We can execute a set of statements once for each item in a list, tuple, or dictionary.
print("1st example")
lst = [1, 2, 3]
for i in range(len(lst)):
print(lst[i], end = " \n")
print("2nd example")
for j in range(0,5):
print(j, end = " \n")
Output
1.85s
1st example
123
2nd example
0123
while loop:
In Python, while loops are used to execute a block of statements repeatedly until a given
condition is satisfied. Then, the expression is checked again and, if it is still true, the body is executed
again. This continues until the expression becomes false.
m=5
i=0
while i < m:
print(i, end = " ")
i=i+1
print("End")
Output
0 1 2 3 4 end
Indentation
Python requires indentation to define statement blocks. A block of code must have a consistent
number of spaces.
To indent in Python, whitespaces are preferred over tabs. Also, use either whitespace or tabs to
indent; mixing tabs and whitespaces in indentation can result in incorrect indentation errors.
Rules of Indentation in Python
Here are the rules of indentation in python:
Python’s default indentation spaces are four spaces. The number of spaces, however, is entirely up to
the user. However, a minimum of one space is required to indent a statement.
Indentation is not permitted on the first line of Python code.
Python requires indentation to define statement blocks.
A block of code must have a consistent number of spaces.
To indent in Python, whitespaces are preferred over tabs. Also, use either whitespace or tabs to indent;
mixing tabs and whitespaces in indentation can result in incorrect indentation errors.
List
Lists are used to store multiple items in a single variable.
Lists are one of 4 built-in data types in Python used to store collections of data, the other 3
are Tuple, Set, and Dictionary, all with different qualities and usage.
Lists are created using square brackets:
Example
Create a List:
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
print(thislist)
Creating a List in Python
Lists in Python can be created by just placing the sequence inside the square brackets[].
Unlike Sets, a list doesn’t need a built-in function for its creation of a list.
Python program to demonstrate
# Creation of List
# Creating a List
List = []
print("Blank List: ")
print(List)
# Creating a List of numbers
List = [10, 20, 14]
print("\nList of numbers: ")
print(List)
# Creating a List of strings and accessing
# using index
List = ["Geeks", "For", "Geeks"]
print("\nList Items: ")
print(List[0])
print(List[2])
Output
Blank List:
[]
List of numbers:
[10, 20, 14]
List Items:
Geeks
Geeks
Iterate a List in Python
Using for loop
The easiest method to iterate the list in python programming is by using them for a loop. The method
of the iterating list using for loop is as given below
list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
# Iterating list using for loop
for i in list:
print(i)
output
Using loop and range() function
Another method to iterate the list while programming in python is by using the loop and range()
function together. Iterating the list using this method is not recommended if iteration using for
loop(method 1) is possible. The method to do so is as given below:
list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
# getting length of list using len() function
length = len(list)
# using for loop along with range() function
for i in range(length):
print(list[i])
output
5
Using While loop
We can also iterate the list in python language using a while loop. The method to use while
loop for the iterating list is as given below:
list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
# Getting length of list using len() function
length = len(list)
i=0
while i < length:
print(list[i])
i += 1
output:
Using list comprehension
This is the most concrete way to iterate the list while programming in the python language. The
method to iterate list using list comprehension is as given below:
list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
# Iterating list using list comprehension
[print(i) for i in list]
Output:
Using enumerate() function
There are few times when you may need the display the index of the element along with the
element in the list itself. In such cases, we use the enumerate() function for the iteration of the list. The
method to use the enumerate() function to iterate the list is as given below:
list = [1, 3, 5, 7, 9]
# Using enumerate() function to iterate the list
for i, val in enumerate(list):
print (i, ",",val)
output:
0,1
1,3
2,5
3,7
Using Numpy function
All the methods that we discussed till now are generally preferable for small or say single-dimensional
lists. But when it comes to large n-dimensional lists it is advisable to use an external library such as
NumPy for iterating lists. The method to use the Numpy function for iterating lists is as given below:
# Importing external library
import numpy as np
a = np.arange(5)
for x in np.nditer(a):
print(x)
output:
More on Lists
List / Array Methods in Python
Let’s look at some different methods for lists in Python:
S.no Method Description
Used for adding elements to
1 append()
the end of the List.
It returns a shallow copy of a
2 copy()
list
This method is used for
3 clear() removing all items from the
list.
These methods count the
4 count()
elements.
Adds each element of an
5 extend()
iterable to the end of the List
S.no Method Description
Returns the lowest index
6 index()
where the element appears.
Inserts a given element at a
7 insert()
given index in a list.
