1.

First Program:

print("hello world")

2.Variables:

variable = value
print(variable)

Ex:
name = Kuro
print(name)

## A variable can be used as a value in another variable

>>Rules for Identifiers:
1. Identifiers can be combination of uppercase and lowercase letters,digits or an
underscore (_) So myVariable, Variable1, variable_for_ print are all valid python
identifiers
2. An Identifier can not start with digit. So while variable1 is valid, 1variable
is not.
3.We can't use special symbols like !,@,#,$etc.. in our identifier
4.Identifier can be of any length.

3.Data Types:

1.String = Any sentence or a word or even a letter written in English. These are
always written in ("_")or('_')
ex = "Krishna" or 'Hello world'
2.Integer = Any integer whether it is -ve or +ve
ex = 25,-25,0
3.Float = Used to represent decimal data
ex = 2.33, 4.89
4.Boolean = It only has two value either True or False
5.None = It represents one value which itself has no value called None
##Keywords = These are reserved words used in python like capital T true or
capital F false or lambda
##Python is case-sensitive language which means Uppercase words act as different
syntax than lowercase even if the words are same.
##Float is superior than int as it carries more value than int

Exercise:
Print Sum:

a = 2
b = 3
sum = a + b
print(sum)

4. Comments:

Comments are sentences which are not supposed to be a part of the final code these
are written to classify or to have a organised or clean code.
These are used with placing a # in ahead of sentence.

5.Types of Operators:
 An Operator is a symbol that performs a certain operation between operands.
i) Arithmetic Operators = +, -, *, /, %, **
ii) Relational / Comparision Operators = ==, !=, >, <, >=, <=
iii) Assignment Operators = =, +=, -=, *=, /=, %=, **=
iv) Logical Operators = not, and, or

Ex:
Assignment Operators:
a = 30
b = 40
c = 2
d = 5
e = 10
f = 3

a += 10
b -= 10
c *= 10
d /= 10
e %= 10
f **= 10
print(a, b, c, d, e, f)

Logical Operators (works on the same concept of logic gates):

val1 = True
val2 = False
print(val1 and val2)
print(val1 or val2)
print(not val1)

6. Type Conversion:
It refers to change in a specific type of variable into another type of variable.
Like if we add a integer value in a variable in the the form of a string and do an
arithmatic operation on it, it will show a runtime error.
to fix these we can refer to this example:

Code:
a = "2"
b = 3
sum = a + b
print(sum)

Run:
error

Code:
a = int("2")
b = 3
sum = a + b
print(sum)

Run:
5

Use of type casting:

adding a variable1(variable2)
7.User Input:
This statement helps the code to ask for input from the user
input() statement is used to accept values (using keyboard) from user
input() #result for input() is always a str
int ( input() ) #int
float (input() ) #float

##using only input for a variable the type of data will be of string class to get
rid of this and let's say we want int class we can write:
val = int(input("enter value"))
print(val)

Now this will be of int class.

Practise Question:
Write a program to input 2 numbers and print their sum.

a = int(input("Enter Your First Number "))

b = int(input("Enter Your Second Number "))
sum = a + b
print(sum)

Write a program to input side of a square and print it's area.

side = int(input("Enter your side "))

area = side * side
print(area)

Write a program to input 2 floating point numbers and print their average.

a = float(input("Enter your first number "))

b = float(input("Enter your second number "))
average = (a + b)/2
print(average)

Write a program to input 2 int numbers, a and b.

Print True if a is greater than or equal to b. If not print False.

a = int(input("Enter your first number "))

b = int(input("Enter your second number "))
print(a >= b)

8. Strings:

String is data type that stores a sequence of characters.

##Escape Sequence Characters:
These are used to format the code which the system doesn't directly understand
ex:
If we want print("hello world . This is a string")
but we also want that ("hello world") and ("This is a string") two be written two
seperate linesthen what we do is
we will write :
print("hello world . \n This is a string ") \n represents next line

Basic Operations:
i) concatenation:
"hello" + "world" ---> "helloworld"
ii) length of str:
 len(str)
##length counts not only characters but also spaces

A.) Indexing:
Index here refers to the position of a character int the total outcome starting
from 0

ex:
A P N A _ H O S T E L ----> String
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 ---> Indexing

str = "APNA HOSTEL"

print(str[0])

Run:
A

B.) Slicing:
Accessing parts of a string

str[starting_idx : ending_idx]

str = "APNA HOSTEL"

str[1 : 4] is "pna"

