ABSTRACT
This project presents the design and implementation of a low-cost, Arduino-based home automation
system that enables wireless control of household appliances through Bluetooth technology. The
system integrates an Arduino UNO microcontroller with an HC-05 Bluetooth module, relay
switches, to provide remote control, automation, and real-time monitoring of home devices via
a custom Android application.
Key features include:
Smartphone-based wireless control of lights, fans, and other appliances
Automated environment-responsive actions (e.g., temperature-based fan control, motion
activated security alerts)
Real-time feedback through an LCD display and mobile app
Cost-effective solution compared to commercial smart home systems
The system demonstrates reliable performance with a response time under one second and
maintains low power consumption. Future enhancements may include IoT integration for
cloud- based control, voice command functionality, and AI-driven automation for improved
energy efficiency. This project serves as a foundation for scalable smart home solutions,
particularly beneficial for elderly and differently-abled users seeking affordable home
automation. Keywords: Home Automation, Arduino, Bluetooth, Smart Home, IoT, Relay
Control, Sensor Network
5
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER No. TITLE PAGE No.
1 INTRODUCTION
9
2 REQUIREMENT ANALYSIS
Feasibility studies 12
2.1
2.2 System requirements 14
Arduino hardware part
Arduino software part
Relay
Bluetooth module
3 DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSED SYSTEM
3.1 Selected methodology 22
System architecture 23
3.2
4 IMPLEMENTATION DETAILS
4.1 Development and deployment 24
setup
5 CIRCUIT DAIGRAM 26
6 RESULTS & BENEFITS 28
6.1 Results
6.2 Benefits
6.3 Challenges
6
7 CONCLUSION
7.1 Conclusion 30
7.2 Future work 31
8 REFERENCES 32
9 APPENDIX
9.1 SOURCE CODE 33
7
LIST OF FIGURES
Page no. TITLE
9 Voice controlled home automation
10 Audio control
12 Automation through mobile
16 Arduino UNO
18 Relay
19 Bluetooth module
21 Block diagram
24 Circuit daigram
26 Results
8
appliances manually. By using voice commands, these individuals can easily and
conveniently control various aspects of their home environment without the need
for physical exertion or assistance from others. This technology has the potential to
improve the quality of life for elderly and disabled individuals, allowing them to
live more independently and comfortably in their own homes. With the increasing
prevalence of smart home technology, the voice-controlled home automation
system is becoming more accessible and affordable, making it a viable option for a
wide range of individuals.
It can be used to turn lights on and off, adjust the temperature, control the TV and
entertainment system, lock and unlock doors, and even make phone calls. This
system can provide a convenient and easy-to-use solution for those who may have
difficulty with physical mobility or have limited dexterity, allowing them to
maintain independence and control in their daily lives.
The main aim of our system is to build a perfect companion for someone to be at
home or in his/her office and control electronic appliances using voice. It’s a
Bluetooth and GSM technology system based that can accept voice as direct
commands and process them. The system is cheap, easy to configure and easy to
use. The users should be able to control all the appliances from any point in their
home or office by establishing a wireless control via Bluetooth.
The proposed scheme can produce an integrated portable system that can wirelessly
control two or more appliances. We demonstrate a system that can be integrated as
a single portable unit and allows the user to wirelessly control home electrical
appliance by turning them ON and OFF accordingly. The voice command conveyed
to the control unit has been converted to binary sequence by the
microcontroller which switches the load ON/OFF as desired. The microcontroller
unit takes command and performs the required decision.
Thus, the objectives of this project. An especially critical point of disability that
has for a long time been confirmed is that of the older people. This type of
disability makes the people affected not to work on their tasks effectively hence the
lack of agility and mobility for the various 3 working experiences.
11
The economic feasibility study will help to determine if the project can be completed
within budget and if it will provide a positive return on investment.
3. Operational Feasibility: The operational feasibility study is conducted to determine
if the proposed project can be implemented and integrated into the existing
operational environment. For the voice-controlled home automation project, the
study will evaluate if the system can be integrated with existing home automation
systems or if it will require significant modifications to the existing setup. This study
will also identify any potential operational challenges that may arise during the
implementation of the system.
