C Programming

Programming Language

A programming language is a set of instructions written in any specific language (C, C++, Java, Python) to
perform a specific task.

A programming language is mainly used to develop desktop applications, websites, and mobile applications.

Low-level language

Low-level programming language is a is a set of instructions written in binary notation (0 and 1). It is difficult
to understand by programmer. The processor runs low- level programs directly without the need of a
compiler or interpreter, so the programs written in low-level language can be run very fast.
Example: Machine code, Assembly

High-level language

High-level programming language is a set of instructions written in user friendly language. It is easy to
understand by programmer. This programming language requires a compiler or interpreter to translate the
program into machine language, so the programs written in high-level language run slow.
Example: Java, Python

Middle-level language

Middle-level programming language supports the features of both low-level language and high-level
language.
Example: C , C++

Features of C Language

1. Easy to understand.
2. Can be used to write any complex program.
3. Well-structured programming language.
4. C program has many built-in functions in C library. We can add our own functions to the C library.

Executing a C Program
Executing a program written in C involves the following series of steps:
• Creating the program
• Compiling the program
• Linking the program with functions that are needed from the C library
• Executing the program.
The process of creating, compiling and executing a C program is illustrated using the following flow chart:
…………..
 Code Output
// printf() function Hello world
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
printf("Hello world");
}

Or,
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
printf("Hello world");
}

Or,
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
printf("Hello world");
return 0;
}

// New line Hello

#include<stdio.h> world
void main()
{
printf("Hello\n"); // \n is new line character
printf("world");
}

Or,
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
printf("Hello\nworld");
}

// Tab or, Extra Space

#include<stdio.h> Hello world
void main()
{
printf("Hello\tworld");
}

// printf() function
#include<stdio.h> 5
void main()
{
int x = 5;
printf("%d", x);
}

Or,
#include<stdio.h> x=5
void main()
{
int x = 5;
 printf("x = %d", x);
}

Or,
#include<stdio.h> value of x is 5 and value of y is 3
void main()
{
int x = 5, y=3;
printf("value of x is %d and value of y is %d ", x, y);
}

//Garbage value 0
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int x; //here x holds garbage value
printf("%d", x);
}

// Print integer, float, character 1

#include<stdio.h> 1000000000
void main() a
{ 2.874000
int x = 1 ; 2.87
float y = 2.874 ;
char z = ‘a’ ;
long b = 1000000000;

printf(“%d\n”, x );
printf(“%ld\n”, b );
printf(“%c\n”, z );

printf(“%f\n”, y ); // By default float value shows six

decimal place after decimal point.

printf(“%.2f\n” , y ) ; // Here .2f is used to print only two

decimal place after decimal point.

// Addition sum = 14
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int num1 = 10;
int num2 = 4;
int sum = num1 + num2;
printf(“sum = %d”, sum );
}

Or,
#include<stdio.h> sum = 14.500000
void main()
{
int num1 = 10;
float num2 = 4.5;
float sum = num1 + num2;
printf(“sum = %f”, sum );
}

Or,
#include<stdio.h> sum = 14.500000
void main()
{
int num1 = 10;
float num2 = 4.5;
printf(“sum = %f”, num1 + num2 );
}

// Division div = 2.000000

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int num1 = 10;
int num2 = 4;
float div = num1 / num2;
printf(“div = %f”, div );
}

Or, div = 2.500000

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int num1 = 10;
int num2 = 4;
float div = (float) num1 / num2; // type casting
printf(“div = %f”, div );
}

// Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, Division, Remainder sum = 14

#include<stdio.h> sub = 6
void main() mul = 40
{ div = 2
int num1 = 10; rem = 2
int num2 = 4;
int sum = num1 + num2;
int sub = num1 - num2;
int mul = num1 * num2;
int div = num1 / num2;
int rem = num1 % num2;
printf(“sum = %d\n”, sum );
printf(“sub = %d\n”, sub );
printf(“mul = %d\n”, mul );
printf(“div = %d\n”, div );
// Division of two integers gives integer result
printf(“rem = %d\n”, rem );
// Modulus operator gives remainder
}

// scanf() function Enter a number : 12

#include<stdio.h> 12
void main()
{
int num;
printf(“Enter a number : ”);
scanf(“%d”, &num); // & - address of
printf("%d", num);
}