##Negative Index:
A P P L E ---> String
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 ---> Negative Indexing

str = "APPLE"
print(str[-3 : -1])

Run:
PL

C.) String Functions:

str = "I am a coder."

str.endswith("er.") #returns true if string ends with substr
str.capitalize() #capitalizes 1st char
str.replace(old, new) #replaces all occurances of old with new
str.find(word) #returns 1st index of 1st occurrence
str.count("am") #counts the occurrence of substr in string

Ex:
str = "i am studying python from Apna College"
str =str.capitalize()
print(str)
print(str)
print(str.count("o"))
print(str.find("o"))
print(str.replace("python" , "javascript"))

Practise Questions:
Write a program to input user's first name & print its length.

name = input("Enter your name: ")

print(len(name))
Write a program to find the occurance of '$' in a String.

Class = "Niggesh Nangey does not have any $ "

print(Class.count("$"))

9.) Conditional Statements:

(SYNTAX) = if-elif-else

if(condition) :
Statement1
elif(condition) :
Statement2
else(condition) :
StatementN

Ex:

age = int(input("Enter your age: "))

if(age >= 18) :
print("Eligible to vote")
elif(age <= 18) :
print("Not Eligible")

##If I want that if and any specific elif statement to be always true I will just
write True in the condition statement
##You can write if or elif statement any number of times you want but you can only
write else once
##Nesting is possible in if and else statements in python

Ex:

marks = int(input("Enter your marks: "))

if(marks >= 90) :
print("Grade = A")
elif(marks >= 80) :
print("Grade = B")
elif(marks >= 70) :
print("Grade = C")
else :
print("Grade = D")

Practise Questions:
Write a program to check if a number entered by the user is odd or even.

number = int(input("Enter your number: "))

if(number % 2 == 0) :
print("Even")
elif(-2 < number < 2) :
print("Invalid")
else :
print("Odd")

Write a program to find the greatest of 3 numbers entered by the user.

num1 = (input("Enter your first number: "))

num2 = (input("Enter your second number: "))
num3 = (input("Enter your third number: "))
if(num1 > num2 and num1 > num3) :
print("The greatest of them all is:" , num1)
elif(num2 > num3) :
print("The greatest of them all is:" , num2)
else :
print("The greatest of them all is:" , num3)

Write a program to check if a number is a multiple of 7 or not.

number = int(input("Enter your number: "))

if(number % 7 == 0) :
print("True")
else :
print("False")

10.) Lists:
A built-in data types that stores set of values
It can store elements of different types (integer, float, string, etc..)

Ex:

marks = [94.4, 95.3, 87.6]

print(marks)

Run:
[94.4, 95.3, 87.6]

##Difference of lists and strings is that strings are immutable while list are
mutable which means item assignment is possible in list while it isn't possible in
string.
Ex:

marks = [Karan, 85, True]

print(marks[2])
marks[2] = "Lucky"
print(marks)

A.) List Slicing:

Similar to String Slicing

list_name[starting_idx : ending_idx]

Ex:

marks = [85, 78, 63]

print(marks[1 : 2])

Run:
[78, 63]

B.) List Methods:

list = [1, 2, 3]
list.append(4) #adds one element at the end
list.sort() #sorts in ascending order
list.sort(reverse = True) #sorts in descending order
list.reverse() #reverses list
list.insert(idx, el) #insert element at index
list.remove(1) #removes first occurance of element
list.pop( idx ) #removes element at idx

Ex:

list = [1, 2, 3]
# print(list.append(5))
# print(list)
# print(list.sort())
# print(list)
# print(list.sort( reverse = True))
# print(list)
# list.reverse()
# print(list)
# list.insert(1, 5)
# print(list)
# list.remove(1)
# print(list)
# list.pop(1)
# print(list)

11.) Tuples:
A built-in data type that lets us create immutable sequences of values.
##Difference between list and tuple is that lists are mutable while as tuples are
not.

SYNTAX:
tup = (2, 1, 3, 4)
print(tup[3])

Run:
4

#Empty Tuple:
tup = ()
print(tup)

A.) Tuple Slicing:

Same as String and list Slicing

B.) Tuple Methods:

tup = (2, 1, 3, 4)
tup.index(el) #returns index of first occurrence
tup.count(el) #counts total occurences

Practise Questions:

Write a program to ask user to enter names of their 3 favorite movies & store them
in a list.

name1 = input("Enter the name of the 1st movie: ")

name2 = input("Enter the name of the 2nd movie: ")
name3 = input("Enter the name of the 3rd movie: ")
list = [name1, name2, name3]
print(list)

Write a program to check if a list contains a palindrome of elements.

list = [1, 2, 3, 2, 1]
copy_list = list.copy()
if(copy_list == list) :
print(True)
else :
print(False)

Write a program the number of students with the "A" grade in the following tuple.

