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Discovering Diverse Content Through
Random Scribd Documents
other interests, the members of this select group often moved about
with the seasons.

About the middle of November, the Vanderbilts would go to New York

for the opera and social season, staying at their townhouse until the
end of January. On weekends in this period and at Christmas, they
usually returned to Hyde Park, staying in the pavilion after the
mansion was closed up about December 1.

16

The Frederick Vanderbilt townhouse at Fifth Avenue and

40th Street, New York City, razed in 1914. Courtesy
Underhill Studio, New York.

March and April were generally spent at Palm Beach, Fla. Here the
Vanderbilts and their guests would cruise on their yacht in southern
waters. For variety they sometimes leased a large estate on the West
Coast, the family making the trip there and back in its private railroad
car. The Vanderbilts would return to Hyde Park about Easter,
remaining until shortly after the Fourth of July. Between then and
Labor Day, they usually went to one of the several summer mansions
that they owned at various times. The first of these was Rough Point,
at Newport, R.I. They also had a retreat which they called their
Japanese Camp on Upper St. Regis Lake in the Adirondacks; it had
been built by 15 “expert mechanics” brought over from Japan. From
1913 until Mrs. Vanderbilt’s death in 1926, they went to Cornfield, a
residence at Bar Harbor, Maine.

Part of the summer might be spent in Europe. The Vanderbilts would

cross the Atlantic on an ocean liner, having sent the yacht on ahead.
Then they would pick up the yacht and cruise along the coast of
Europe or in the Mediterranean. In his later years, Vanderbilt spent
much of his time at Hyde Park, but would make an occasional
summer trip on his yacht.

17
Frederick W. Vanderbilt in his later years.
Society in the Hudson Valley

There were several reasons why so many men of wealth chose the
Hudson River Valley as the locale for their country estates. Scenic
charm at a convenient distance from New York City attracted some.
Others, like Vanderbilt, found the rolling countryside ideal for the
pursuit of interests in purebred livestock and in horticulture.

Two events of great interest to these gentleman farmers were held

each autumn. There was keen competition among them at the annual
flower show of the Dutchess Horticultural Society in the State Armory
at Poughkeepsie, and at the Dutchess County Fair, originally held at
Poughkeepsie, and after 1919 at Rhinebeck. Vanderbilt always came
away with his share of prizes for his plants and flowers, and for his
garden produce, Belgian horses, and Jersey cattle.

For the sports-minded, the Hudson River provided both active and
spectator events. Vanderbilt was a member of the Hudson River
Yacht Club, some of whose members also enjoyed ice yachting on the
frozen river. Sharing in this thrilling pastime were Archibald Rogers,
John A. and Franklin D. Roosevelt, Samuel B. Sexton, Edward Wales,
and Thomas Newbold.

18
 The barns on the Vanderbilt estate, now privately owned.

A spring attraction that appealed to many of the Dutchess County

residents was the college regatta held each year on the Hudson at
Poughkeepsie. Vanderbilt was a regular contributor to this rowing
event. The presence of his yacht in the spectator line was frequently
mentioned in the papers.

The Vanderbilts enjoyed winter sports during their weekend visits at

the pavilion. Their particular delight was sleighing. On a crisp winter
day, the Post Road would be alive with handsome turnouts and
highstepping horses. The air would then ring with the sound of
sleighbells as the wealthy Hyde Parkers dashed about the snow-
covered highways.

Spring and autumn found the members of the Dutchess Hunt Club
riding to the hounds on their swiftest horses. All the fine livery of a
pageant brightened these occasions.
Leading all other events for color and magnificence at the Hyde Park
estates were the weekend house parties. The guest lists on these
occasions included European nobility, and leaders in the fields of
business, politics, and the arts.

Those invited to Vanderbilt Mansion were accommodated in lavishly

appointed guest rooms, all of them furnished in 18th-century French
style. Each room had its distinct color scheme, with the motif carried
into the bathroom accessories. When the number of guests exceeded
the number of guest rooms in the mansion, the overflow was housed
in the pavilion.