// scanf() function Enter values of a and b

#include<stdio.h> 1
void main() 3
{ Sum = 4
int a,b;
printf(“Enter values of a and b\n ”);
scanf(“%d %d”, &a, &b);
printf("Sum = %d", a+b);
}

// If… else … Statement Enter a number : 13

More than 10
//Check a number is more than 10 or not
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int num;
printf(“Enter a number : ”);
scanf(“%d”, &num);

if(num>10)
{
printf(“More than 10”);
}
else
{
printf(“Less than 10”);
}
}

Or,
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int num;
printf(“Enter a number : ”);
scanf(“%d”, &num);

if(num>10)
printf(“More than 10”);
else
printf(“Less than 10”);
}

// If… else if …. else Statement Enter a number : 13

More than 10
//Check a number is more than 10 or not
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int num;
printf(“Enter a number : ”);
scanf(“%d”, &num);

if(num==10)
printf(“Equals to 10”);
else if(num>10)
printf(“More than 10”);
else
printf(“Less than 10”);
}

//Nested if statement Enter 3 numbers : 43

34
//Find maximum of 3 numbers 54
#include<stdio.h> Maximum = 54
void main()
{
int n1, n2, n3;
printf("Enter 3 numbers : ");
scanf("%d%d%d", &n1, &n2, &n3 );
if ( n1>=n2 )
{
if(n1>=n3)
printf("Max = %d", n1);
else
printf("Max = %d", n3);
}
else
{
if(n2>n3)
printf("Maximum = %d", n2);
else
printf("Maximum = %d", n3);
}
}

// Check two numbers equal or not Enter two numbers

#include<stdio.h> 3
void main() 6
{ Not equal
int num1, num2;
printf(“Enter two numbers\n ”);
scanf(“%d %d”, &num1, &num2);
if(num1==num2)
printf(“Equal”);
else
printf(“Not equal”);
}

// Check a number Positive or Negative Enter a number : -15

#include<stdio.h> Negative
void main()
{
int num;
printf(“Enter a number : ”);
scanf(“%d”, &num);
if(num>0)
printf(“Positive”);
else if(num<0)
printf(“Negative”);
else
printf(“Zero”);
}

// Check a number Even or Odd Enter a number : 12

#include<stdio.h> Even
void main()
{
int num;
printf(“Enter a number : ”);
scanf(“%d”, &num);
if(num%2==0)
printf(“Even”);
else
 printf(“Odd”);
}

//while loop 1
#include<stdio.h> 2
void main() 3
{ 4
int i=1; 5
while(i<=5)
{
printf("%d\n", i);
i++;
}
}

//do while loop 1

#include<stdio.h> 2
void main() 3
{ 4
int i=1; 5
do
{
printf("%d\n", i);
i++;
}
while(i<=5);
}

#include<stdio.h> 10
void main()
{
int i=10;
do
{
printf("%d\n", i);
i++;
}
while(i<=5);
}

// for loop 1
#include<stdio.h> 2
void main() 3
{ 4
int i; 5
for(i=1; i<=5; i++)
{
printf("%d\n", i);
}
}

Or,
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int i;
for(i=1; i<=5; i++)
printf("%d\n", i);
}
#include<stdio.h> 1
void main() 2
{ 3
int i; 4
for(i=1; i<=5; i++) 5
printf("%d\n", i); Ok
printf(“Ok”);
}

#include<stdio.h> 10
void main() 11
{ 12
int i; 13
for(i=10; i<=15; i++) 14
printf("%d\n", i); 15
}

#include<stdio.h> 1
void main() 0
{ -1
int i; -2
for(i=1; i<=5; i--) -3
printf("%d\n", i); :
} :

// Print 1 to n Enter number of terms : 5

#include<stdio.h> 1
void main() 2
{ 3
int i, n; 4
printf(“Enter number of terms : ”); 5
scanf(“%d”, &n);
for(i=1; i<=n; i++)
printf("%d\n", i);
}

// Print n to 1 Enter number of terms : 5

#include<stdio.h> 5
void main() 4
{ 3
int i, n; 2
printf(“Enter number of terms : ”); 1
scanf(“%d”, &n);
for(i=n; i>=1; i--)
printf("%d\n", i);
}