("C", "D", "A", "A", "B", "B", "A")

tup = ("C", "D", "A", "A", "B", "B", "A")

print(tup.count("A"))

Write a program to Store the values in a list & sort them from "A" to "D".

list = ["C", "D", "A", "A", "B", "B", "A"]

list.sort()
print(list)

12.)Dictionaries:
Dictionaries are used to store data values in key:value pairs
They are unordered, mutable(changeable) & don't allow duplicate keys.

SYNTAX:
dict = {
"name" : "krishna",
"cgpa" : 9.6,
"marks" : [98, 97, 95],
}

"key" : value
dict["name"], dict["cgpa"], dict["marks"]
dict["key"] = "value" #to assign or add new

Ex:
info = {
"key" : "value",
"name" : "krishna",
"age" : 98,
"marks" : 94.4,
"subjects" : ["maths", "science"],
}
print(info)
print(info["subjects"])

A.) Nested Dictionaries:

SYNTAX Example:
student = {
"name" : "krishna",
"score" : {
"chem" : 98,
"phy" : 97,
"math" : 95
}
}
print(student["score"]["chem"])

Run:
98

B.) Dictionary Methods:

my.Dict.keys() #returns all keys

my.Dict.values() #returns all values
my.Dict.items() #returns all (key, val) pairs as tuples
my.Dict.get("key"" ) #returns the key according to value
my.Dict.update(newDict ) #inserts the specified items to the dictionaries

Ex:

student = {
"name" : "Krishna",
"score" : {
"chem" : 98,
"phy" : 95,
"math" : 90,
}
}
# print(student["score"]["chem"])
# print(student.keys())
# print(student.values())
# print(student.items())
# print(student.get("name"))

# student.update({"city": "Vadodara"}) <-----This can be written in two forms

# print(student)

# new_Dict = {"city" : "Vadodara"} <-----This is the other way

# student.update(new_Dict)
# print(student)

13.) Sets:
Set is the collection of the unordered items.
Each elements in the set must be unique & immutable.
Sets itself are mutable but it's elements are immutable
Only immutable objects can be added to the set as it has a hashable value and hence
mutable object can be registered

nums = {1, 2, 3, 4 }
set2 = {1, 2, 2, 2, }
#repeated elements stored only once, so it resolved to {1, 2 }
null_set = set() #empty set syntax
#since it is immutable it cannot store lists or dictionaries in it.
#difference btw an empty set or empty dictionary is it's syntax:
Empty Set:
collection = set()
Empty Dictionary:
collection = {}

Ex:
collection = {1, 2, "Hello", 3, 4 }
print(collection)

A.) Set Methods:

set.add(el) #adds an element
set.remove(el) #removes the element
 set.clear() #empties the set
set.pop() #removes a random value

Ex:
collection = {1, 2, "Hello", 3, 4 }
# collection.add(7)
# collection.add("world")
# collection.add(8)
# collection.remove(1)
# print(collection)
# collection.clear()
# print(collection)
# collection.pop()
# print(collection)

set.union(set2) #combines both set values & returns new

set.intersection(set2) #combines common values & returns new

Ex:
set1 = {1, 2, 3 }
set2 = {2, 3, 4 }
print(set1.union(set2))
print(set1.intersection(set2))

Practise Questions:

Store following word meanings in a python dictionary :

table : "a piece of furniture", "list of facts & figures"
cat : "a small animal"

words = {
"table" : ["a piece of furniture" , "list of facts and figures"],
"cat" : "a small animal"
}
print(words)

You are given a list of subjects for students. Assume one classroom is required for
1 subject. How many classrooms are needed by all students. List:
"python","java","C+
+","python","javascript","java","python","java","C++","C"

set = { "python" , "java" , "C++" , "python" , "javascript" , "java" , "python" ,

"java" , "C++" , "C" }
total_classrooms = len(set)
print(total_classrooms)

Write a program to enter marks of 3 subjects from the user and store them in a
dictionary. Start with an empty dictionary & add one by one. Use subject name as
key & marks as value.

