BIOLOGY 1
Cells:
Structure
and
functions
BIOLOGY 1
EXPLORING
ANIMAL CELL
ORGANELLES
LESSON
TARGETS
• Identify and describe the functions of
major organelles in an animal cell.
• Develop a model to illustrate the
structure of animal cell organelles.
• Explain how organelles work together to
maintain cell function.
CELL
Basic and fundamental unit of life,
it possesses a highly organized
structure that enables it to carry
out its vital functions.
ANIMAL CELL
An animal cell is a type of eukaryotic cell that
makes up the tissues and organs of animals. Unlike
plant cells, animal cells do not have a cell wall
or chloroplasts, but they contain specialized
structures called organelles.
ORGANELLES
Organelles are tiny, specialized structures inside
a cell that perform specific tasks necessary for
cell survival. Each organelle has a unique
function, such as producing energy, making
proteins, or removing waste.
cytoplasm
• Organelles are suspended/float
• Mainly composed of water, salts and various
organic molecules.
FUNCTIONS
• Holds the internal components of cells in place
and protects them from damage.
• Store molecules used for cellular processes as
well as hosts many of these processes within the
cell itself.
MITOCHONDRIA
• The mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell.
• They convert glucose (sugar) into energy (ATP)
through a process called cellular respiration.
• More active cells (like muscle cells) have more
mitochondria to produce extra energy.
FUNCTIONS
• Produces ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the
energy molecule.
• Helps the cell perform activities like movement,
growth, and repair.
• Uses oxygen to break down food for energy
(aerobic respiration).
LYSOSOMES
• Small, membrane-bound sacs filled with digestive
enzymes.
• Help break down waste, old cell parts, and
harmful invaders like bacteria.
• Act as the cell’s garbage disposal by recycling
materials for reuse.
FUNCTIONS
• Break down waste, damaged cell parts, and
foreign invaders.
• Help the cell stay clean and healthy.
• Play a role in cell digestion and recycling
materials for reuse.
GOLGI
APPARATUS
• A stack of flattened, membrane-bound sacs found
in the cytoplasm.
• Acts as the processing and packaging center of
the cell.
FUNCTIONS
• Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and
lipids.
• Prepares materials to be sent to different parts
of the cell or out of the cell.
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
• A network of membranes that transports • Acts like a transportation system, moving
materials throughout the cell. materials where they are needed.
• Rough ER (RER) – covered with ribosomes, helps • Smooth ER (SER) – has no ribosomes, makes
in protein production and transport. lipids and detoxifies harmful substances.
• Rough ER – Assists ribosomes in making and • Smooth ER – Produces lipids and helps detoxify
delivering proteins. chemicals in the cell.
RIBOSOMES
• Tiny, round structures found floating in the
cytoplasm or attached to the rough endoplasmic
reticulum (RER).
• They are not membrane-bound like other
organelles.
FUNCTIONS
• Produce proteins, which are essential for cell
growth, repair, and function.
• Use instructions from DNA (sent through RNA) to
assemble proteins.
• Work closely with the endoplasmic reticulum to
send proteins where they are needed.
VACUOLE
• A fluid-filled sac found inside cells.
• In animal cells, vacuoles are small and
multiple, while in plant cells, they are large
and central.
• The vacuole is like a storage unit or warehouse—
it keeps extra supplies and waste until needed.
FUNCTIONS
• Stores water, nutrients, and waste.
• Helps maintain the cell’s shape and balance.
• Assists in removing harmful substances from the
cell.
MICROTUBULES
• Long, hollow, tube-like structures made of
proteins.
• Part of the cytoskeleton, which gives the cell
its shape.
• Help in moving organelles, proteins, and even
the entire cell.
FUNCTIONS
• Provide shape and structure to the cell.
• Act as tracks for materials inside the cell.
• Help in cell division by forming spindle fibers.
• Make up cilia and flagella, which help cells move.
cell membrane
• Differentially permeable membrane of the cell
• A lipid bilayer that surrounds and protects the
cell
FUNCTIONS
• It regulates the movement of substances in and out
of the cell
NUCLEUS
• The nucleus is the control center of the cell.
