Background or (Literature Review): Models of DC/DC Converters DC-DC Converters DC-DC converters are used to confirm that the

output voltage is at the required level. They can increase or decrease the voltage input. With difference DC electrical applications required certain voltage for certain application. The most high dc voltage needs to connect with USP, battery charge or connect to inverter and grid. There are many types of a dc-dc

converter used in industries based on their needed application. Some converters are only suitable for stepping down the voltage, while others are for stepping it up and some can be used for either.

1- Fly back converter The basic circuit for a flyback type converter is shown in Fig (1-1); it operates like the buckboost converter, but using a transformer to store the energy instead of a single inductor. When power electronic switch is switched on, current flows from the source through primary winding L and energy is stored in the transformers magnetic field. Then when the switch is turned off, the transformer tries to maintain the current flow through L by suddenly reversing the voltage across it generating a flyback pulse of back-EMF. The Flyback converter: is a converter using transformer as a current storage device instead of inductor. When the switch is OFF, the stored current will flow out & produce EMF.

Figure (1-1) The Flyback converter, which offers isolation as well as high voltage step-up factor.

2- Buck converter The basic circuit configuration used in the buck converter is shown in Fig (2-2). There are only four main components: switching, diode, inductor and output filter capacitor. A control circuit (often a single IC) monitors the output voltage, and maintains it at the desired level by switching on and off at a fixed rate (the converters operating frequency), but with a varying duty cycle (the proportion of each switching period that switch is turned on).

Figure (1-2) the basic circuit of Bucks type of DC-DC converter.

Buck-boost converter

In a buck-boost converter are the same as in the buck and boost types, but they are configured in a different way Fig (1-3). This allows the voltage to be walked up or down, depending on the duty cycle. Here when switch is turned on. Inductor is again connected directly across the source voltage and current flows through it, storing energy in the magnetic field. No current can flow through to the load, because this time the diode is connected so that it is reverse biased. Capacitor must supply the load when switch on. However, when switch is turned off, is disconnected from the source. Unnecessary to say inductor again faces any propensity for the current to drop, and suddenly reverses its EMF. This generates a voltage which forward biases diode, and current flows into the load and to recharge capacitor.

Figure (1-2). In the Buck-Boost Converter, provide either voltage step-up or step-down.

3- Cuk converter The basic circuit of a Cuk converter is shown in Fig (1-4), and as you can see it has an additional inductor and capacitor. The circuit configuration is in some ways like a combination of the buck and boost converters, although like the buck-boost circuit it delivers an inverted output. All of the output current must pass through C1, and as ripple current voltage. This cycle is repeated at a fairly high frequency, with C2 providing the load current during the part of the cycle when are turned off.

Figure (1-3). The Cuk Converter, which can gain step the voltage either up or down.

4- Boost Converter

A boost converter figure (1-5), step-up voltage is one of the non-isolating converter types and is a power converter with an output DC voltage greater than its input DC voltage. It is a class of switching-mode power supply (SMPS) containing at least two semiconductor switches (a diode and a electronic switch) and at least one energy storage element. Filters made of are normally added to the output of the converter to reduce output voltage ripple. Figure (1-5) is a basic schematic of a boost converter.

L
IL
Id

V1

DC

S
Is

D Vs

Vo

Figure (1-4), Basic Circuit of Boost Converter

The basic boost converter is no more complicated than the other types of DC-DC converter, but has the components arranged differently in order to step up the voltage. Again the operation consists of using Q1 as a high speed switch, with output voltage control by varying the switching duty cycle. When Q1 is switched on, current flows from the input source through L and Q1, and energy is stored in the Inductors magnetic field. There is no current through D1, and the load current is supplied by the charge in C1. Then when Q1 is turned off, L opposes any drop in current by immediately reversing its EMF. So that the inductor voltage adds to (i.e., boosts) the source voltage and current due to this boosted voltage now flows from the source through L, D1 and the load, recharging C1 as well. The output voltage is therefore higher than the input voltage. In this paper, a solar power generation is investigated as an isolated portable system using a boost

5-An Isolated Solar Power Generation using Boost Converter and Boost Inverter The proposed configuration boosts the low voltage of photovoltaic (PV) array using a dc-dc boost converter to charge the battery at 100V and to convert this battery voltage into high quality 230V r.m.s ac voltage at 50Hz for feeding autonomous loads without any intermediate conversion stage and a filter. A maximum power point tracking (MPPT) scheme is proposed with series connection of a dcdc converter input with a PV panel for high efficiency. This approach increases the efficiency of the energy conversion.