// Print Odd numbers from 1 to n Enter number of terms : 10

#include<stdio.h> 1
void main() 3
{ 5
int i, n; 7
printf(“Enter number of terms : ”); 9
scanf(“%d”, &n);
for(i=1; i<=n; i=i+2)
printf("%d\n", i);
}
// Print Even numbers from 1 to n Enter number of terms : 10
#include<stdio.h> 2
void main() 4
{ 6
int i, n; 8
printf(“Enter number of terms : ”); 10
scanf(“%d”, &n);
for(i=2; i<=n; i=i+2)
printf("%d\n", i);
}

Or,
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int i, n;
printf(“Enter number of terms : ”);
scanf(“%d”, &n);
for(i=1; i<=n; i++)
{
if(i%2==0)
printf("%d\n", i);
}
}

// Print 1, 4, 9, 16, …… n terms Enter number of terms : 5

#include<stdio.h> 1
void main() 4
{ 9
int i, n; 16
printf(“Enter number of terms : ”); 25
scanf(“%d”, &n);
for(i=1; i<=n; i++)
printf("%d\n", i*i);
}

Or,
#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
void main()
{
int i, n;
printf(“Enter number of terms : ”);
scanf(“%d”, &n);
for(i=1; i<=n; i++)
printf("%d\n", (int)pow(i,2));
}
// Print 1, 8, 27, 64, …… n terms Enter number of terms : 5
#include<stdio.h> 1
void main() 8
{ 27
int i, n; 64
printf(“Enter number of terms : ”); 125
scanf(“%d”, &n);
for(i=1; i<=n; i++)
printf("%d\n", i*i*i);
}

// Print 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, …… n terms Enter number of terms : 5

#include<stdio.h> 1
void main() 2
 { 4
int i, n, val=1; 8
printf(“Enter number of terms : ”); 16
scanf(“%d”, &n); 32
for(i=1; i<=n; i++)
{
printf("%d\n", val);
val = val * 2;
}
}

Or,
#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
void main()
{
int i, n;
printf(“Enter number of terms : ”);
scanf(“%d”, &n);
for(i=0; i<=n; i++)
printf("%d\n", (int)pow(2,i)); //2^0, 2^1, 2^2, ……, 2^n
}

//while loop 1
#include<stdio.h> 2
void main() 3
{ 4
int i=1; 5
while(i<=5)
{
printf("%d\n", i);
i++;
}
}

//do while loop 1

#include<stdio.h> 2
void main() 3
{ 4
int i=1; 5
do
{
printf("%d\n", i);
i++;
}
while(i<=5);
}

//Example of break
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int i;
for(i=1; i<=5; i++)
{
if(i==3)
break; //helps to exit from loop
printf("%d ", i);
}
}
Output : 1 2

//Example of break
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int i;
for(i=1; i<=5; i++)
{
printf("%d ", i);
if(i==3)
break; //helps to exit from loop
}
}
Output : 1 2 3

//Continue example
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int i;
for(i=1; i<=5; i++)
{
if(i==3)
continue; //skip the current iteration
printf("%d ", i);
}
}
Output : 1 2 4 5

//Continue example
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int i;
for(i=1; i<=5; i++)
{
printf("%d ", i);
if(i==3)
continue; //skip the current iteration

}
}
Output : 1 2 3 4 5

/*
1234
1234
1234
1234
*/
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int i, j;
for(i=1; i<=4; i++)
 {
for(j=1; j<=4; j++)
printf("%d", j);
printf("\n");
}
}

/*
1
12
123
1234
*/
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int i, j;
for(i=1; i<=4; i++)
{
for(j=1; j<=i; j++)
printf("%d", j);
printf("\n");
}
}

/*
1
21
321
4321
*/
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int i, j;
for(i=1; i<=4; i++)
{
for(j=i; j>=i; j--)
printf("%d", j);
printf("\n");
}
}

/*
4
43
432
4321
*/
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int i, j;
for(i=4; i>=1; i--)
{
for(j=4; j>=i; j--)
printf("%d", j);
 printf("\n");
}
}
……………………………………………………………………………….
//All ASCII values print
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int i;
for(i=0; i<=127; i++)
printf("%d - %c\n",i, i);
}

//Print A to Z using loop

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int i;
for(i=65; i<=90; i++)
printf("%c ",i);
}

//Print A to Z using loop

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
char i;
for(i='A'; i<='Z'; i++)
printf("%c ",i);
}