4. Legal Feasibility: The legal feasibility study is conducted to identify any legal and
regulatory issues that may arise during the implementation of the project. This study
will determine if the voice-controlled home automation system complies with local laws
and regulations, including privacy and data protection laws.
5. Schedule Feasibility: The schedule feasibility study is conducted to determine if the
proposed project can be completed within the established timeline. For the voice-
controlled home automation project, this study will evaluate the estimated time required
to complete each phase of the project, including hardware and software installation,
testing, and integration. The study will help to determine if the project can be completed
within the desired timeframe.
In conclusion, the feasibility studies for the voice-controlled home automation project
are essential to ensure that the project is feasible, viable, and can be completed within
the established budget, time, and operational constraints. By conducting these
studies, project managers can identify potential challenges and risks, develop
contingency plans, and make informed decisions to ensure the successful completion
of the project.
13
2.2 SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
Arduino hardware part
Arduino iso pen-sourcehardware. The hardware reference designs are distributed undea
Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike 2.5 license and are available on Arduino website.
Layout and production files for some versions of the hardware are also available. Although
the hardware and software designs are freely available under copyleft licenses, the developers
have requested the name Arduino to be exclusive to the official product and not be used for
derived works without permission.
Most of Arduino boards consists of egAa1V2R8 ATmega2560)with varying amounts of flash
memory, pins, and features. The 32-bit Arduino.Due, based on the Atmel SAM3X8E was
introduced in 2012.
The boards use single or double-row pins or female headers that facilitate connections for
programming and incorporation into other circuits. These may connect with add-on modules
termed shields. Multiple and stacked shields may be individually addressable via an I²C serial
bus. Arduino microcontrollers are preprogramed with a boot loader that simplifies uploading of
programs to the on- chip flash memory. The default bootloader of the Arduino UNO is the Opti
boot bootloader. Boards areloaded with program code via a serial connection to another
computer. Some serial Arduino boards contain a level shifter circuit to convert between RS232
logic levels and transistor–transistor logic (TTL) level signals. Current Arduino boards are
programmed viaUniversal Serial Bus (USB), implemented using USB-to-serial adapter chips
such as the FTDI FT232. Other variants, such as the Arduino Mini and the unofficial
Boarduino, use a detachable USB-to serial adapter board or cable, Bluetooth, or other methods.
When used with traditional microcontroller tools, instead of the Arduino IDE, standard AVR
in-system programming (ISP) programming is used. Many enhance the basic
Arduino by adding output drivers, often for use in school-level education, to simplify
making buggies and small robots. Others are electrically equivalent but change the form factor,
sometimes retaining compatibility with shields, sometimes not. Some variants use
different processors, of varying compatibility.
14
Arduino software part
IDE TheArduino integrateddevelopment environment (IDE) is a cross-platform
application (for Windows, macOS, Linux) that is written in the programming
language Java. It originated from the IDE for the languages Processing and Wiring.
It includes a code editor with features such as text cutting and pasting, searching, and
replacing text, automatic indenting, brace matching, and syntax highlighting, and
provides simple one- click mechanisms to compile and upload programs to an
Arduino board. It also contains a message area, a text console, a toolbar with
buttons for common functions and a hierarchy of operation menus.
The source code for the IDE is released under the GNU General Public License,
version 2. The Arduino IDE supports the languages C and C++ using special rules of
code structuring. The Arduino IDE supplies a software library from the Wiring
project, which provides many common input and output procedures. User-written
code only requires two basic functions, for starting the sketch and the main program
loop, which are compiled and linked with a program stub main () into an executable
cyclic executive program with the GNU toolchain, also included with the IDE
distribution. A program written with the Arduino IDE is called a sketch. [58]
Sketches are saved on the development computer as text files with the file extension.
ino. Arduino Software (IDE) pre- 1.0 saved sketches with the extension. pde.
A minimal Arduino C/C++ program consist of only two functions: setup (): This
function is called once when a sketch starts after power-up or reset. It is used to
initialize variables, input and output pin modes, and other libraries needed in the
sketch. loop (): After setup() has been called, function loop() is executed repeatedly in
the main program. It controls the board until the board is powered off or is reset.
