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Dynamic Programming Explained

Dynamic Programming (DP) is an algorithmic technique that solves complex problems by breaking them into smaller subproblems, solving each once, and storing their solutions. Key concepts include overlapping subproblems and optimal substructure, with two main implementation methods: Top-Down (Memoization) and Bottom-Up (Tabulation). DP is powerful as it reduces time complexity and is widely used in various fields such as AI and optimization.

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Shubham Sharma
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5 views2 pages

Dynamic Programming Explained

Dynamic Programming (DP) is an algorithmic technique that solves complex problems by breaking them into smaller subproblems, solving each once, and storing their solutions. Key concepts include overlapping subproblems and optimal substructure, with two main implementation methods: Top-Down (Memoization) and Bottom-Up (Tabulation). DP is powerful as it reduces time complexity and is widely used in various fields such as AI and optimization.

Uploaded by

Shubham Sharma
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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What is Dynamic Programming (DP)?

Dynamic Programming is a technique used in algorithms to solve complex problems by breaking

them down into smaller subproblems, solving each subproblem once, and storing their solutions to

avoid recomputing.

Key Concepts in DP

- Overlapping Subproblems: Same subproblems are solved multiple times.

- Optimal Substructure: The overall solution depends on solutions to smaller parts.

Dynamic Programming Process

1. Define the subproblems.

2. Write a recurrence relation.

3. Store solutions.

4. Build the solution from smaller ones.

Two Main Ways to Implement DP

- Top-Down (Memoization): Solve big problem by recursively solving smaller ones and caching

results.

- Bottom-Up (Tabulation): Solve all smaller subproblems first, build up to the big one iteratively.

Example: Fibonacci Numbers

Fib(0) = 0

Fib(1) = 1

Fib(n) = Fib(n-1) + Fib(n-2)

DP Table for Fibonacci


n :01234567

Fib : 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13

Characteristics of a DP Problem

- Overlapping subproblems

- Optimal substructure

Popular Problems Solved Using DP

- Longest Common Subsequence (LCS)

- Matrix Chain Multiplication

- 0/1 Knapsack Problem

- Coin Change Problem

- Edit Distance (Levenshtein Distance)

Textual Diagram of DP

[Small Solution] -> [Small Solution] -> [Small Solution] -> [Bigger Solution]

Why is Dynamic Programming Powerful?

- Reduces time complexity from exponential to polynomial.

- Used heavily in AI, bioinformatics, games, optimization, etc.

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