/* Find factorial of a number

Ex. 6! = 1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5 x 6 */
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int num, i, fact=1;
printf("Enter a number : ");
scanf("%d", &num);
for(i=1; i<=num; i++)
fact = fact * i;
printf("Factorial of %d is %d", num, fact);
}

/* Find factors of a number

10 --> 1, 2, 5 , 10
24 --> 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24 */
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int num, i;
printf("Enter a number : ");
scanf("%d", &num);

printf("Factors are : ");

for(i=1; i<=num; i++)
{
 if(num%i==0)
printf("%d ", i);
}
}

/* Check a given number is Perfect Number or not

6 --> 1+2+3 = 6 (perfect number)
28 --> 1+2+4+7+14 = 28 (perfect number)
12 --> 1+2+3+4+6 != 12 (not a perfect number) */
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int num, i, sum = 0;
printf("Enter a number : ");
scanf("%d", &num);

for(i=1; i<=num/2; i++)

{
if(num%i==0)
sum = sum + i;
}
if(num == sum)
printf("Perfect Number");
else
printf("Not a Perfect Number");
}

/* Check a given number is Prime Number or not

5 --> 1, 5 (Prime number)
10 --> 1, 2, 5, 10 (Composite number) */
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int num, i, count=0;
printf("Enter a number : ");
scanf("%d", &num);

for(i=2; i<=num/2; i++)

{
if(num%i==0)
count++;
}
if(count==0)
printf("Prime Number");
else
printf("Composite Number ");
}

/* Print the number of digits

129 --> no of digits is 3 */
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int num, count=0;
printf("Enter a number : ");
scanf("%d", &num);
while(num!=0)
 {
count++;
num = num/10;
}
printf("Number of digits = %d", count);
}

/* Find the sum of digits of a number

516 = 6+1+5 = 12 */
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int num, rem, sum=0;
printf("Enter a number : ");
scanf("%d", &num);
while(num!=0)
{
rem = num%10;
sum = sum + rem;
num = num/10;
}
printf("Sum of digits = %d", sum);
}

/* Print the reverse of a number

516 -> 615 */
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int num, rem, rev=0;
printf("Enter a number : ");
scanf("%d", &num);
while(num!=0)
{
rem = num%10;
rev = rev*10 + rem;
num = num/10;
}
printf("Reverse number is = %d", rev);
}

/* Check a number is Palindrome or not

515 -> 515,
1221 -> 1221 */
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int num, rem, rev=0, temp;
printf("Enter a number : ");
scanf("%d", &num);
temp = num;
while(num!=0)
{
rem = num%10;
rev = rev*10 + rem;
num = num/10;
}
 if(temp==rev)
printf("Palindrome");
else
printf("Not Palindrome");
}

/* Check a number is Armstrong or not

153 --> 1^3+5^3+3^3 = 1 + 125 + 27 = 153
1634 --> 1^4+6^4+3^4+4^4 = 1 + 1296 + 81 + 256 = 1634 */
#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
void main()
{
int num, rem, count=0, sum=0, temp;
printf("Enter a number : ");
scanf("%d", &num);
temp = num;
while(num!=0)
{
count++;
num = num/10;
}
num = temp;
while(num>0)
{
rem = num%10;
sum = sum + (int)pow(rem, count);
num = num/10;
}
if(temp==sum)
printf("Armstrong Number");
else
printf("Not an Armstrong number");
}

// Fibonacci series 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 ...

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int a, b, n, i, sum;
printf("Enter number terms : ");
scanf("%d", &n);
a = 0;
b = 1;
for(i=1; i<=n; i++)
{
printf("%d ", a);
sum = a + b;
a = b;
b = sum;
}
}
……………………………………………………………………………….
//Array
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
 int a[10], i, size;
printf("Enter array size : ");
scanf("%d", &size);
printf("Enter Array values : \n");
for(i=0; i<size; i++) //Array input
{
printf("a[%d] = ", i);
scanf("%d", &a[i]);
}
printf("Array values are : ");
for(i=0; i<size; i++) //Array output
printf("%d ", a[i]);
}

//Reverse print
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int a[10], i, size;
printf("Enter array size : ");
scanf("%d", &size);
printf("Enter Array values : \n");
for(i=0; i<size; i++) //Array input
{
printf("a[%d] = ", i);
scanf("%d", &a[i]);
}
printf("Array values are : ");
for(i=size-1; i>=0; i--) //Array reverse output
printf("%d ", a[i]);
}