Blink example Most Arduino boards contain a light-emitting diode (LED) and a load
resistor connected between pin thirteen and ground, which is a convenient feature for
many tests and program functions. A typical program for a beginning Arduino
programmer blinks a LED repeatedly. This program uses the functions pinMode (),
digitalWrite(), and delay(), which are provided by the internal libraries included in the
IDE environment. This program is usually loaded into a new Arduino board by the
manufacturer. 15
Relay
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to
mechanically operate a switch, but other operating principles are also used, such as solid-
state relays. Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a separate low-
power signal, or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal. The first relays
were used in long distance telegraph circuits as amplifiers: they repeated the signal coming
in from one circuit and re-transmitted it on another circuit. Relays were used extensively in
telephone exchanges and early computers to perform logical operations. On a single coil
device, the relay will operate in one direction when power is applied with one polarity and
will reset when the polarity is reversed. On a dual coil device, when polarized voltage is
applied to the reset coil the contacts will transition. AC controlled magnetic latch relays
have single coils that employ steering to differentiate between operate and reset commands.
The Arduino Relay module allows a wide range of microcontroller such as Arduino, AVR,
PIC, ARM with digital outputs to control larger loads and devices like AC or DC Motors,
electromagnets, solenoids, and in candescent light bulbs. This module is designed to be
integrated with 2 relays that it is capable of control 2 relays. The relay shield uses one
QIANJI JQC-3F high-quality relay with rated load
7A/240VAC,10A/125VAC,10A/28VDC.The relayoutputstate is individually indicated by a
light-emitting diode.
Relays are used wherever it is necessary to control a high power or high voltage circuit with
a low power circuit, especially when galvanic isolation is desirable. The first application of
relays was in long telegraph lines, where the weak signal received at an intermediate station
could control a contact, regenerating the signal for further transmission. High-voltage or
high-current devices can be controlled with small, low voltage wiring and pilots’ switches.
Operators can be isolated from the high voltage circuit. Low power devices such as
microprocessors can drive relays to control electrical drive loads beyond their direct
capability. In an automobile,a starter relay
17
CHAPTER 3
DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSED SYSTEM
Selected methodology
Speech recognition is becoming the method of choice for controlling appliances, toys,
tools, computers, and robotics. The voice- controlled appliances like computer, TV,
lighting system, security system, etc. become easier to use, while increasing the efficiency
and effectiveness of working with that device. Different Speech recognition integrated
circuit are available in the market. The HM2007 speech recognition integrated circuit is
one of them that provides the options of recognizing either forty .96 second words or
twenty 1.92 second words. It allows either the .96 second word length (40-word
vocabulary) or the 1.92 second word length (20- word vocabulary). The HM2007 stores
the "trained" word patterns used for recognition in external memory. For memory, the
circuit uses an on board 8K x 8 static RAM supported by coin battery. Speech
recognition is classified into two categories, speaker dependent and speaker independent.
Speaker independent is a system trained to respond to a word regardless of who speaks.
Therefore, the system must respond to a large variety of speech patterns, inflections, and
enunciations of the target word. The command word count is usually lower than the
speaker dependent however high accuracy can still be maintained within processing
limits. Industrial requirements more often need speaker independent voice systems.
Speaker dependent systems are trained by the individual who will be using the system.
These systems can achieve a high command count and better than 95% accuracy for
word recognition. The drawback to this approach is the system only responds accurately
only to the individual who trained the system. One of the constraints of speech
recognition systems is the style of speech they can recognize. There are three distinctive
styles.
Isolated speech recognition systems – It can only manage words that are spoken
separately. This is the most common speech recognition systems. The user must pause
between each word and command spoken. Connected – It is a half-way point between
isolated word and continuous speech recognition. It allows
22
users to speak multiple words. Continuous – It is the natural conversational
speech people are accustomed to in everyday life. It is extremely difficult for a
recognizer to shift through the text as the words tend to merge. Isolated speech
recognition system is another feature, of IC HM2007, and a characteristic of the
system.