math = int(input("Enter your maths marks: "))

physics = int(input("Enter your physics marks: "))
chemistry = int(input("Enter your chemistry marks: "))
dict = {}
dict.update({"math" : math})
dict.update({"physics" : physics})
dict.update({"chemistry" : chemistry})
print(dict)
Figure out a way to store 9 & 9.0 as separate values in the set.

set = float({9, 9.0})

print(set)

2nd Way:

set = {
("float" : 9.0),
("int" : 9)
}
print(set)

14.) Loops:
Loops are used to repeat instructions.

i.) while Loops:

SYNTAX:
while condition :
#some work

Ex:
We want to print hello 5 times:

count = 1
while count <= 5 :
print("Hello")
count += 1

Practise Condition:

Print numbers 1 to 100.

i = 1
while i<=100 :
print(i)
i+=1

Print numbers from 100 to 1.

i = 100
while i>=1 :
print(i)
i-=1

Print the multiplication table of a number n.

n = int(input("Enter your number: "))

i = 1
while i <= 10 :
print(i * n)
i+=1

Print the elements of the following list using a loop.

[1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100]

num = [1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100]

idx = 0
while idx < len(num) :
print(num[idx])
idx+=1

Search for a number x in this tuple using loop.{x = 36}

(1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100)

num = (1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100)

x = 36
i = 0
while i < len(num) :
if(num[i] == x) :
print(i)
i+=1

A.) Break & Continue:

Break: used to terminate the loop when encountered.
Continue: terminates execution in the current iteration & continues execution of
the loop with the next iteration.
##Continue acts as skip

Ex:
i = 1
while i <= 5 :
print(i)
if(i == 3) :
break
i += 1

Ex:
i = 0
while i <= 5 :
if(i == 3) :
i += 1
continue
print(i)
i += 1

ii.) For Loop:

These loops are used for sequential traversal. For traversing list, string, tuples
etc..
for loops(SYNTAX):

for el in list:
#some work

Ex:
list = [1, 2, 3]

for el in list:
print(el)

Practise Questions:

Print the elements of the following list using a loop:

[1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100]
list = [1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100]

for val in list :

print(val)

Search for a number x in this tuple using a loop:{x = 49}

(1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100)

tup = (1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100)

x = 49
idx = 0
for val in tup :
if(val == x) :
print("Found at idx: ", idx)
break
idx += 1

A.) Range():
Range functions returns a sequence of numbers, starting from 0 by default, and
increments by 1(by default), and stops before a specified number.

SYNTAX:
range(start?, stop, step?)

Ex:
for el in range(5) :
print(el)
for el in range(1, 5) :
print(el)
for el in range(1, 5, 2) :
print(el)

Practise Questions:

Print numbers from 1 to 100:

for el in range(101) :
print(el)

Print numbers from 100 to 1.

for el in range(100, 0, -1) :

print(el)

Print the multiplication table of a number n.

num = int(input("Enter your number: "))

table = num * 10

for el in range(num, table, num) :

print(el)

B.) Pass Statement:

pass is a null statement thet does nothing . It is used as a placeholder for
future code.

SYNTAX:
for el in range(10) :
 pass

Ex:

for el in range(10):
pass

print("hello")

Run:
hello

Practise Questions:

Write a program to find the sum of first n numbers. (using while)

num = int(input("Enter your number: "))

sum = 0
i = 1
while i <= num:
sum = sum + i
i += 1
print("Sum of first", num, "numbers is:", sum)
## If you want to print only the final sum then make sure the print statement is
not indented in the while condition.

Write a program to find the factorial of the first n numbers. (using for)

num = int(input("Enter your number: "))

mul = 1
i = 1
for el in range(num) :
mul = mul * i
i+=1

print(mul)

15.) Functions and Recursion:

Functions:
Block of statements that perform a specefic task.

Syntax:

def_func_name(param1, param2, param3 ......) :

#some work
return val

func_name(arg1, arg2, arg3...) #function call

Ex:

def sum(a, b) :
s = a + b
return s

print(sum(2, 3))
A.) Types of Functions:
i) Built-in Functions:
a) print()
b) len()
c) type()
d) range()

ii) User defined Functions

#Default Parameters : Assigning a default value to parameter, which is used when no
argument is passed.