//Array sum
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int a[10], i, size, sum=0;
printf("Enter array size : ");
scanf("%d", &size);
printf("Enter Array values : \n");
for(i=0; i<size; i++) //Array input
{
printf("a[%d] = ", i);
scanf("%d", &a[i]);
}

for(i=0; i<size; i++) //Array sum

sum = sum + a[i];
printf("Sum of array values = %d", sum);
}

//Array sum, average

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int a[10], i, size, sum=0;
printf("Enter array size : ");
 scanf("%d", &size);
printf("Enter Array values : \n");
for(i=0; i<size; i++) //Array input
{
printf("a[%d] = ", i);
scanf("%d", &a[i]);
}

for(i=0; i<size; i++) //Array sum

sum = sum + a[i];
printf("Sum of array values = %d", sum);
printf("\nAverage of array values = %.2f", (float)sum/size);
}

//Print even values of array

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int a[10], i, size, sum=0;
printf("Enter array size : ");
scanf("%d", &size);
printf("Enter Array values : \n");
for(i=0; i<size; i++) //Array input
{
printf("a[%d] = ", i);
scanf("%d", &a[i]);
}

printf("Even values are : ");

for(i=0; i<size; i++)
{
if(a[i]%2==0) //check for Array even values
printf("%d ", a[i]);
}
}

//Print sum of even values of array

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int a[10], i, size, sum=0;
printf("Enter array size : ");
scanf("%d", &size);
printf("Enter Array values : \n");
for(i=0; i<size; i++) //Array input
{
printf("a[%d] = ", i);
scanf("%d", &a[i]);
}

for(i=0; i<size; i++)

{
if(a[i]%2==0) //check for Array even values
sum = sum + a[i]; //even values sum
}
printf("Sum of even values : %d", sum);
}
//Print max value of an array
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int a[10], i, size, max;
printf("Enter array size : ");
scanf("%d", &size);
printf("Enter Array values : \n");
for(i=0; i<size; i++) //Array input
{
printf("a[%d] = ", i);
scanf("%d", &a[i]);
}

max = a[0]; //initializing first value as max

for(i=1; i<size; i++) //Array max find
{
if(a[i]>max)
max = a[i];
}
printf("Max value : %d", max);
}

//Array reverse 5 8 1 6 3 4 -> 4 3 6 1 8 5

#include<stdio.h>
void main(){
int a[10];
int size, i, temp;
printf("Enter array size : ");
scanf("%d", &size);
printf("Enter Array values : \n");
for(i=0; i<size; i++) //array input
{
printf("a[%d] = ", i);
scanf("%d", &a[i]);
}
for(i=0; i<size/2; i++) //array reverse
{
//swap a[i] and a[size-i-1]
temp = a[i];
a[i] = a[size-i-1];
a[size-i-1] = temp;
}
printf("Array values after reverse\n"); //array display
for(i=0; i<size; i++)
printf("%d ", a[i]);
}

//Search a value from array

#include<stdio.h>
void main(){
int a[10];
int size, i, search;
printf("Enter array size : ");
scanf("%d", &size);
printf("Enter Array values : \n");
 for(i=0; i<size; i++) //array input
{
printf("a[%d] = ", i);
scanf("%d", &a[i]);
}
printf("Enter value to search : ");
scanf("%d", &search);

for(i=0; i<size; i++)

{
if(a[i]==search)
printf("Value found at position %d\n", i);
}
}

//Two-dimensional array or Matrix

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int a[3][4];
int i, j;
printf("Enter array values : \n");
for(i=0; i<3; i++)
{
for(j=0; j<4; j++)
{
printf("a[%d][%d] = ",i, j);
scanf("%d", &a[i][j]);
}
}
printf("Array values are\n");
for(i=0; i<3; i++)
{
for(j=0; j<4; j++)
printf("%d ", a[i][j]);
printf("\n");
}
}

//Find sum of values of Two-dimensional array

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int a[3][4];
int i, j, sum=0;
printf("Enter array values : \n");
for(i=0; i<3; i++)
{
for(j=0; j<4; j++)
{
printf("a[%d][%d] = ",i, j);
scanf("%d", &a[i][j]);
}
}
printf("Array values are\n");
for(i=0; i<3; i++)
{
 for(j=0; j<4; j++)
sum = sum + a[i][j];
}
printf("Sum = %d", sum);
}