System architecture
The proposed system is designed to use speech recognition to control various appliances
and devices. The system architecture consists of several components, including the speech
recognition module, the control module, and the device interface module. In addition, the
system architecture includes a microphone for capturing speech input, a memory module
for storing voice patterns, and a processing unit for performing voice recognition.
Fig 3.1 Block Diagram
The system architecture can be divided into four main components, as follows:
1.Speech Recognition Module:Thespeechrecognitionmoduleisthe core of the
proposed system. It is responsible for recognizing the voice commands and
converting them into digital signals that can be processed by the control module.
The speech recognition module is implemented using the HM2007
speech recognition integrated circuit. The HM2007 provides the option of
recognizing either forty 0.96-second words or twenty 1.92-second words. The
IC stores the "trained" word patterns used for recognition in external memory,
which can be either a read-only memory (ROM) or an electrically erasable
programmable read-only memory (EEPROM).
23
CHAPTER 4
IMPLEMENTATION DETAILS
Development and deployment setup
The development and deployment setup for the voice-controlled home automation
project involves several steps to ensure the smooth functioning of the system. Voice-
controlled home automation systems have been gaining popularity over the
past few years, enabling users to control various home appliances and devices
through voice commands. This technology is rapidly evolving and becoming more
sophisticated, allowing for more complex interactions and a greater level of control
over smart homes. In this article, we will discuss the development and deployment
of voice-controlled home automation systems.
The development of voice-controlled home automation systems involves several
stages, including ideation, prototyping, testing, and final deployment. The first step
in the development process is ideation, where designers and developers brainstorm
and generate ideas for the system. This involves identifying user needs and
requirements, identifying available technology and resources, and determining the
overall goals of the project. Once a clear idea has been formulated, the team moves
to the prototyping stage.
The prototyping stage involves creating a working model of the voice-controlled
home automation system. This typically involves building a prototype of the
hardware and software components, including the voice recognition software, the
device interface, and the various home appliances and devices that the system will
control. Once the prototype has been built, the team moves to the testing stage. In
the testing stage, the team conducts a series of tests to evaluate the
functionality, reliability, and user-friendliness of the system. This involves both
automated and manual testing, including simulated user interactions and real-
world testing in a controlled environment. Based on the results of the testing,
the team may need to adjust the system before proceeding to the final
deployment stage.
The final deployment stage involves launching the voice-controlled home
automation system to the market. This involves marketing and advertising the
system, providing customer support, and training, and ensuring that the system is
24
compatible with a wide range of devices and appliances. Once the system has been
deployed, the team continues to monitor its performance and make improvements
as needed.
The deployment of voice-controlled home automation systems involves several key
considerations, including the compatibility of the system with existing devices and
appliances, the level of security and privacy provided by the system, and the ease
of use for the end-user. In addition, the deployment process must be carefully
managed to ensure that the system is deployed in a timely and efficient manner,
and that customers are satisfied with the product.
One of the primary benefits of voice-controlled home automation systems is the
convenience they offer to users. With voice commands, users can easily control
various home appliances and devices without having to physically interact with
them. This makes it easier to perform tasks such as turning off lights, adjusting the
temperature, or playing music, without having to leave the comfort of one's seat or
bed.
Another benefit of voice-controlled home automation systems is the increased level
of accessibility they provide. For people with disabilities or mobility issues, voice
commands can be a crucial way of controlling their environment and performing
daily tasks. Voice commands can also be useful for older adults who may have
difficulty with physical interactions or for anyone who wants to simplify their daily
routines.
25
Procedure for Home Automation Using Arduino:
The steps to implement a home automation system using Arduino
1. Circuit connections
Relay Module: Connect INI, IN2 to Arduino digital pins (eg, Pin 7 and Pin 8).
Bluetoothh Module: Connect TX to RX and RX to TX of Arduino, VCC to 5V, and
GND to GND.
Sensors: Connect to appropriate analog or digital pins.
Appliances: Connect through the relay module (NO, NC, and COM
terminals)
2. Arduino Code
Upload the code.