19

Blue room, largest of the guest rooms.

Dining room, family table at far end.

20
 Drawing room.

Guests had the option of having breakfast in their rooms. The food
would be served on special breakfast sets that matched the color
scheme of the rooms. Those who preferred eating in the dining room
found the small family table at the east end of the room covered with
a white cloth and set with red china. In the center was a large swivel
tray, or Lazy Susan, containing coffee and food for the meal. Guests
were expected to seat themselves, turn the tray, and choose from it
whatever they wished. If anyone was late, fresh coffee and warm
food were brought up from the kitchen and placed on the tray.

When luncheon was served for the family or intimate friends, the
small table was again used. If a formal luncheon was being served,
the larger table in the center of the room, which could seat up to 30
people, would be set.
Details for formal affairs were arranged weeks in advance by Mrs.
Vanderbilt with her cooks, butlers, and gardeners to avoid last-minute
slip-ups. On such occasions, the hostess made it a point to blend the
color of the flowers, the cloth, and the china. Thus, if yellow flowers
were being used, the lace cloth would have a yellow satin undercover.
The centerpiece might be an inlaid gold mirror and gilt vase, filled
with fresh yellow roses. Scattered about the table would be six or
eight smaller gold vases of flowers. The service would be gold- 21
plated, and the china would be white, with a gold stripe and
the family monogram in the center.

The courses served at such a luncheon included hors d’œuvres, and

an egg dish, followed by an entree. The main course would be a
choice of chicken, turkey, or game. This was followed by an elaborate
dessert, with cakes, fruits, and candies.

The family and intimate friends took their afternoon tea in the library.
On more formal occasions, tea was served in the drawing room.
Guests gathered in the gold room for sherry before dinner.

The color of the flowers, cloth, and china would again be blended for
dinner. A monogrammed cloth covered the large table on the
occasion of a formal dinner. The centerpiece might be a large silver
bowl, a yachting trophy, filled with pink flowers, on a silver tray.
Candelabra, fruit and bon-bon dishes, and the flatware would also be
of silver. China would be of a fine Italian variety, engraved with pink
flowers. Courses for a formal supper included soup, fish, and an
entree. The main course was a choice of game, meat, or fowl. This
was followed by dessert, fruit, and candies.

When finished at table, the ladies retired to the drawing room, where
demitasse and liqueur were served. The gentlemen remained in the
dining room for coffee, liqueur, and cigars. In about half an hour they
would join the ladies in the drawing room for cards or other
amusements.
Sometimes dinner was followed by a formal dance held in the
drawing room. House guests were joined by other guests, neighbors,
and their visitors. Music was furnished by an orchestra from New York
City, and the dancing stopped promptly at midnight on a Saturday
evening.
Operation of the Estate

The immensity of the Vanderbilt estate at Hyde Park can best be

gaged by realizing that at one time there were more than 60 full-time
employees, directed by the estate superintendent. Of this number, 17
were employed in the house, 2 in the pavilion, and 44 on the grounds
and farm—13 men cared for the gardens and lawns alone. When
there were guests in the pavilion, additional cooks and maids were
engaged from Hyde Park.

The fine herd of 24 Jersey cattle and the 15 Belgian draft horses
maintained on the farm were all of the best breeding and show stock,
as were the more than 2,000 white leghorn chickens and the
Berkshire pigs. Entered in competition at the Dutchess County Fair,
the animals took many honors. But they served a utilitarian purpose
as well. Chickens supplied all of the eggs used in the kitchens, and
non-layers were killed for table use. Cows furnished milk, and sweet
butter was churned once a week. Pigs were slaughtered for meat.
These products supplied both the mansion and the townhouse in
New York City. The draft horses were used in farm work.