//Find sum of each rows of a Two-dimensional array

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int a[3][4];
int i, j, sum=0;
printf("Enter array values : \n");
for(i=0; i<3; i++)
{
for(j=0; j<4; j++)
{
printf("a[%d][%d] = ",i, j);
scanf("%d", &a[i][j]);
}
}
printf("Array values are\n");
for(i=0; i<3; i++)
{
for(j=0; j<4; j++)
printf("%d ", a[i][j]);
printf("\n");
}
printf("\n\n");
for(i=0; i<3; i++)
{
for(j=0; j<4; j++)
sum = sum + a[i][j];
printf("Sum of row %d = %d\n", i, sum);
sum = 0;
}
}

//Find sum of each columns of a Two-dimensional array

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int a[3][4];
int i, j, sum=0;
printf("Enter array values : \n");
for(i=0; i<3; i++)
{
for(j=0; j<4; j++)
{
printf("a[%d][%d] = ",i, j);
scanf("%d", &a[i][j]);
}
}
printf("Array values are\n");
for(i=0; i<3; i++)
{
for(j=0; j<4; j++)
 printf("%d ", a[i][j]);
printf("\n");
}
printf("\n\n");
for(j=0; j<4; j++)
{
for(i=0; i<3; i++)
sum = sum + a[i][j];
printf("Sum of column %d = %d\n", j, sum);
sum = 0;
}
}

//Print the diagonals of a two-dimensional array

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int a[3][3];
int i, j;
printf("Enter array values : \n");
for(i=0; i<3; i++)
{
for(j=0; j<3; j++)
{
printf("a[%d][%d] = ",i, j);
scanf("%d", &a[i][j]);
}
}
printf("Array values are\n");
for(i=0; i<3; i++)
{
for(j=0; j<3; j++)
printf("%d ", a[i][j]);
printf("\n");
}
printf("\nMain Diagonal values : ");
for(i=0; i<3; i++)
printf("%d ", a[i][i]);

printf("\nAux Diagonal values : ");

for(i=0, j=2; i<3; i++, j--)
printf("%d ", a[i][j]);
}

//Transpose of a two-dimensional array

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int a[3][3];
int i, j, temp;;
printf("Enter array values : \n");
for(i=0; i<3; i++)
{
for(j=0; j<3; j++)
{
printf("a[%d][%d] = ",i, j);
scanf("%d", &a[i][j]);
 }
}
printf("Array values are\n");
for(i=0; i<3; i++)
{
for(j=0; j<3; j++)
printf("%d ", a[i][j]);
printf("\n");
}
//Transpose
for(i=0; i<3; i++)
{
for(j=0; j<i; j++)
{
//swap
temp = a[i][j];
a[i][j] = a[j][i];
a[j][i] = temp;
}
}
printf("After transpose Array values are\n");
for(i=0; i<3; i++)
{
for(j=0; j<3; j++)
printf("%d ", a[i][j]);
printf("\n");
}
}

//Max of two-dimensional array

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int a[3][3];
int i, j, max;
printf("Enter array values : \n");
for(i=0; i<3; i++)
{
for(j=0; j<3; j++)
{
printf("a[%d][%d] = ",i, j);
scanf("%d", &a[i][j]);
}
}
printf("Array values are\n");
for(i=0; i<3; i++)
{
for(j=0; j<3; j++)
printf("%d ", a[i][j]);
printf("\n");
}

max = a[0][0];
for(i=0; i<3; i++)
{
for(j=0; j<3; j++)
{
 if(a[i][j]>max)
max = a[i][j];
}
}
printf("Maximum value is : %d", max);
}

//Max of each row of a two-dimensional array

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int a[3][3];
int i, j, max;
printf("Enter array values : \n");
for(i=0; i<3; i++)
{
for(j=0; j<3; j++)
{
printf("a[%d][%d] = ",i, j);
scanf("%d", &a[i][j]);
}
}
printf("Array values are\n");
for(i=0; i<3; i++)
{
for(j=0; j<3; j++)
printf("%d ", a[i][j]);
printf("\n");
}

for(i=0; i<3; i++)

{
max = a[i][0];
for(j=0; j<3; j++)
{
if(a[i][j]>max)
max = a[i][j];
}
printf("Maximum of row %d is %d\n", i, max);
}
}

//string program
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
char str[10] = "hello";
printf("%s", str);
}