3. Mobile App Control
Install a Bluetooth terminal app (eg, Bluetooth Terminal or Arduino Bluetooth Controller)
Pair with the Bluetooth module (HC-05) Send '1' to turn on Relay 1, '2' for Relay 2, and '0'
to tuin both off.
4. Testing and Troubleshooting
Ensue all connections are secure.
Confirm Bluetooth pairing and communication.
Test relay operation using different commands.
5. Optional Enhancements
Add sensors for automation (eg, motion sensor for lights). Use ESP8266 for remote
control via Wi-Fi. Integrate with voice assistants using IoT platforms like Blynk of
ThingSpeak.
This step-by-step procedure will help you complete your Arduino-based home
automation project efficiently.
27
CHAPTER 6
RESULTS & BENEFITS
6.1 Results This chapter provides the results of the Voice Controlled Lighting System tests
which was evaluated using different methods. The discussion attempts to highlight
the results, the benefits and shortcomings of the results obtained, and the implications of those
results towards performance of the system. Four persons with different accents and from
different age groups were used to evaluate the effectiveness of the voice (speech) recognition
application and the switching mechanism. Each person said the controlling command for
switching the specific lighting point four times (twice ON, twice OFF).
The commands correspond to the various lighting points that can be turned on or off by using
voice. Give the command that switches on or off any lighting point, the point’s name is called
and the word “On” or “Off” is spoken immediately after. This can be seen from the way the
items (speech commands) are written under the ‘command’ column. The other columns,
namely, A, B, C, D, tracks the number of times out of four (4), that the corresponding lighting
being controlled responded (by switching on or off).
6.2 Benefits
From the results obtained above, it is evident that the system can simplify controlling of
lighting system in aa home using our voice. The user need not to have an immense
knowledge over the language of English. Just by saying the lighting point name and the
corresponding command assigned to that point, and telling it to turn on or off will enable
the user to have complete control over the lighting system without any effort. This system,
though primarily aimed to reduce human effort, will be of much importance to the elderly
and persons with disabilities. It will enable them to control their lighting system with ease,
without going through much pressure or stress of moving about.
6.3 Challenges While speaking to the voice application, it produced wrong voice commands in
response to environmental noise, and it was noted that absolute silence and solitude could
enable it work properly. Also, there was a delay between the transmission and reception of the
voice command
28
CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION
7.1 Conclusion
The following conclusion is a commentary of what extent the objectives were
achieved
1: The first objective of the study was to implement the voice user as an input to
microcontroller to always control the lighting system. From the results, the AMR voice
application was used successfully to capture the voice commands. The voice recognition
APIs in the application could identify the specific commands used except for a few
instances. The commands were used to activate the respective relays thereby controlling
the lighting system.
2: The second objective was to use Bluetooth connection to control the lights via a phone
from anywhere in a room. Bluetooth technology was effectively used to send the voice
commands to the microcontroller. Based on the results, it is evident that the Bluetooth
module was able to connect to the phone and transmit the voice input to the
microcontroller successfully.
3: The third objective of the study was to use a relay board to control the switching on and
off specific bulbs. The 4-channel relay used in the project controlled the four lighting
points according to the voice commands efficiently. From the results, the lighting points,
that is, room, table, bedroom, and security, was turned on and off respectively as per the
user input hence this objective was achieved. The Voice Controlled Lighting System was
built and implemented successfully. In this project we have successfully implemented
voice-controlled home automation system controlling relays using Arduino with Bluetooth
module HC-05. This project can be used for controlling ‘four’ number of input controls
i.e., by extending number of relays. Our implemented module is more dependable and
flexible to control any loads and the coverage area for wireless control is 10 meters. Hence
this project can be useful for a real time voice-controlled home automation. Thus, Arduino
based voice-controlled home appliances proves to be a better remote-controlled operation
on home appliances using Bluetooth module HC-05. This project can be extended
30
for many automation applications such as industrial automation, automotive, military,
healthcare, transportation and so on. Further the coverage area can also be increased
using GSM modules.
