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Basic SQL query

The document outlines the creation of various tables in a relational database for a hospital management system, including constraints for Patient, Doctor, Appointments, Billing, Medical Records, Prescription, Department, Staff, Room, and Test tables. It demonstrates the enforcement of constraints such as primary keys, unique constraints, not null constraints, and check constraints, as well as the propagation of changes and differences between DROP and TRUNCATE operations. Additionally, it provides examples of valid and invalid data inputs to illustrate how constraints are enforced.

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6 views15 pages

Basic SQL query

The document outlines the creation of various tables in a relational database for a hospital management system, including constraints for Patient, Doctor, Appointments, Billing, Medical Records, Prescription, Department, Staff, Room, and Test tables. It demonstrates the enforcement of constraints such as primary keys, unique constraints, not null constraints, and check constraints, as well as the propagation of changes and differences between DROP and TRUNCATE operations. Additionally, it provides examples of valid and invalid data inputs to illustrate how constraints are enforced.

Uploaded by

ananyaprasad5665
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Demonstration of the

Relational Model

1. Create Tables with Constraints


Patient:
CREATE TABLE Patient (

Patient_ID SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,

First_Name VARCHAR(50),

Last_Name VARCHAR(50),

Gender VARCHAR(10) CHECK (Gender IN ('Male', 'Female', 'Other')),

Phone_No VARCHAR(15) UNIQUE NOT NULL,

Email VARCHAR(100) UNIQUE,

Date_of_Birth DATE,

Emergency_Contact VARCHAR(15),

Registration_Date DATE DEFAULT CURRENT_DATE,

Blood_Group VARCHAR(5),

Street VARCHAR(100),

City VARCHAR(50),

State VARCHAR(50)

);

Doctor:
CREATE TABLE Doctor (

Doctor_ID SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,

Name VARCHAR(100),

Gender VARCHAR(10),

Email VARCHAR(100) UNIQUE,


Phone_No VARCHAR(15) UNIQUE,

Joining_Date DATE,

Specialization VARCHAR(100),

Department_ID INT REFERENCES Department(Department_ID) ON DELETE SET NULL,

Consultation_Fee NUMERIC(8,2),

Availability BOOLEAN

);

Appointments:
CREATE TABLE Appointments (

Appointment_ID SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,

Patient_ID INT REFERENCES Patient(Patient_ID) ON DELETE CASCADE,

Doctor_ID INT REFERENCES Doctor(Doctor_ID) ON DELETE SET NULL,

Mode VARCHAR(20),

Consultation_Type VARCHAR(30),

Status VARCHAR(20),

Time_Slot VARCHAR(30),

Booking_Date DATE,

Appointment_Date DATE,

Reason TEXT

);

4.Billing:
CREATE TABLE Billing (

Appointment_ID INT REFERENCES Appointments(Appointment_ID) ON DELETE SET NULL,

Patient_ID INT REFERENCES Patient(Patient_ID) ON DELETE CASCADE,

Total_Amount NUMERIC(10,2),

Tax NUMERIC(6,2),

Discount NUMERIC(6,2),

Billing_Date DATE DEFAULT CURRENT_DATE,

Payment_Mode VARCHAR(50),

Payment_Status VARCHAR(20)

);
5.Medical Records:
CREATE TABLE Medical_Records (

Record_ID SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,

Patient_ID INT REFERENCES Patient(Patient_ID) ON DELETE CASCADE,

Blood_Pressure VARCHAR(20),

Weight_kg NUMERIC(5,2),

Height_cm NUMERIC(5,2),

Family_History TEXT,

Surgeries TEXT,

Allergies TEXT,

Past_Conditions TEXT,

Date_Updated DATE DEFAULT CURRENT_DATE

);

6.Prescription:
CREATE TABLE Prescription (

Prescription_ID SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,

Doctor_ID INT REFERENCES Doctor(Doctor_ID) ON DELETE SET NULL,

Patient_ID INT REFERENCES Patient(Patient_ID) ON DELETE CASCADE,

Diagnosis TEXT,

Medication TEXT,

Dosage TEXT,

Duration VARCHAR(50),

Follow_Up_Date DATE,

Date_Issued DATE DEFAULT CURRENT_DATE,

Notes TEXT

);

