introduction of ER Model

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The Entity-Relationship Model (ER Model) is a conceptual model for designing a databases. This model
represents the logical structure of a database, including entities, their attributes and relationships between them.
 Entity: An objects that is stored as data such as Student, Course or Company.
 Attribute: Properties that describes an entity such as StudentID, CourseName, or EmployeeEmail.
 Relationship: A connection between entities such as "a Student enrolls in a Course".

ER Model in Database Design Process

We typically follow the below steps for designing a database for an application.
 Gather the requirements (functional and data) by asking questions to the database users.
 Create a logical or conceptual design of the database. This is where ER model plays a role. It is the most
used graphical representation of the conceptual design of a database.
 After this, focus on Physical Database Design (like indexing) and external design (like views)
Why Use ER Diagrams In DBMS?
 ER diagrams represent the E-R model in a database, making them easy to convert into relations (tables).
 These diagrams serve the purpose of real-world modeling of objects which makes them intently useful.
 Unlike technical schemas, ER diagrams require no technical knowledge of the underlying DBMS used.
 They visually model data and its relationships, making complex systems easier to understand.
Symbols Used in ER Model
ER Model is used to model the logical view of the system from a data perspective which consists of these
symbols:
 Rectangles: Rectangles represent entities in the ER Model.
 Ellipses: Ellipses represent attributes in the ER Model.
 Diamond: Diamonds represent relationships among Entities.
 Lines: Lines represent attributes to entities and entity sets with other relationship types.
 Double Ellipse: Double ellipses represent multi-valued Attributes, such as a student's multiple phone
numbers
 Double Rectangle: Represents weak entities, which depend on other entities for identification.

What is an Entity?
An Entity represents a real-world object, concept or thing about which data is stored in a database. It act as a
building block of a database. Tables in relational database represent these entities.
Example of entities:
 Real-World Objects: Person, Car, Employee etc.
 Concepts: Course, Event, Reservation etc.
 Things: Product, Document, Device etc.
The entity type defines the structure of an entity, while individual instances of that type represent specific
entities.
What is an Entity Set?
An entity refers to an individual object of an entity type, and the collection of all entities of a particular type
is called an entity set. For example, E1 is an entity that belongs to the entity type "Student," and the group of
all students forms the entity set.
In the ER diagram below, the entity type is represented as:

We can represent the entity sets in an ER Diagram but we can't represent individual entities because an entity
is like a row in a table, and an ER diagram shows the structure and relationships of data, not specific data
entries (like rows and columns). An ER diagram is a visual representation of the data model, not the actual
data itself.

Types of Entity
There are two main types of entities:
1. Strong Entity
A Strong Entity is a type of entity that has a key Attribute that can uniquely identify each instance of the
entity. A Strong Entity does not depend on any other Entity in the Schema for its identification. It has a
primary key that ensures its uniqueness and is represented by a rectangle in an ER diagram.
2. Weak Entity
A Weak Entity cannot be uniquely identified by its own attributes alone. It depends on a strong entity to be
identified. A weak entity is associated with an identifying entity (strong entity), which helps in its
identification. A weak entity are represented by a double rectangle. The participation of weak entity types is
always total. The relationship between the weak entity type and its identifying strong entity type is called
identifying relationship and it is represented by a double diamond.
Example:
A company may store the information of dependents (Parents, Children, Spouse) of an Employee. But the
dependents can't exist without the employee. So dependent will be a Weak Entity Type and Employee will be
identifying entity type for dependent, which means it is Strong Entity Type.

Attributes in ER Model
Attributes are the properties that define the entity type. For example, for a Student entity Roll_No, Name,
DOB, Age, Address, and Mobile_No are the attributes that define entity type Student. In ER diagram, the
attribute is represented by an oval.
Types of Attributes
1. Key Attribute
The attribute which uniquely identifies each entity in the entity set is called the key attribute. For example,
Roll_No will be unique for each student. In ER diagram, the key attribute is represented by an oval with an
underline.

Key Attribute

2. Composite Attribute
An attribute composed of many other attributes is called a composite attribute. For example, the Address
attribute of the student Entity type consists of Street, City, State, and Country. In ER diagram, the composite
attribute is represented by an oval comprising of ovals.

Composite Attribute

3. Multivalued Attribute
An attribute consisting of more than one value for a given entity. For example, Phone_No (can be more than
one for a given student). In ER diagram, a multivalued attribute is represented by a double oval.