• It contains DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), which
carries the instructions for all cell
activities.
• The nuclear membrane surrounds it, protecting
the genetic material.
• Contains chromosomes
FUNCTIONS
• Stores and protects genetic information (DNA).
• Directs all cell activities, including growth
and reproduction.
• Contains the nucleolus, which makes ribosomes.
EXPLORING
PLANT CELL
ORGANELLES
LESSON
TARGETS
• Identify the major organelles in a
plant cell.
• Compare organelles to real-world
structures for better understanding.
• Explain how organelles work together to
maintain cell function.
PLANT CELL
A plant cell is the basic structural and functional
unit of plants. It is a eukaryotic cell, meaning it
has a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. These
specialized organelles allow plants to grow,
produce their own food, and maintain stability.
ORGANELLES
Organelles are tiny, specialized structures inside
a cell that perform specific tasks necessary for
cell survival. Each organelle has a unique
function, such as producing energy, making
proteins, or removing waste.
Cell parts
in plants
only
Plant cell
Cell parts
in animal
only
CENTRIOLES
• Small, cylindrical structures made of
microtubules.
• Found in pairs near the nucleus in animal cells.
• Play a key role in cell division by organizing
microtubules.
FUNCTIONS
• Help organize microtubules to support cell
structure.
• Assist in cell division by forming the spindle
fibers that separate chromosomes.
• Help in the formation of cilia and flagella,
aiding cell movement.
NUCLEUS
• The nucleus is the control center of the plant
cell.
• It contains DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), which
carries the instructions for all cell activities.
• The nuclear membrane surrounds it, protecting the
genetic material.
FUNCTIONS
• Stores and protects genetic information (DNA).
• Directs all cell activities, including growth
and reproduction.
• Contains the nucleolus, which makes ribosomes.
RIBOSOMES
• Ribosomes are tiny, round structures found in
the cytoplasm or attached to the rough ER.
• They are made of RNA and proteins and do not
have a membrane.
• Ribosomes are present in both plant and animal
cells.
FUNCTIONS
• Synthesizes proteins by assembling amino acids
based on genetic instructions.
• Plays a crucial role in cell growth and repair.
• Works closely with other organelles to produce
and transport proteins.
MITOCHONDRIA
• The mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell.
• They have a double membrane, with the inner
membrane folded into structures called cristae.
• Mitochondria contain their own DNA, allowing them
to produce some of their own proteins.
FUNCTIONS
• Generates energy for the cell through cellular
respiration.
• Converts glucose and oxygen into ATP (adenosine
triphosphate), the cell’s main energy source.
• Helps in cell growth, division, and metabolism.
GOLGI
APPARATUS
• The Golgi apparatus is a stack of membrane-bound
sacs located in the cytoplasm.
• It works closely with the endoplasmic reticulum
to process and transport proteins and lipids.
FUNCTIONS
• Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and
lipids for transport.
• Creates vesicles to send materials to different
parts of the cell or outside the cell.
• Produces lysosomes, which help break down waste.
ROUGH ER
• The rough ER is a network of membrane-covered
tubes and sacs located near the nucleus.
• It is called "rough" because it is studded with
ribosomes, giving it a bumpy appearance.
• Works closely with the nucleus, ribosomes, and
Golgi apparatus to produce and transport proteins.
FUNCTIONS
• Processes proteins with the help of ribosomes.
• Transports proteins to the Golgi apparatus for
modification and packaging.
• Helps in the production of membranes and other
cellular components.
SMOOTH ER
• The smooth ER is a network of membrane-covered
tubes and sacs without ribosomes, giving it a
smooth appearance.
• It is located near the rough ER and extends
throughout the cytoplasm.
• It does not participate in protein synthesis.
FUNCTIONS
• Synthesizes lipids, including fats,
phospholipids, and steroids.
• Detoxifies harmful substances in the cell.