Removes and returns the last
8 pop() value from the List or the
given index value.
Removes a given object from
9 remove()
the List.
Reverses objects of the List
10 reverse()
in place.
Sort a List in ascending,
11 sort() descending, or user-defined
order
Calculates the minimum of
12 min()
all the elements of the List
Calculates the maximum of
13 max()
all the elements of the List
Adding Element in List
1. Python append() method
Adds element to the end of a list.
Syntax: list.append (element)
Example:
Python3
# Adds List Element as value of List.
List = ['Mathematics', 'chemistry', 1997, 2000]
List.append(20544)
print(List)
Output
['Mathematics', 'chemistry', 1997, 2000, 20544]
2. Python insert() method
Inserts an element at the specified position.
Syntax:
list.insert(<position, element)
Example:
List = ['Mathematics', 'chemistry', 1997, 2000]
# Insert at index 2 value 10087
List.insert(2, 10087)
print(List)
Output
['Mathematics', 'chemistry', 10087, 1997, 2000]
3. Python extend() method
Adds items of an iterable(list, array, string , etc.) to the end of a list
Syntax: List1.extend(List2)
Example:
List1 = [1, 2, 3]
List2 = [2, 3, 4, 5]
# Add List2 to List1
List1.extend(List2)
print(List1)
# Add List1 to List2 now
List2.extend(List1)
print(List2)
Output
[1, 2, 3, 2, 3, 4, 5]
[2, 3, 4, 5, 1, 2, 3, 2, 3, 4, 5]
Important functions of the Python List
We have mentioned some essential Python list functions along with their syntax and example:
1. Python sum() method
Calculates the sum of all the elements of the List.
Syntax: sum(List)
Example:
List = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
print(sum(List))
Output
15
See example:
List = ['gfg', 'abc', 3]
print(sum(List))
Output:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "", line 1, in
sum(List)
TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'int' and 'str'
2. Python count() method
Calculates the total occurrence of a given element of the List.
Syntax: List.count(element)
Example:
List = [1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 1, 2, 3, 2, 1]
print(List.count(1))
Output
4
3. Python len() method
Calculates the total length of the List.
Syntax: len(list_name)
Example:
List = [1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 1, 2, 3, 2, 1]
print(len(List))
Output
10
4. Python index() method
Returns the index of the first occurrence. The start and end indexes are not necessary parameters.
Syntax: List.index(element[,start[,end]])
Example:
List = [1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 1, 2, 3, 2, 1]
print(List.index(2))
Output
1
Another example:
List = [1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 1, 2, 3, 2, 1]
print(List.index(2, 2))
Output
4
5. Python min() method
Calculates minimum of all the elements of List.
Syntax: min(iterable, *iterables[, key])
Example:
numbers = [5, 2, 8, 1, 9]
print(min(numbers))
Output
1
6. Python max() method
Calculates the maximum of all the elements of the List.
Syntax: max(iterable, *iterables[, key])
numbers = [5, 2, 8, 1, 9]
print(max(numbers))
Output
9
7. Python sort() method
Sort the given data structure (both tuple and list) in ascending order.
Key and reverse_flag are not necessary parameter and reverse_flag is set to False if nothing is
passed through sorted().
Syntax: list.sort([key,[Reverse_flag]])
Example:
List = [2.3, 4.445, 3, 5.33, 1.054, 2.5]
#Reverse flag is set True
List.sort(reverse=True)
#List.sort().reverse(), reverses the sorted list
print(List)
Output
[5.33, 4.445, 3, 2.5, 2.3, 1.054]
8. Python reverse() method
reverse() function reverses the order of list.
Syntax: list. reverse()
Example:
# creating a list
list = [1,2,3,4,5]
#reversing the list
list.reverse()
#printing the list
print(list)
Output
[5, 4, 3, 2, 1]
Deletion of List Elements
To Delete one or more elements, i.e. remove an element, many built-in Python functions can be
used, such as pop() & remove() and keywords such as del.
1. Python pop() method
Removes an item from a specific index in a list.
Syntax: list.pop([index])
The index is not a necessary parameter, if not mentioned takes the last index.
Note: The index must be in the range of the List, elsewise IndexErrors occur.
Example 1:
List = [2.3, 4.445, 3, 5.33, 1.054, 2.5]
print(List.pop())
Output
2.5
Example 2:
List = [2.3, 4.445, 3, 5.33, 1.054, 2.5]
print(List.pop(0))
Output
2.3
2. Python del() method
Deletes an element from the list using it’s index.