Multivalued Attribute

4. Derived Attribute
An attribute that can be derived from other attributes of the entity type is known as a derived attribute. e.g.;
Age (can be derived from DOB). In ER diagram, the derived attribute is represented by a dashed oval.

Derived Attribute

The Complete Entity Type Student with its Attributes can be represented as:

Entity and Attributes

Relationship Type and Relationship Set

A Relationship Type represents the association between entity types. For example, ‘Enrolled in’ is a
relationship type that exists between entity type Student and Course. In ER diagram, the relationship type is
represented by a diamond and connecting the entities with lines.
 Entity-Relationship Set

A set of relationships of the same type is known as a relationship set. The following relationship set depicts
S1 as enrolled in C2, S2 as enrolled in C1, and S3 as registered in C3.

Relationship Set

Degree of a Relationship Set

The number of different entity sets participating in a relationship set is called the degree of a relationship set.
1. Unary Relationship: When there is only ONE entity set participating in a relation, the relationship is
called a unary relationship. For example, one person is married to only one person.

Unary Relationship

2. Binary Relationship: When there are TWO entities set participating in a relationship, the relationship is
called a binary relationship. For example, a Student is enrolled in a Course.

Binary Relationship

3. Ternary Relationship: When there are three entity sets participating in a relationship, the relationship is
called a ternary relationship.
4. N-ary Relationship: When there are n entities set participating in a relationship, the relationship is called
an n-ary relationship.
Cardinality in ER Model
The maximum number of times an entity of an entity set participates in a relationship set is known
as cardinality.
Cardinality can be of different types:
1. One-to-One
When each entity in each entity set can take part only once in the relationship, the cardinality is one-to-one.
Let us assume that a male can marry one female and a female can marry one male. So the relationship will be
one-to-one.

One to
One Cardinality

Using Sets, it can be represented as:

 Set Representation of One-to-One

2. One-to-Many
In one-to-many mapping as well where each entity can be related to more than one entity. Let us assume that
one surgeon department can accommodate many doctors. So the Cardinality will be 1 to M. It means one
department has many Doctors.

one to
many cardinality

Using sets, one-to-many cardinality can be represented as:

Set Representation of One-to-Many

3. Many-to-One
When entities in one entity set can take part only once in the relationship set and entities in other entity sets
can take part more than once in the relationship set, cardinality is many to one.
Let us assume that a student can take only one course but one course can be taken by many students. So the
cardinality will be n to 1. It means that for one course there can be n students but for one student, there will
be only one course.

many to one cardinality

Using Sets, it can be represented as:

 Set Representation of Many-to-One

In this case, each student is taking only 1 course but 1 course has been taken by many students.
4. Many-to-Many
When entities in all entity sets can take part more than once in the relationship cardinality is many to many.
Let us assume that a student can take more than one course and one course can be taken by many students. So
the relationship will be many to many.

many to many
cardinality

Using Sets, it can be represented as:

M any-to-Many
Set Representation

In this example, student S1 is enrolled in C1 and C3 and Course C3 is enrolled by S1, S3, and S4. So it is
many-to-many relationships.
Participation Constraint
Participation Constraint is applied to the entity participating in the relationship set.
1. Total Participation: Each entity in the entity set must participate in the relationship. If each student must
enroll in a course, the participation of students will be total. Total participation is shown by a double line in
the ER diagram.
2. Partial Participation: The entity in the entity set may or may NOT participate in the relationship. If some
courses are not enrolled by any of the students, the participation in the course will be partial.

The diagram depicts the ‘Enrolled in’ relationship set with Student Entity set having total participation and
Course Entity set having partial participation.

Total Participation and Partial

Participation

Using Set, it can be represented as,

Set representation of Total Participation and Partial Participation

Every student in the Student Entity set participates in a relationship but there exists a course C4 that is not
taking part in the relationship.
How to Draw an ER Diagram
1. Identify Entities: The very first step is to identify all the Entities. Represent these entities in a Rectangle
and label them accordingly.
2. Identify Relationships: The next step is to identify the relationship between them and represent them
accordingly using the Diamond shape. Ensure that relationships are not directly connected to each other.
3. Add Attributes: Attach attributes to the entities by using ovals. Each entity can have multiple attributes
(such as name, age, etc.), which are connected to the respective entity.
4. Define Primary Keys: Assign primary keys to each entity. These are unique identifiers that help
distinguish each instance of the entity. Represent them with underlined attributes.
5. Remove Redundancies: Review the diagram and eliminate unnecessary or repetitive entities and
relationships.
6. Review for Clarity: Review the diagram make sure it is clear and effectively conveys the relationships
between the entities.