• Stores and regulates calcium ions, which are
important for cell signaling and function.
CHLOROPLAST
• The chloroplast is a green, membrane-bound
organelle found in plant cells.
• It contains chlorophyll, the pigment responsible
for capturing sunlight.
• Chloroplasts have a double membrane and their own
DNA, allowing them to function independently.
FUNCTIONS
• Converts sunlight into chemical energy through
photosynthesis.
• Produces glucose (food) and oxygen as
byproducts.
• Helps store energy needed for plant growth and
survival.
VACUOLE
• The vacuole is a large, membrane-bound sac found
in plant cells.
• It is filled with water, nutrients, enzymes, and
waste products.
• The central vacuole in plant cells is much
larger than vacuoles in animal cells.
FUNCTIONS
• Stores water, nutrients, and waste products.
• Maintains cell structure by providing turgor
pressure, keeping the plant rigid.
• Helps in detoxification by isolating harmful
substances.
LYSOSOMES
• Lysosomes are small, membrane-bound organelles
filled with digestive enzymes.
• They are more common in animal cells but can be
found in some plant cells.
• Often called the "recycling center" of the cell
because they break down waste materials.
FUNCTIONS
• Breaks down and digests waste, damaged
organelles, and cellular debris.
• Helps in defense by destroying harmful bacteria
and viruses.
• Recycles useful molecules to be reused by the
cell.
PEROXISOMES
• Peroxisomes are small, membrane-bound organelles
found in the cytoplasm of plant cells.
• They contain enzymes that help break down fatty
acids and detoxify harmful substances.
• Unlike lysosomes, peroxisomes are not formed in
the Golgi apparatus.
FUNCTIONS
• Breaks down fatty acids for energy production.
• Detoxifies hydrogen peroxide (a harmful
byproduct of metabolism) into water and oxygen.
• Assists in photorespiration, a process important
for plant metabolism.
PLASMA
MEMBRANE
• The plasma membrane is made of a phospholipid
bilayer with embedded proteins.
• It regulates the movement of substances in and
out of the cell.
FUNCTIONS
• Controls what enters and exits the cell,
maintaining homeostasis.
• Provides protection and structural support.
• Facilitates communication between cells through
receptor proteins.
ORGANELLE FACTORY
INSTRUCTIONS:
• Create a Real-World Analogy – Think of a real-world
system (e.g., a factory, a school, a city) and
compare your assigned organelle to a part of that
system.
⚬ Example: The nucleus is like a manager in a
factory because it controls all operations.
• Explain the Comparison – Describe how your analogy
relates to the function of your organelle.
• Prepare a Presentation – Each group will present
their analogy to the class in a short, creative way.
You may use a drawing, a skit, or a short
explanation.
Variation in
structure and
forms of cells
DO YOU
HAVE ANY
QUESTIONS?
Resources
Page
Feel free to use these valuable resources
to support and guide you in your upcoming
projects.
SHORTCUT B for
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for
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KEYS for
M for mic
D drumrol drop
Enhance the learning experience by l
incorporating these handy shortcut keys
while in presentation mode.
for for
O bubbles Q quiet
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BUILD A 3D ANIMAL CELL
INSTRUCTIONS:
• Form groups of 3-5 students.
• Use play-dough, clay, paper, or other
craft materials to create a 3D model of
an animal cell.
• Label each organelle clearly with a small
tag or sticky note.
• Each group will explain the function of
the organelles in their model.
• Be creative—add colors, textures, and
details to make your cell stand out!
THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING!
RESOURCES
PAGE
Feel free to use these valuable resources
to support and guide you in your upcoming
projects.
SHORTCUT B for
blur C
for
confett
i
KEYS for
M for mic
D drumrol drop
Enhance the learning experience by l
incorporating these handy shortcut keys
while in presentation mode.
for for
O bubbles Q quiet
U for unveil
0-9 Any number from 0-9 for a timer
TRY THIS BACKGROUND FOR AN ONLINE CLASS.
*Please delete this section before downloading.