22
Vanderbilt coach house and stable.
Mrs. Frederick W. Vanderbilt.

In the era before the automobile, Vanderbilt’s entire stable of 23

carriage horses usually arrived at Hyde Park from New York
each year about May 1. Here they were stabled until about December
1, when they were returned to the city for the winter season in a
special railroad car.

The vegetable gardens supplied fresh produce for mansion and

townhouse. The quality of the produce must have been excellent, for
year after year top honors at the Dutchess County Fair went to the
estate superintendent for the 10 best varieties of vegetables grown
by a professional gardener—and this in competition with entries from
other great estates in the county.
The gardens and greenhouses supplied flowers for the mansion, and
when the Vanderbilts were in residence at their townhouse in New
York, fresh flowers were shipped there twice each week. Flowers
were also sent twice a week to the hospitals in Poughkeepsie for
distribution among the patients. In addition, the Vanderbilt,
Roosevelt, and Rogers greenhouses supplied the lilies, palms, and
other flowers to decorate the four churches of Hyde Park for Easter
services.

All electricity for the estate was generated at the powerhouse,

located on Crum Elbow Creek near the White Bridge. Wood for the
fireplaces was cut on the estate, and the icehouses were filled from
the ponds.
The Vanderbilts and the People of Hyde Park

The great estates along the Hudson played an important role in the
economy of the small communities nearby. Employment was provided
for many residents, and the wealthy owners took a benevolent
interest and provided a guiding hand in the affairs and welfare of the
villages. The Vanderbilts may be cited as typical examples, and in the
finest tradition.

Mrs. Vanderbilt knew personally almost every person living in Hyde

Park. Her employees, as well as the doctors and ministers of the
community, kept her informed of events taking place there. They told
her of those in difficulty; Mrs. Vanderbilt then visited the family
named. If there was illness, she called in a doctor and nurses; if
there was poverty, she sent coal and groceries. Those suffering from
tuberculosis she sent to Saranac Lake and took care of all expenses
herself.

24
 Vanderbilt Mansion
NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE
HYDE PARK, NEW YORK

MAY 1960 NH5-VM-7000

High-resolution Version

Note: Estate Boundary extended about ¾ mile east at the time of

Mr. Vanderbilt’s death in 1938.

BARD ROCK
BOATHOUSE
BOAT LANDING
DOCK
BOATHOUSE
HUDSON RIVER
 HYDE PARK RAILROAD STATION
GATEHOUSE
COACHMAN’S RESIDENCE
COACH HOUSE
GREENHOUSE
TOOLHOUSE
THE GARDENS
GARDENER’S COTTAGE
VANDERBILT MANSION
THE PAVILION
PARKING
TENNIS COURT
MARIANETTA CREEK
CRIM FLOW CREEK
POWERHOUSE
THE WALES HOUSE
ENTRANCE
RESIDENCE
SHERWOOD POND
ALBANY POST ROAD
ST. JAMES CHURCHYARD
EXIT
DAIRYMAN
BARN
GARAGE
CARPENTER
BLACKSMITH
HOWARD MANSION

She was interested in young people and saw to it that they had 26
facilities for learning the domestic and industrial arts in the
local school. For young men 13 and older, she organized and
maintained a completely equipped clubroom in the village. For the
young women in whom Mrs. Vanderbilt took a personal interest, she
furnished funds for their complete education.

Each summer Mrs. Vanderbilt gave the school children of Hyde Park
either a strawberry and ice cream festival or a cruise on the Hudson
on a chartered steamer. Sometimes she joined forces with other
wealthy residents and invited all the citizens of the town for a
steamer cruise on the river; on one occasion this involved more than
700 people.

Through the Sunday Schools of the village, she arranged for each
child to have needed clothes and toys at Christmas. And on Christmas
day she would drive through the village in a sleigh loaded with gifts
that she handed out to the children she met.

