PL/SQL Learning Notes
Compiled Practice Snippets and Concepts
1. Basic Output Block
set serveroutput on;
Begin
dbms_output.put_line('Welcome');
end;
/
2. Variable Declaration and Assignment
declare
num1 number(10);
num2 number(10):=5;
begin
num1:=10;
dbms_output.put_line('Addition of num1 and num2 is '||(num1+num2));
end;
/
3. Runtime Input Using &
declare
num1 number(10):=&num1;
num2 number(10):=&num2;
begin
dbms_output.put_line('Addition of num1 and num2 is '||(num1+num2));
end;
/
4. String Concatenation
select ('Welcome to '||'PLSQL') from dual;
5. SELECT INTO Statement
declare
var_ph_no varchar2(100);
var_jid varchar2(100);
begin
select phone_number, job_id into var_ph_no, var_jid
from employees where employee_id=102;
dbms_output.put_line('Phone number is '||var_ph_no||' and job id is '||var_jid);
end;
/
6. Data Manipulation Examples
-- Insert Hardcoded Values
begin
insert into table (col_1, col_2) values (val_1, val_2);
commit;
end;
-- Insert from Another Table with Condition
begin
insert into table (col_1, col_2)
select base_col_1, base_col_2 from base_table where id in(100);
commit;
end;
-- Update Example
begin
update table set col_1=val_1 where id=1;
commit;
end;
7. Table Creation and Data Insertion
create table customer_table (
cust_id number(8),
cust_name varchar2(40),
dob date,
mobile_no number(10),
city varchar2(40)
);
insert into customer_table (cust_id, cust_name, dob, mobile_no, city)
VALUES (1000, 'Arun', to_date('12/09/1985','mm/dd/yyyy'), 9090909090, 'Chennai');
commit;
8. Using %TYPE and %ROWTYPE
-- %TYPE for single column
declare
v_mob_no hr.customer_table.mobile_no%type;
begin
select mobile_no into v_mob_no from customer_table where cust_id=1000;
dbms_output.put_line(v_mob_no);
end;
/
-- %ROWTYPE for entire row
declare
v_row hr.customer_table%rowtype;
begin
select * into v_row from customer_table where cust_id=1000;
dbms_output.put_line(v_row.mobile_no);
end;
/
9. Changing Data Type of Column
-- Rename existing table
rename customer_table to customer_bkp;
-- Recreate with new datatype
create table customer_table (
cust_id number(8),
cust_name varchar2(40),
dob date,
mobile_no VARCHAR2(20),
city varchar2(40)
);
-- Insert with modified values
insert into customer_table
select cust_id, cust_name, dob, '+91-'||mobile_no, city from customer_bkp;
commit;
PL/SQL Conditional Statements and Loop
Examples
1. IF Statement (Simple)
DECLARE
salary NUMBER := 60000;
BEGIN
IF salary > 50000 THEN
dbms_output.put_line('High salary');
END IF;
END;
/
2. IF-ELSE Statement
DECLARE
total_marks NUMBER := 35;
BEGIN
IF total_marks >= 40 THEN
dbms_output.put_line('Pass');
ELSE
dbms_output.put_line('Fail');
END IF;
END;
/
3. IF-ELSIF-ELSE Ladder
DECLARE
grade CHAR(1) := 'B';
BEGIN
IF grade = 'A' THEN
dbms_output.put_line('Excellent');
ELSIF grade = 'B' THEN
dbms_output.put_line('Good');
ELSE
dbms_output.put_line('Needs Improvement');
END IF;
END;
/
4. CASE Statement (Simple)
DECLARE
department_id NUMBER := 20;
BEGIN
CASE department_id
WHEN 10 THEN dbms_output.put_line('HR');
WHEN 20 THEN dbms_output.put_line('Finance');
ELSE dbms_output.put_line('Other Dept');
END CASE;
END;
/
5. CASE Expression (Searched)
DECLARE
salary NUMBER := 75000;
BEGIN
CASE
WHEN salary > 100000 THEN dbms_output.put_line('Manager');
WHEN salary > 50000 THEN dbms_output.put_line('Lead');
ELSE dbms_output.put_line('Executive');
END CASE;
END;
/
6. CASE with SELECT Statement
SELECT job_id, job_title, max_salary,
CASE WHEN max_salary > 20000 THEN 'High Pay' ELSE 'Low Pay' END AS Pay_Status
FROM jobs;
7. Simple LOOP
DECLARE
num NUMBER(10) := 0;
BEGIN
LOOP
dbms_output.put_line(num);
num := num + 1;
EXIT WHEN num = 5;
END LOOP;
END;
8. WHILE LOOP
DECLARE
num NUMBER(10) := 0;
BEGIN
WHILE (num < 5)
LOOP
dbms_output.put_line(num);
num := num + 1;
END LOOP;
END;
9. FOR LOOP
DECLARE
num NUMBER(10);
BEGIN
FOR num IN 0..5
LOOP
dbms_output.put_line(num);
END LOOP;
END;
10. REVERSE FOR LOOP
DECLARE
num NUMBER(10);
BEGIN
FOR num IN REVERSE 0..5
LOOP
dbms_output.put_line(num);
END LOOP;
END;