//String program
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
char str[10];
printf("Enter a string : ");
scanf("%s", str); //word input
 printf("String is %s", str);
}

//Print each character of a string in separate line

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
char str[10];
printf("Enter a string : ");
gets(str); //sentence input
printf("String is %s", str);
}

//String program
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
char str[20];
int i;
printf("Enter a string : ");
gets(str); //sentence input
for(i=0; str[i]!='\0'; i++)
printf("%c\n", str[i]);
}

//String length print

#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
char str[20];
printf("Enter a string : ");
gets(str); //sentence input
printf("%s\n", str);
printf("Length of string is %d", strlen(str));
}

//String reverse
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
char str[20];
printf("Enter a string : ");
gets(str); //sentence input
printf("%s\n", str);
printf("Reverse of string is %s", strrev(str));
}

//Merge two string

#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
char str1[20], str2[20];
printf("Enter first string : ");
gets(str1); //sentence input
 printf("Enter second string : ");
gets(str2); //sentence input
strcat(str1, str2);
printf("Merged string is %s", str1);
}

//Copy one string to another string

#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
char str1[20], str2[20];
printf("Enter a string : ");
gets(str1); //sentence input
strcpy(str2, str1);
printf("Copied string is %s", str2);
}

//Print vowels in a string

#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main(){
int i;
char str[20];
printf("Enter a string : ");
gets(str); //hello world

printf("Vowels are : \n");

for(i=0; str[i]!='\0'; i++){
if(str[i]=='a' || str[i]=='e' || str[i]=='i' || str[i]=='o' || str[i]=='u'
|| str[i]=='A' || str[i]=='E' || str[i]=='I' || str[i]=='O' || str[i]=='U')
printf("%c ", str[i]);
}
}

//Count number of vowels in a string

#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main(){
int i, count = 0;
char str[20];
printf("Enter a string : ");
gets(str); //hello world

for(i=0; str[i]!='\0'; i++){

if(str[i]=='a' || str[i]=='e' || str[i]=='i' || str[i]=='o' || str[i]=='u'
|| str[i]=='A' || str[i]=='E' || str[i]=='I' || str[i]=='O' || str[i]=='U')
count++;
}
printf("Number of vowels -> %d ", count);
}

//Count number of vowels and consonants in a string

#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main(){
int i, vcount=0, ccount=0;
 char str[20];
printf("Enter a string : ");
gets(str); //hello world

for(i=0; str[i]!='\0'; i++){

if((str[i]>=65 && str[i]<=90) || (str[i]>=97 && str[i]<=122))
{
if(str[i]=='a' || str[i]=='e' || str[i]=='i' || str[i]=='o' || str[i]=='u'
|| str[i]=='A' || str[i]=='E' || str[i]=='I' || str[i]=='O' || str[i]=='U')
vcount++;
else
ccount++;
}
}
printf("Number of vowels -> %d\n", vcount);
printf("Number of consonants -> %d ", ccount);
}

//Count number of vowels and consonants and other characters in a string

#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main(){
int i, vcount=0, ccount=0, ocount=0;
char str[20];
printf("Enter a string : ");
gets(str); //hello world

for(i=0; str[i]!='\0'; i++){

if((str[i]>=65 && str[i]<=90) || (str[i]>=97 && str[i]<=122))
{
if(str[i]=='a' || str[i]=='e' || str[i]=='i' || str[i]=='o' || str[i]=='u'
|| str[i]=='A' || str[i]=='E' || str[i]=='I' || str[i]=='O' || str[i]=='U')
vcount++;
else
ccount++;
}
else
ocount++;
}
printf("Number of vowels -> %d\n", vcount);
printf("Number of consonants -> %d\n", ccount);
printf("Number of Other characters -> %d ", ocount);
}

//Count number of Alphabets, numbers and special characters in a string

#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main(){
int i, acount=0, ncount=0, scount=0;
char str[20];
printf("Enter a string : ");
gets(str); //hello world

for(i=0; str[i]!='\0'; i++){

if((str[i]>=65 && str[i]<=90) || (str[i]>=97 && str[i]<=122))
acount++;
else if(str[i]>=48 && str[i]<=57)
 ncount++;
else
scount++;
}
printf("Number of Alphabets -> %d\n", acount);
printf("Number of Numbers -> %d\n", ncount);
printf("Number of Special characters -> %d ", scount);
}