A reading room attached to St. James Chapel was established and

maintained by Mrs. Vanderbilt for the people of the village. She was
also responsible for bringing the Red Cross movement to Hyde Park
in 1911; and in 1917, she was a prime mover in the establishment of
the District Health Nurse Service.

With the outbreak of World War I, the Vanderbilts, James Roosevelt

(a half brother of Franklin D. Roosevelt), and Thomas Newbold
equipped, clothed, and armed for a 2-year period a Hyde Park Home
Defense Company of 65 men. The Vanderbilts also arranged
educational lectures, bringing to the townhall eminent authorities on
various subjects. In 1920, Vanderbilt and Archibald Rogers jointly
donated the money for a motion picture projector, thus bringing the
first movies to Hyde Park. Other community projects drew
Vanderbilt’s support, including an $18,000 donation for Hyde Park’s
first stone bridge over Crum Elbow Creek on the Albany Post Road,
just north of the village.

For their employees, the Vanderbilts sponsored a baseball team that,

in its day, was one of the finest in the valley. Holiday parties for
children and adults were held each year. Mrs. Vanderbilt sometimes
visited the parties in person, mingling freely with the guests. Gifts to
employees were the custom at Thanksgiving and Christmas.
Early History of the Estate

The history of the 211-acre grounds surrounding the Vanderbilt

Mansion goes back much further than that of the house.

27
 Pierre (Peter) Fauconnier.

Dr. John Bard.

On April 18, 1705, Peter Fauconnier and three other men were
granted a patent for 3,600 acres of scenic land on the east side of
the Hudson River. Fauconnier had fled his native France as a religious
exile, arriving in America by way of England. Here he became
secretary to Edward Hyde, Viscount Cornbury, Governor of the
Province of New York, who signed the patent papers in the name of
Her Majesty Queen Anne. The land was divided among the grantees;
Fauconnier’s portion, undeveloped in his lifetime, appears to have
passed at his death to his daughter, Magdalene Valleau. Mrs. Valleau
sold her interest in the patent to her son-in-law, Dr. John Bard, who
later purchased the entire patent.

The name Hyde Park was applied to the patent lands. Perhaps
Fauconnier gave the name to his share out of respect for the
Governor and it later extended to the holdings of Dr. Bard; or possibly
the name came into use during the years of estate development by
the Bard family. At any rate, the town of Hyde Park, established in
1821, took its name from the estate.

Dr. Bard, noted physician and pioneer in hygiene, had his first house
built on the property about 1764. He continued to maintain his
principal residence in New York City until about 1772, when he
moved to Hyde Park. A new house, which he called the Red House,
was built just north of the present St. James Episcopal Church,
opposite the north gate of the National Historic Site. He 28
disposed of approximately 1,500 acres of the land, and
developed the remainder as his estate.
Dr. Samuel Bard.
 Dr. David Hosack.

After the Revolution, Dr. Bard returned to private practice in New York
City where he assisted his son, Dr. Samuel Bard, as attending
physician to President George Washington. The elder Bard retired
again to Hyde Park in 1798. Before his death a year later, the
property was transferred to his son.

Dr. Samuel Bard built a house at Hyde Park in 1795, the first to stand
on the site of Vanderbilt Mansion. A large house on the high elevation
rising about 300 feet above the Hudson, it commanded a superb view
of the river and of the mountains beyond. A garden was laid out on
the land west of the Albany Post Road, and by 1820 a greenhouse,
said to have been the first one in Dutchess County, was erected. In
addition to his interest in trees and improvement of the grounds, Dr.
Samuel Bard undertook experiments in horticulture and farming. He
imported fruits from England, France, and Italy, and vines from
Madeira. The Society of Dutchess County for the Promotion of
Agriculture made him its first president in 1806. In this position he
encouraged the use of clover as a crop and gypsum as a fertilizer. Dr.
Samuel Bard lived at Hyde Park until his death in 1821 at the age of
79. His death followed within 24 hours that of his wife, Mary.

