Scribd
Upload
0 views6 pages

PLSQL Collections Notes 3

Uploaded by

Deepak
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0 views6 pages

PLSQL Collections Notes 3

Uploaded by

Deepak
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 6

PL/SQL COLLECTIONS NOTES

-------------------------

1. ASSOCIATIVE ARRAYS (INDEX-BY TABLES)


----------------------------------------
- Key-value pairs, indexed by PLS_INTEGER or VARCHAR2.
- Used for in-memory data like lookup tables.

Syntax:
--------
DECLARE
TYPE t_array IS TABLE OF <datatype> INDEX BY PLS_INTEGER or VARCHAR2(n);
v_array t_array;
BEGIN
v_array(key) := value;
...
END;

Example 1: Integer Keys


------------------------
DECLARE
TYPE t_names IS TABLE OF VARCHAR2(50) INDEX BY PLS_INTEGER;
names t_names;
BEGIN
names(1) := 'Alice';
names(2) := 'Bob';
FOR i IN names.FIRST .. names.LAST LOOP
IF names.EXISTS(i) THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Name ' || i || ': ' || names(i));
END IF;
END LOOP;
END;

Example 2: String Keys


------------------------
DECLARE
TYPE t_dept IS TABLE OF VARCHAR2(30) INDEX BY VARCHAR2(10);
emp_dept t_dept;
BEGIN
emp_dept('E101') := 'HR';
emp_dept('E102') := 'Finance';
-- Loop through keys
DECLARE
k VARCHAR2(10);
BEGIN
k := emp_dept.FIRST;
WHILE k IS NOT NULL LOOP
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(k || ' works in ' || emp_dept(k));
k := emp_dept.NEXT(k);
END LOOP;
END;
END;

Example 3: Student Marks Analysis


---------------------------------
DECLARE
TYPE t_marks IS TABLE OF NUMBER INDEX BY VARCHAR2(20);
marks t_marks;
total NUMBER := 0;
count_above_75 NUMBER := 0;
avg NUMBER;
name VARCHAR2(20);
total_students NUMBER := 0;
BEGIN
marks('Ravi') := 82;
marks('Anita') := 91;
marks('Sunil') := 68;
marks('Meena') := 77;
marks('Vikas') := 55;

name := marks.FIRST;
WHILE name IS NOT NULL LOOP
total := total + marks(name);
total_students := total_students + 1;
IF marks(name) > 75 THEN
count_above_75 := count_above_75 + 1;
END IF;
name := marks.NEXT(name);
END LOOP;

avg := total / total_students;


DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Total: ' || total);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Average: ' || ROUND(avg, 2));
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Above 75: ' || count_above_75);
END;

2. NESTED TABLES
-----------------
- One-dimensional collections.
- Can be sparse (gaps).
- Use EXTEND to add elements.

Syntax:
--------
DECLARE
TYPE t_table IS TABLE OF <datatype>;
v_table t_table := t_table();
BEGIN
v_table.EXTEND;
v_table(index) := value;
END;

Example: Nested Table of Numbers


--------------------------------
DECLARE
TYPE t_numbers IS TABLE OF NUMBER;
numbers t_numbers := t_numbers();
BEGIN
numbers.EXTEND(3);
numbers(1) := 10;
numbers(2) := 20;
numbers(3) := 30;

FOR i IN 1 .. numbers.COUNT LOOP


DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Value: ' || numbers(i));
END LOOP;
END;

Practice Task Example: Delete Element


-------------------------------------
DECLARE
TYPE t_numbers IS TABLE OF NUMBER;
numbers t_numbers := t_numbers();
BEGIN
numbers.EXTEND(5);
numbers(1) := 10;
numbers(2) := 20;
numbers(3) := 30;
numbers(4) := 40;
numbers(5) := 50;

numbers.DELETE(3);

FOR i IN 1 .. numbers.COUNT LOOP


IF numbers.EXISTS(i) THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Index ' || i || ': ' || numbers(i));
END IF;
END LOOP;
END;

--- END OF NOTES ---

3. VARRAYs (Variable-Size Arrays)


---------------------------------
- Bounded one-dimensional collection (fixed max size).
- Elements are stored in order.
- Useful when the number of elements is known and limited.