Syntax: del list.[index]
Example:
List = [2.3, 4.445, 3, 5.33, 1.054, 2.5]
del List[0]
print(List)
Output
[4.445, 3, 5.33, 1.054, 2.5]
3. Python remove() method
Removes a specific element using it’s value/name.
Syntax: list.remove(element)
Example :
List = [2.3, 4.445, 3, 5.33, 1.054, 2.5]
List.remove(3)
print(List)
Output
[2.3, 4.445, 5.33, 1.054, 2.5]
Python Tuples
A comma-separated group of items is called a Python triple.
The ordering, settled items, and reiterations of a tuple are to some degree like those of a
rundown, but in contrast to a rundown, a tuple is unchanging.
Example
("Suzuki", "Audi", "BMW"," Skoda ") is a tuple.
Creating a Tuple
A tuple is created by placing all the items (elements) inside parentheses (), separated by commas. The
parentheses are optional, however, it is a good practice to use them.
A tuple can have any number of items and they may be of different types (integer, float, list, string,
etc.).
# Different types of tuples
# Empty tuple
my_tuple = ()
print(my_tuple)
# Tuple having integers
my_tuple = (1, 2, 3)
print(my_tuple)
# tuple with mixed datatypes
my_tuple = (1, "Hello", 3.4)
print(my_tuple)
# nested tuple
my_tuple = ("mouse", [8, 4, 6], (1, 2, 3))
print(my_tuple)
Run Code
Output
()
(1, 2, 3)
(1, 'Hello', 3.4)
('mouse', [8, 4, 6], (1, 2, 3))
Access Python Tuple Elements
Like a list, each element of a tuple is represented by index numbers (0, 1, ...) where the first element is
at index 0.
We use the index number to access tuple elements. For example,
1. Indexing
We can use the index operator [] to access an item in a tuple, where the index starts from 0.
# accessing tuple elements using indexing
letters = ("p", "r", "o", "g", "r", "a", "m", "i", "z")
print(letters[0]) # prints "p"
print(letters[5]) # prints "a"
Negative Indexing
Python allows negative indexing for its sequences.
The index of -1 refers to the last item, -2 to the second last item and so on. For example,
# accessing tuple elements using negative indexing
letters = ('p', 'r', 'o', 'g', 'r', 'a', 'm', 'i', 'z')
print(letters[-1]) # prints 'z'
print(letters[-3]) # prints 'm'
3. Slicing
We can access a range of items in a tuple by using the slicing operator colon :.
# accessing tuple elements using slicing
my_tuple = ('p', 'r', 'o', 'g', 'r', 'a', 'm', 'i', 'z')
# elements 2nd to 4th index
print(my_tuple[1:4]) # prints ('r', 'o', 'g')
# elements beginning to 2nd
print(my_tuple[:-7]) # prints ('p', 'r')
# elements 8th to end
print(my_tuple[7:]) # prints ('i', 'z')
# elements beginning to end
print(my_tuple[:]) # Prints ('p', 'r', 'o', 'g', 'r', 'a', 'm', 'i', 'z')
Output
('r', 'o', 'g')
('p', 'r')
('i', 'z')
('p', 'r', 'o', 'g', 'r', 'a', 'm', 'i', 'z')
Python Tuple Methods
Count() Method
The count() method of Tuple returns the number of times the given element appears in the tuple.
Syntax:
tuple.count(element)
# Creating tuples
Tuple1 = (0, 1, 2, 3, 2, 3, 1, 3, 2)
Tuple2 = ('python', 'geek', 'python',
'for', 'java', 'python')
# count the appearance of 3
res = Tuple1.count(3)
print('Count of 3 in Tuple1 is:', res)
# count the appearance of python
res = Tuple2.count('python')
print('Count of Python in Tuple2 is:', res)
Output:
Count of 3 in Tuple1 is: 3
Count of Python in Tuple2 is: 3
Index() Method
The Index() method returns the first occurrence of the given element from the tuple.
Syntax:
tuple.index(element, start, end)
Parameters:
element: The element to be searched.
start (Optional): The starting index from where the searching is started
end (Optional): The ending index till where the searching is done
Creating tuples
Tuple = (0, 1, 2, 3, 2, 3, 1, 3, 2)
# getting the index of 3
res = Tuple.index(3)
print('First occurrence of 3 is', res)
# getting the index of 3 after 4th
# index
res = Tuple.index(3, 4)
print('First occurrence of 3 after 4th index is:', res)
Output:
First occurrence of 3 is 3
First occurrence of 3 after 4th index is: 5