7.Department:
CREATE TABLE Department (

Department_ID SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,

Name VARCHAR(100),
Head_Doctor VARCHAR(100),

Contact_Email VARCHAR(100),

Phone VARCHAR(15),

Floor_No INT,

Room_Count INT,

Description TEXT,

Staff_Count INT,

Created_At DATE DEFAULT CURRENT_DATE

);

8.Staff:
CREATE TABLE Staff (

Staff_ID SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,

Name VARCHAR(100),

Role VARCHAR(50),

Department_ID INT REFERENCES Department(Department_ID) ON DELETE SET NULL,

Email VARCHAR(100),

Phone_No VARCHAR(15),

Salary NUMERIC(10,2),

Joining_Date DATE,

Shift_Time VARCHAR(50),

Address TEXT

);

9.Room:
CREATE TABLE Room (

Room_ID SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,

Room_Number VARCHAR(10) UNIQUE,

Department_ID INT REFERENCES Department(Department_ID) ON DELETE SET NULL,

Room_Type VARCHAR(50),

Capacity INT,

Status VARCHAR(20),

Availability BOOLEAN,
Floor_No INT,

Assigned_Patient INT REFERENCES Patient(Patient_ID) ON DELETE SET NULL,

Notes TEXT

);

10.Test:
CREATE TABLE Test (

Test_ID SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,

Patient_ID INT REFERENCES Patient(Patient_ID) ON DELETE CASCADE,

Doctor_ID INT REFERENCES Doctor(Doctor_ID) ON DELETE SET NULL,

Test_Type VARCHAR(100),

Test_Date DATE,

Result_File TEXT,

Status VARCHAR(20),

Lab_Technician VARCHAR(100),

Result_Date DATE,

Notes TEXT

);

2. Demonstrate Enforcement of Constraints


1. Valid Input – All constraints passed:
hospital_db=# insert into Patient(phone_no,email,state)

hospital_db-# values('8078523783','[email protected]','Kerala');

INSERT 0 1

hospital_db=# select * from Patient;

patient_id | first_name | last_name | gender | phone_no | email | date_of_birth | address | street | city
| state | emergency_contact | registration_date | blood_group

------------+------------+-----------+--------+------------+------------------+---------------+---------+--------+------+--------
+-------------------+-------------------+-------------

2| | | | 8078523783 | [email protected] | | | | | Kerala | |


2025-06-29 |

(1 row)

2. Violating NOT NULL constraint:


hospital_db=# INSERT INTO Patient (phone_no, email, state)

hospital_db-# VALUES (NULL, '[email protected]', 'Delhi');

ERROR: null value in column "phone_no" of relation "patient" violates not-null constraint

3. Violating UNIQUE constraint:


hospital_db=# insert into Patient(phone_no,email,state)

hospital_db-# values('9446625594','[email protected]','karnataka');

ERROR: duplicate key value violates unique constraint "patient_email_key"

DETAIL: Key (email)=([email protected]) already exists.

hospital_db=#

4. Violating CHECK constraint:


hospital_db=# INSERT INTO Patient (phone_no, email, gender)

hospital_db-# VALUES ('9876543210', '[email protected]', 'Unknown');

ERROR: new row for relation "patient" violates check constraint "patient_gender_check"

DETAIL: Failing row contains (7, null, null, Unknown, 9876543210, [email protected], null,
null, null, null, null, null, 2025-06-29, null).

hospital_db=#

5.Violating PRIMARY KEY (manually setting the ID):


hospital_db=# insert into Patient(patient_id,First_name,phone_no,email)

hospital_db-# values(2,'Riya','9495772289','[email protected]');

ERROR: duplicate key value violates unique constraint "patient_pkey"

DETAIL: Key (patient_id)=(2) already exists.

hospital_db=#
3. ALTER TABLE to Add Constraint

hospital_db=# alter table Doctor add constraint chk_gender check(gender


in('female','male','other'));

ALTER TABLE

hospital_db=# \d doctor

Table "public.doctor"

Column | Type | Collation | Nullable | Default

------------------+------------------------+-----------+----------+-------------------------------------------

doctor_id | integer | | not null | nextval('doctor_doctor_id_seq'::regclass)

name | character varying(100) | | |

gender | character varying(10) | | |

email | character varying(100) | | |

phone_no | character varying(15) | | |

joining_date | date | | |

specialization | character varying(100) | | |

department_id | integer | | |

consultation_fee | numeric(8,2) | | |

availability | boolean | | |

Indexes:

"doctor_pkey" PRIMARY KEY, btree (doctor_id)

"doctor_email_key" UNIQUE CONSTRAINT, btree (email)

"doctor_phone_no_key" UNIQUE CONSTRAINT, btree (phone_no)

Check constraints:

"chk_gender" CHECK (gender::text = ANY (ARRAY['female'::character varying,


'male'::character varying, 'other'::character varying]::text[]))
Foreign-key constraints:

"fk_department" FOREIGN KEY (department_id) REFERENCES department(department_id)


ON DELETE SET NULL

Referenced by:

TABLE "appointments" CONSTRAINT "appointments_doctor_id_fkey" FOREIGN KEY


(doctor_id) REFERENCES doctor(doctor_id) ON DELETE SET NULL

TABLE "prescription" CONSTRAINT "prescription_doctor_id_fkey" FOREIGN KEY


(doctor_id) REFERENCES doctor(doctor_id) ON DELETE SET NULL

TABLE "test" CONSTRAINT "test_doctor_id_fkey" FOREIGN KEY (doctor_id) REFERENCES


doctor(doctor_id) ON DELETE SET NULL

4. List of Constraints Enforced

Patient:
Constraint Type Column Details

PRIMARY KEY Patient_ID Auto-generated (SERIAL)

UNIQUE Phone_No No duplicate contact numbers

UNIQUE Email No duplicate emails

NOT NULL Phone_No Must be provided

CHECK Gender Must be 'Male', 'Female', 'Other'

DEFAULT Registration_Date Defaults to current date

Doctor:
Constraint Type Column Details
PRIMARY KEY Doctor_ID Auto-generated
UNIQUE Phone_No No duplicates
UNIQUE Email No duplicates
FOREIGN KEY Department_ID Refers to Department, ON DELETE SET NULL
CHECK Gender Only 'Male', 'Female', 'Other'

Appointments:
Constraint Type Column Details
PRIMARY KEY Appointment_ID Auto-generated
FOREIGN KEY Patient_ID Refers to Patient, ON DELETE CASCADE
FOREIGN KEY Doctor_ID Refers to Doctor, ON DELETE SET NULL

Medical Records:
Constraint Type Column Details
PRIMARY KEY Record_ID Auto-generated
FOREIGN KEY Patient_ID Refers to Patient, ON DELETE CASCADE
DEFAULT Date_Updated Current date

Billing:
Constraint Type Column Details
Refers to Appointments, ON DELETE SET
FOREIGN KEY Appointment_ID
NULL
FOREIGN KEY Patient_ID Refers to Patient, ON DELETE CASCADE
DEFAULT Billing_Date Defaults to current date

Prescription:
Constraint Type Column Details
PRIMARY KEY Prescription_ID Auto-generated
FOREIGN KEY Doctor_ID Refers to Doctor, ON DELETE SET NULL
FOREIGN KEY Patient_ID Refers to Patient, ON DELETE CASCADE
DEFAULT Date_Issued Current date

Department:
Constraint Type Column Details
PRIMARY KEY Department_ID Auto-generated
DEFAULT Created_At Current date

Staff:
Constraint
Column Details
Type
PRIMARY KEY Staff_ID Auto-generated
FOREIGN KEY Department_ID Refers to Department, ON DELETE SET NULL

Room:
Constraint
Column Details
Type
PRIMARY KEY Room_ID Auto-generated
UNIQUE Room_Number No duplicates
FOREIGN KEY Department_ID Refers to Department, ON DELETE SET NULL
FOREIGN KEY Assigned_Patient Refers to Patient, ON DELETE SET NULL

Test:
Constraint Type Column Details
PRIMARY KEY Test_ID Auto-generated
FOREIGN KEY Patient_ID Refers to Patient, ON DELETE CASCADE
FOREIGN KEY Doctor_ID Refers to Doctor, ON DELETE SET NULL

5. Drop a Constraint
hospital_db=# alter table Doctor drop constraint chk_gender;

ALTER TABLE
hospital_db=# \d Doctor

Table "public.doctor"

Column | Type | Collation | Nullable | Default

------------------+------------------------+-----------+----------+-------------------------------------------

doctor_id | integer | | not null | nextval('doctor_doctor_id_seq'::regclass)

name | character varying(100) | | |

gender | character varying(10) | | |

email | character varying(100) | | |

phone_no | character varying(15) | | |

joining_date | date | | |

specialization | character varying(100) | | |

department_id | integer | | |

consultation_fee | numeric(8,2) | | |

availability | boolean | | |

Indexes:

"doctor_pkey" PRIMARY KEY, btree (doctor_id)

"doctor_email_key" UNIQUE CONSTRAINT, btree (email)

"doctor_phone_no_key" UNIQUE CONSTRAINT, btree (phone_no)

Foreign-key constraints:

"fk_department" FOREIGN KEY (department_id) REFERENCES department(department_id) ON DELETE SET


NULL

Referenced by:

TABLE "appointments" CONSTRAINT "appointments_doctor_id_fkey" FOREIGN KEY (doctor_id) REFERENCES


doctor(doctor_id) ON DELETE SET NULL

TABLE "prescription" CONSTRAINT "prescription_doctor_id_fkey" FOREIGN KEY (doctor_id) REFERENCES


doctor(doctor_id) ON DELETE SET NULL

TABLE "test" CONSTRAINT "test_doctor_id_fkey" FOREIGN KEY (doctor_id) REFERENCES doctor(doctor_id)


ON DELETE SET NULL

6.Propagation of Changes (Data Integrity)


Parent table:
hospital_db=# INSERT INTO Patient (First_Name, Last_Name, Gender, Phone_No, Email, Date_of_Birth,
Emergency_Contact, Blood_Group, Street, City, State)

hospital_db-# VALUES ('John', 'Doe', 'Male', '9876543210', '[email protected]', '1990-01-01', '9999999999',


'O+', '12 Street', 'CityA', 'StateA');

INSERT 0 1

hospital_db-# ;

patient_id | first_name | last_name | gender | phone_no | email | date_of_birth | address | street |


city | state | emergency_contact | registration_date | blood_group

------------+------------+-----------+--------+------------+------------------+---------------+---------+-----------+-------+--------
+-------------------+-------------------+-------------

2| | | | 8078523783 | [email protected] | | | | | Kerala |


| 2025-06-29 |

5 | Siya | | | 9495115665 | [email protected] | | | | | | |


2025-06-29 |

8 | John | Doe | Male | 9876543210 | [email protected] | 1990-01-01 | | 12 Street |


CityA | StateA | 9999999999 | 2025-06-29 | O+

(3 rows)

Child table:

hospital_db=# INSERT INTO Appointments (Patient_ID, Doctor_ID, Mode, Consultation_Type, Status, Time_Slot,
Booking_Date, Appointment_Date, Reason)

hospital_db-# VALUES (8, NULL, 'Online', 'General', 'Booked', '10AM-11AM', CURRENT_DATE, CURRENT_DATE +
1, 'Routine Checkup');

INSERT 0 1

hospital_db=# select * from Appointments;

appointment_id | patient_id | doctor_id | mode | consultation_type | status | time_slot | booking_date |


appointment_date | reason

----------------+------------+-----------+--------+-------------------+--------+-----------+--------------+------------------
+-----------------

1| 8| | Online | General | Booked | 10AM-11AM | 2025-06-29 | 2025-06-30 |


Routine Checkup

Deleting patient_id=8 from Patient table(parent table):

hospital_db=# delete from Patient where patient_id=8;

DELETE 1
hospital_db=# select * from Patient;

patient_id | first_name | last_name | gender | phone_no | email | date_of_birth | address | street |


city | state | emergency_contact | registration_date | blood_group

------------+------------+-----------+--------+------------+------------------+---------------+---------+--------+------+--------
+-------------------+-------------------+-------------

2| | | | 8078523783 | [email protected] | | | | | Kerala |


| 2025-06-29 |

5 | Siya | | | 9495115665 | [email protected] | | | | | | |


2025-06-29 |

(2 rows)

Automatically deleted:

hospital_db=# select * from Appointments;

appointment_id | patient_id | doctor_id | mode | consultation_type | status | time_slot | booking_date |


appointment_date | reason

----------------+------------+-----------+------+-------------------+--------+-----------+--------------+------------------+--------

(0 rows)

7. DROP vs TRUNCATE
Drop:

hospital_db=# DROP TABLE Staff;

DROP TABLE

hospital_db=# TRUNCATE TABLE Staff;

ERROR: relation "staff" does not exist

Truncate:

hospital_db=# TRUNCATE TABLE Medical_records;

TRUNCATE TABLE

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