Syntax:
--------
DECLARE
TYPE t_array IS VARRAY(n) OF <datatype>;
v_array t_array := t_array();

Example: VARRAY of Bonuses


----------------------------
DECLARE
TYPE t_bonus IS VARRAY(5) OF NUMBER(8,2);
emp_bonus t_bonus := t_bonus();
BEGIN
emp_bonus.EXTEND(3);
emp_bonus(1) := 5000.50;
emp_bonus(2) := 3200.75;
emp_bonus(3) := 4500.00;

FOR i IN 1 .. emp_bonus.COUNT LOOP


DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Bonus ' || i || ': ₹' || emp_bonus(i));
END LOOP;
END;

Example: Trim in VARRAY


------------------------
DECLARE
TYPE t_numbers IS VARRAY(4) OF NUMBER;
nums t_numbers := t_numbers();
BEGIN
nums.EXTEND(4);
nums(1) := 10;
nums(2) := 20;
nums(3) := 30;
nums(4) := 40;

nums.TRIM(1); -- removes last element (40)

FOR i IN 1 .. nums.COUNT LOOP


DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Index ' || i || ': ' || nums(i));
END LOOP;
END;

Comparison Summary
-------------------
| Collection Type | Index Type | Can Store in Table? | Gaps Allowed? | Use
Case |
|--------------------|----------------|----------------------|---------------|-----
------------------------------|
| Associative Array | Integer/String | ❌ | ✅ |
Lookups, temporary in-memory data |
| Nested Table | Integer | ✅ | ✅ |
Dynamic-sized lists |
| VARRAY | Integer | ✅ | ❌ |
Fixed-size ordered data |

--- END OF NOTES ---

4. EXCEPTION HANDLING IN PL/SQL


-------------------------------

What is Exception Handling?


----------------------------
Exception handling lets you catch and manage errors in your PL/SQL programs during
runtime.

Basic Syntax:
-------------
BEGIN
-- Code that might cause error
EXCEPTION
WHEN exception_name THEN
-- Error handling code
END;

Types of Exceptions:
---------------------
1. Predefined Exceptions: Built-in (e.g., ZERO_DIVIDE, NO_DATA_FOUND)
2. User-defined Exceptions: Declared by the programmer
3. Unnamed/Internal Exceptions: Caught using WHEN OTHERS

Predefined Exception Examples:


-------------------------------
| Exception | Triggered When... |
|-----------------|--------------------------------------------|
| NO_DATA_FOUND | SELECT INTO returns no rows |
| TOO_MANY_ROWS | SELECT INTO returns more than one row |
| ZERO_DIVIDE | Division by zero |
| VALUE_ERROR | Data type mismatch |

Example: ZERO_DIVIDE
---------------------
DECLARE
num1 NUMBER := 10;
num2 NUMBER := 0;
result NUMBER;
BEGIN
result := num1 / num2;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Result is: ' || result);
EXCEPTION
WHEN ZERO_DIVIDE THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Cannot divide by zero!');
END;

User-Defined Exception Example:


-------------------------------
DECLARE
e_invalid_salary EXCEPTION;
salary NUMBER := 1000;
BEGIN
IF salary < 5000 THEN
RAISE e_invalid_salary;
END IF;
EXCEPTION
WHEN e_invalid_salary THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Salary too low!');
END;

WHEN OTHERS (Catch-All):


-------------------------
BEGIN
-- Some risky operation
EXCEPTION
WHEN OTHERS THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('An unexpected error occurred!');
END;

SQLERRM and SQLCODE:


---------------------
BEGIN
-- Error-prone code
EXCEPTION
WHEN OTHERS THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Error: ' || SQLERRM);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Error Code: ' || SQLCODE);
END;

Practice Task:
---------------
- Accept a number from user.
- Divide 100 by the number.
- Catch ZERO_DIVIDE and OTHERS.
(Solution can be added later.)
--- END OF EXCEPTION HANDLING SECTION ---

You might also like