7.2 Future work
The future work for the voice controlled home automation project could involve various
areas of improvement and expansion. Here are some directions for future work:
1. Integration with smart home devices: The voice-controlled home automation
system could be further integrated with a wider range of smart home devices, such as
smart thermostats, smart locks, and smart speakers. This would require expanding
the system's capabilities to recognize and respond to more complex commands.
2. Machine learning algorithms: The system's speech recognition capabilities could
be improved using machine learning algorithms, which can adapt and learn from
user behaviour over time. This would require collecting and analysing enormous
amounts of speech data to train the algorithms.
3. User interface improvements: The system's user interface could be improved to
make it more intuitive and user-friendly. This could involve redesigning the system's
mobile app or creating a web interface for controlling the system remotely.
4. Security enhancements: The system's security could be strengthened to prevent
unauthorized access or hacking. This could involve implementing stronger
authentication mechanisms or encrypting data transmissions.
5. Voice recognition accuracy: Improving the accuracy of voice recognition would be
a critical area of focus for the future. This could be done by increasing the
vocabulary and commands the system can recognize, improving noise-cancellation
technology, and incorporating machine learning algorithms to enhance speech
recognition.
31
CHAPTER 8
REFERENCES
[1] K. Mamata, N. Kaimal, P. Jadhav, and S. Adnan Rizvi. “Implementation
of Internet of Things for Home Automation.” (2015). Baris Yuksekkaya, A.
[2] Alper Kayalar, M. Bilgehan Tosun, M. Kaan Ozcan, and Ali Ziya Alkar,
(2006) “A GSM, Internet and Speech Controlled Wireless Interactive Home
Automation System”, IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, Vol.
52, Issue 3, pp. 837-843. Chandra Shakher Tyagi, Mega Agarwal, Renu
[3]
Gola (2016) “Home Automation Using Voice Recognition and Arduino”
IJRTER, Vo. l 2, Issue 7, ISSN: 2455.1457. Sandeep Kumar and
[4] Mohammed, A Qadeer, (2009) “Universal Digital Device Automation and
Control (Home and Industrial Appliance Automation)”, IEEE
International Conference on Computer Science and In- formation
Technology, pp.490-494. Y. Ming and S. Hao “Smart Living Using
Bluetooth Based Android Smartphone” International Journal of Wireless &
Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Volume 5, No. 1, 2013, doi:
[5]
10.5121/ijwmn.5105 65. B. Chakradhar, S. KrishnaveniI, and D. Naresh, D.
“Bluetooth Based Home
[6] Automation and Security System Using ARM9”, International Journal of
Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT), Vol. 4 Issue 9, 2013, Pp.
4053-4058.
[7] E. A. Nyiekaa1, P. I. Udenze2, M. M. Yilwatda3 “Design and Construction
of
a Voice Control Automation system” (2020).
[8] Abd, Mohamad, E. Mowad, A. Fathy, A. Hafez “Smart Home Automated
Control System Using Android Application and Microcontroller”
International
Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 5, Issue 5, ISSN, pp.
2229-5518, 2014.
32
CHAPTER 9
APPENDIX
9.1 SOURCE CODE
#define BULB1 2
#define BULB2 3
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600); // Start Bluetooth communication
pinMode(BULB1, OUTPUT);
pinMode(BULB2, OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(BULB1, LOW); // Ensure bulbs are OFF at start
digitalWrite(BULB2, LOW);
void loop() {
if (Serial.available()) {
String command = Serial.readStringUntil('\n');
command.trim(); // Remove extra spaces or line breaks
if (command == "red bulb on") {
digitalWrite(BULB1, LOW);
} else if (command == "red bulb of") {
digitalWrite(BULB1, HIGH);
} else if (command == "white bulb on") {
digitalWrite(BULB2, LOW);
} else if (command == "white bulb of") {
digitalWrite(BULB2, HIGH);
} else if (command == "all of") {
digitalWrite(BULB1, HIGH);
digitalWrite(BULB2, HIGH);
} else if (command == "all on") {
digitalWrite(BULB1, LOW);
digitalWrite(BULB2, LOW);
Serial.println("Command received: " + command); // Optional feedback
}
33