Let's Practise :

Write a function to print the length of a list. (list is the parameter).

list_a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

def print_li(list) :
print(len(list))

print_li(list_a)

Write a function to print the elements of a list in a single line. (list is the
parameter).

list_a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

def print_el(list) :
for val in list :
print(val , end=" ")

print_el(list_a)

Write a function to find the factorial of n.

n = int(input("Enter your number: "))

def factorial(num) :
mul = 1
i = 1
for el in range(num):
mul = mul * i
i+=1
print(mul)

factorial(n)

Write a function to convert USD into INR:

num = int(input("Enter your Number: "))

def convert(number) :
con = number * 85
print(con)

convert(num)

Recursion:
 When a function calls itself repeatedly :

Syntax & Example :

#prints n to 1 backwards

def show(n) :
if(n == 0) :
return
print(n)
show(n-1)

#returns n!

def show(n) :
if(n == 0 or n ==1) :
return 1
else :
return n * show(n - 1)

Write a recursive function to calculate the sum of first n natural numbers.

num = int(input("Enter your Number: "))

def show(n):
if n == 0:
return 0
else:
return n + show(n - 1)

print(show(num))

Write a recursive function to print all elements in a list.

list_a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

def print_el(list, idx) :

if(idx == len(list)) :
return
print(list[idx])
print_el(list, idx + 1)

print_el(list_a, 6)

Exercises:
A) Questions on Conditionals:
1) Classify a person's age group : Child(<13), Teenager(13-19), Adult(20-59),
Senior(60+).

age = int(input("Enter your age: "))

if(age < 13) :

print("Child")
elif(age < 20) :
print("Teenager")
elif(age < 60) :
print("Adult")
else :
print("Senior")
 2) Movie tickets are priced based on age: $12 for adults(18 and above), $8 for
children. Everyone gets a $2 discount on
Wednesday.

age = int(input("Enter your age: "))

day = input("Enter the day: ")

if(age < 18) :

if(day == "Wednesday") :
print("Ticket fee : $6")
else :
print("Ticket Fee : $8")
else :
if(day == "Wednesday") :
print("Ticket fee : $10")
else :
print("Ticket Fee : $12")

3) Assign a letter grade based on a student's score: A(90-100), B(80-89), C(70-

79), D(60-69), F(below 60).

marks = int(input("Enter your marks: "))

if(marks >= 90):

print("Grade : A")
elif(marks >= 80):
print("Grade : B")
elif(marks >= 70):
print("Grade : C")
elif(marks >= 60):
print("Grade : D")
else :
print("Grade : F")

B) Questions on Loops:
1) Given a list of numbers, count how many are positive.
numbers = [1, -2, 3, -4, 5, 6, -7, -8, 9, 10]

numbers = [1, -2, 3, -4, 5, 6, -7, -8, 9, 10]

i = 0
for el in numbers :
if(el > 0) :
i+=1
print(i)

2) Calculate the sum of even numbers up to a given number n.

n = int(input("Enter your number: "))

i = 1
sum = 0
for i in range(n+1) :
if i % 2 == 0 :
sum = sum + i
i+=1
print(sum)

3) Print a multiplication table for a given number up to 10. but skip the fifth
iteration.
 num = int(input("Enter your number: "))
i = 0
for i in range(10):
if i == 4 :
continue
i+=1
print(num * i)

4) Reverse a String using a loop:

input_str = "Python"
reversed_str = ""

for char in input_str :

reversed_str = char + reversed_str

print(reversed_str)

5) Given a string, find the first non-repeated character.

input_str = "tweeter"

for char in input_str :

if input_str.count(char) == 1:
print("Char is : ", char)
break

6) Compute the factorial of a number using a while loop.

num = int(input("Enter your number: "))

i = 1
mul = 1
while i <= num :
mul = mul * i
i+=1
print(mul)

7) Keep asking the user for input until they enter a number between 1 and 10.

while True :
input_num = int(input("Enter your number: "))
if 1 <= input_num <= 10 :
print(input_num)
break
else :
print("Invalid")

16) File I/O :

Python can be used to perform operations on a file. (read & write data)

Types of all files:

i) Text files : .txt, .docx, .log, etc..
ii) Binary files : .mp4, mp3, .mov, .png, .jpeg, etc...

A) Open, read & close File:

We have to open a file before reading or writing.
 SYNTAX:
f = open("file_name", "mode")

## file_name = sample.txt , demo.docx

## mode = r : read mode, w : write mode

data = f.read()
f.close()

Example :

f = open("demo.txt" , "r")
data = f.read()
print(data)
f.close()