29
Map of the Hyde Park Patent, about 3,600 acres, showing
land sales made by Dr. John Bard and Dr. Samuel Bard. In
the time of Vanderbilt the estate comprised approximately
the tracts labeled “Dr. David Hosack” and “Magdalene
Hosack.” The National Historic Site comprises the land
owned by Vanderbilt west of the Post Road and fronting
the Hudson River.

30

Walter Langdon, Jr.

Their only surviving son, William Bard, inherited Hyde Park which had
been reduced by land sales to 540 acres. He lived there only until
1828, when he sold the estate to Dr. David Hosack of New York City.
A former professor of natural history at Columbia College, Dr. Hosack
had become a partner of Dr. Samuel Bard and had taken over the
latter’s medical practice when he retired.

Dr. Hosack spent vast sums of money for the improvement of his
property. He was to create the first of the great Hudson Valley
estates.

Deeply interested in botany, he revived horticultural experimentation

and gardening at Hyde Park. Many of the rare specimens that today
grace the lawns and gardens probably date from the period
immediately following Dr. Hosack’s acquisition of the estate. Andre
Parmentier, a Belgian landscape gardener, was engaged to lay out
roads, walks, and scenic vistas.

In 1829, under the guidance of Martin E. Thompson of the

architectural firm of Town and Thompson, Dr. Hosack remodeled and
enlarged the house built by Dr. Samuel Bard in 1795. A new carriage
house and gate lodges were also designed and constructed.

The new beauty of the Hyde Park estate carried its fame 31
throughout this country and to Europe. Many notables came to
Hyde Park to visit Dr. Hosack and to enjoy the scene. Among them
were Philip Hone, diarist and former Mayor of New York; Washington
Irving, noted author; the poet Fitz-Greene Halleck; Jared Sparks,
American historian and editor of the North American Review; Capt.
Thomas Hamilton, British novelist and adventurer; Harriet Martineau;
Dr. James Thacher, physician and biographer; and the young English
artist Thomas Kelah Wharton, who made several engravings of the
estate.

In 1840, some 5 years after Dr. Hosack’s death, John Jacob Astor
bought the mansion tract, containing about 125 acres of land west of
the Albany Post Road. Astor almost immediately made a gift of this
purchase to his daughter Dorothea Langdon and her five children.
One of her sons, Walter Langdon, Jr., eventually bought out the
property interests of his mother, sisters, and brothers, and by 1852
had become sole owner.

Gardener’s cottage.

The handsome house originally built by Dr. Samuel Bard, then

enlarged by Dr. Hosack, was completely destroyed by fire in June
1845. A new mansion was built on the site of the destroyed house in
1847. By 1872, Langdon had reunited the farmland east of the Post
Road through purchase. In October of that year, fire destroyed the
splendid barns that had been Dr. Hosack’s pride. Three years later,
Langdon built the gardener’s cottage and toolhouse, the only 32
buildings still standing that antedate the Vanderbilt era. Until
late in life, the Langdons spent much of their time in Europe, and the
Hyde Park mansion was closed for years. In 1882, however, Langdon
returned to Hyde Park, living there the life of a country gentleman.
There were no surviving children when he died in 1894 at the age of
72. When Hyde Park was offered for sale the next year, Frederick W.
Vanderbilt purchased it.

Tool house.
Description of the Mansion

Vanderbilt Mansion was designed by the firm of McKim, Mead, and

White in 1896-98 in an Italian Renaissance style then popular with
that firm. The mansion has about 50 rooms on 4 levels, including
servants’ quarters and utility features like the kitchen and laundry.
The entire construction of concrete and steel, faced with cut stone, is
fireproof—except for the interior paneled walls and the furnishings.

FIRST FLOOR

Main Entrance Vestibule.

This is a small, high-ceilinged room that leads from the imposing

front portico of the mansion to the reception hall. It is without
distinctive furnishings except for a pair of large Mediterranean green-
glazed pottery jars.

33
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