//Count number of Alphabets, numbers and special characters in a string

#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main(){
int i, acount=0, ncount=0, scount=0;
char str[20];
printf("Enter a string : ");
gets(str); //hello world

for(i=0; str[i]!='\0'; i++){

if((str[i]>='A' && str[i]<='Z') || (str[i]>='a' && str[i]<='z'))
acount++;
else if(str[i]>='0' && str[i]<='9')
ncount++;
else
scount++;
}
printf("Number of Alphabets -> %d\n", acount);
printf("Number of Numbers -> %d\n", ncount);
printf("Number of Special characters -> %d ", scount);
}

//Split an integer array into even array and odd array

//1,5,8,4,3,6 -> 8,4,6 j=3 1,5,3 k=3
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main(){
int input[10], even[10], odd[10];
int i, j, k;

printf("Enter array values : ");

for(i=0; i<10; i++)
scanf("%d", &input[i]);

j = k = 0;
for(i=0; i<10; i++){
if(input[i]%2==0){
even[j] = input[i];
j++;
}
else{
odd[k] = input[i];
k++;
}
}

printf("Even array values : ");

for(i=0; i<j; i++)
 printf("%d ", even[i]);

printf("\nOdd array values : ");

for(i=0; i<k; i++)
printf("%d ", odd[i]);
}

/* merge two arrays into a single array

1586 248
1586248 */

#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main(){
int a[6], b[5], output[11];
int i, j, k;

//input
printf("Enter first array values : ");
for(i=0; i<6; i++)
scanf("%d", &a[i]);
printf("Enter second array values : ");
for(j=0; j<5; j++)
scanf("%d", &b[j]);

//merge
k = 0;
for(i=0; i<6; i++){
output[k] = a[i];
k++;
}
for(j=0; j<5; j++){
output[k] = b[j];
k++;
}

//output
printf("\nMerged array values : \n");
for(k=0; k<11; k++)
printf("%d ", output[k]);
}

/*merge two sorted arrays into a single sorted array

1 5 8 10 2 5 9 11 12
i j
1 2 5 5 8 9 10 11 12
k */
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
int a[4], b[5], output[9];
int i, j, k;

//input
printf("Enter first sorted array values : ");
for(i=0; i<4; i++)
 scanf("%d", &a[i]);
printf("Enter second sorted array values : ");
for(j=0; j<5; j++)
scanf("%d", &b[j]);

//merge two sorted array

i = j = k = 0;
while(i<4 && j<5){
if(a[i]<b[j])
{
output[k] = a[i];
i++; k++;
}
else if(b[j]<a[i])
{
output[k] = b[j];
j++; k++;
}
else
{
output[k] = a[i];
i++; k++;
output[k] = b[j];
j++; k++;
}
}
while(i<4){
output[k] = a[i];
i++; k++;
}
while(j<5){
output[k] = b[j];
j++; k++;
}

//output
printf("\nMerged array values : \n");
for(k=0; k<9; k++)
printf("%d ", output[k]);
}

//function without argument and return

#include<stdio.h>
void display(){ //function defination
printf("Hello");
}
void main()
{
display(); //function call
printf("world");
}
//program execution : 6 7 3 4 5 8 9

//function without argument and return

#include<stdio.h>
void display(); //function declaration
void main(){
 display(); //function call
printf("world");
}
void display(){ //function defination
printf("Hello");
}
program execution : 4 5 3 8 9 10 6 7

//function with argument and without return

#include<stdio.h>
void display(int x) //x parameter
{
printf("%d", x);
}
void main()
{
display(10); // 10 argument
}

//function with argument and without return

#include<stdio.h>
void display(int x, int y) //x y parameter
{
printf("%d %d", x, y);
}
void main()
{
display(10, 20); // 10 20 argument
}

//function with argument and without return

#include<stdio.h>
void display(int x, int y) //x y parameter
{
printf("%d %d", x, y);
}
void main()
{
int a, b;
printf("Enter two numbers : ");
scanf("%d%d", &a, &b);
display(a, b); // 10 20 argument
}

//function with argument and without return

#include<stdio.h>
void display(int x)
{
x++; // x local to display
printf("%d\n", x);
}
void main()
{
int x;
printf("Enter a numbers : ");
scanf("%d", &x); // x local to main
display(x);
 printf("%d", x);
}