Dictionaries

Method Description

clear() Removes all the elements from the dictionary

copy() Returns a copy of the dictionary

fromkeys() Returns a dictionary with the specified keys and value

get() Returns the value of the specified key

items() Returns a list containing a tuple for each key value pair

keys() Returns a list containing the dictionary's keys

pop() Removes the element with the specified key

popitem() Removes the last inserted key-value pair

setdefault() Returns the value of the specified key. If the key does not exist:
insert the key, with the specified value

update() Updates the dictionary with the specified key-value pairs

values() Returns a list of all the values in the dictionary

Python Built In

abs() Returns the absolute value of a number

all() Returns True if all items in an iterable object are true

any() Returns True if any item in an iterable object is true

ascii() Returns a readable version of an object. Replaces none-ascii characters

with escape character

bin() Returns the binary version of a number

bool() Returns the boolean value of the specified object

bytearray() Returns an array of bytes

bytes() Returns a bytes object

callable() Returns True if the specified object is callable, otherwise False

chr() Returns a character from the specified Unicode code.

classmethod() Converts a method into a class method

compile() Returns the specified source as an object, ready to be executed

complex() Returns a complex number

delattr() Deletes the specified attribute (property or method) from the specified
object

dict() Returns a dictionary (Array)

dir() Returns a list of the specified object's properties and methods

divmod() Returns the quotient and the remainder when argument1 is divided by
argument2

enumerate() Takes a collection (e.g. a tuple) and returns it as an enumerate object

eval() Evaluates and executes an expression

exec() Executes the specified code (or object)

filter() Use a filter function to exclude items in an iterable object

float() Returns a floating point number

format() Formats a specified value

frozenset() Returns a frozenset object

getattr() Returns the value of the specified attribute (property or method)

globals() Returns the current global symbol table as a dictionary

hasattr() Returns True if the specified object has the specified attribute
(property/method)

hash() Returns the hash value of a specified object

help() Executes the built-in help system

hex() Converts a number into a hexadecimal value

id() Returns the id of an object

input() Allowing user input

int() Returns an integer number

isinstance() Returns True if a specified object is an instance of a specified object

issubclass() Returns True if a specified class is a subclass of a specified object

iter() Returns an iterator object

len() Returns the length of an object

list() Returns a list

locals() Returns an updated dictionary of the current local symbol table

map() Returns the specified iterator with the specified function applied to each
item

max() Returns the largest item in an iterable

memoryview() Returns a memory view object

min() Returns the smallest item in an iterable

next() Returns the next item in an iterable

object() Returns a new object

oct() Converts a number into an octal

open() Opens a file and returns a file object

ord() Convert an integer representing the Unicode of the specified character

pow() Returns the value of x to the power of y

print() Prints to the standard output device

property() Gets, sets, deletes a property

range() Returns a sequence of numbers, starting from 0 and increments by 1

(by default)

repr() Returns a readable version of an object

reversed() Returns a reversed iterator

round() Rounds a numbers

set() Returns a new set object

setattr() Sets an attribute (property/method) of an object

slice() Returns a slice object

sorted() Returns a sorted list

 staticmethod() Converts a method into a static method

str() Returns a string object

sum() Sums the items of an iterator

super() Returns an object that represents the parent class

tuple() Returns a tuple

type() Returns the type of an object

vars() Returns the __dict__ property of an object

zip() Returns an iterator, from two or more iterators

String Methods

capitalize) Converts the first character to upper case

casefold() Converts string into lower case

center() Returns a centered string

count() Returns the number of times a specified value occurs in a string

encode() Returns an encoded version of the string

endswith() Returns true if the string ends with the specified value

expandtabs() Sets the tab size of the string

find() Searches the string for a specified value and returns the position of
where it was found

format() Formats specified values in a string

format_map() Formats specified values in a string

index() Searches the string for a specified value and returns the position of
where it was found

isalnum() Returns True if all characters in the string are alphanumeric

isalpha() Returns True if all characters in the string are in the alphabet

isascii() Returns True if all characters in the string are ascii characters
isdecimal() Returns True if all characters in the string are decimals

isdigit() Returns True if all characters in the string are digits

isidentifier() Returns True if the string is an identifier

islower() Returns True if all characters in the string are lower case

isnumeric() Returns True if all characters in the string are numeric

isprintable() Returns True if all characters in the string are printable

isspace() Returns True if all characters in the string are whitespaces

istitle() Returns True if the string follows the rules of a title

isupper() Returns True if all characters in the string are upper case

join() Converts the elements of an iterable into a string

ljust() Returns a left justified version of the string

lower() Converts a string into lower case

lstrip() Returns a left trim version of the string

maketrans() Returns a translation table to be used in translations

partition() Returns a tuple where the string is parted into three parts

replace() Returns a string where a specified value is replaced with a specified

value

rfind() Searches the string for a specified value and returns the last position of
where it was found

rindex() Searches the string for a specified value and returns the last position of
where it was found

rjust() Returns a right justified version of the string

rpartition() Returns a tuple where the string is parted into three parts

rsplit() Splits the string at the specified separator, and returns a list

rstrip() Returns a right trim version of the string

split() Splits the string at the specified separator, and returns a list

splitlines() Splits the string at line breaks and returns a list

 startswith() Returns true if the string starts with the specified value

strip() Returns a trimmed version of the string

swapcase() Swaps cases, lower case becomes upper case and vice versa

title() Converts the first character of each word to upper case

translate() Returns a translated string

upper() Converts a string into upper case

zfill() Fills the string with a specified number of 0 values at the beginning

List/Array Methods

append() Adds an element at the end of the list

clear() Removes all the elements from the list

copy() Returns a copy of the list

count() Returns the number of elements with the specified value

extend() Add the elements of a list (or any iterable), to the end of the current list

index() Returns the index of the first element with the specified value

insert() Adds an element at the specified position

pop() Removes the element at the specified position

remove() Removes the first item with the specified value

reverse() Reverses the order of the list

sort() Sorts the list

Tuple Methods

count Returns the number of times a specified value occurs in a tuple

()
 index( Searches the tuple for a specified value and returns the position of where it was
) found

File Methods

close() Closes the file

detach() Returns the separated raw stream from the buffer

fileno() Returns a number that represents the stream, from the operating system's
perspective

flush() Flushes the internal buffer

isatty() Returns whether the file stream is interactive or not

read() Returns the file content

readable Returns whether the file stream can be read or not

()

readline( Returns one line from the file

)

readlines Returns a list of lines from the file

()

seek() Change the file position

seekable Returns whether the file allows us to change the file position
()

tell() Returns the current file position

truncate( Resizes the file to a specified size

)

writable( Returns whether the file can be written to or not

)

write() Writes the specified string to the file

writeline Writes a list of strings to the file

s()
Python Keywrods

and A logical operator

as To create an alias

asser For debugging

t

break To break out of a loop

class To define a class

conti To continue to the next iteration of a loop

nue

def To define a function

del To delete an object

elif Used in conditional statements, same as else if

else Used in conditional statements

exce Used with exceptions, what to do when an exception occurs

pt

False Boolean value, result of comparison operations

finally Used with exceptions, a block of code that will be executed no matter if there is
an exception or not

for To create a for loop

from To import specific parts of a module

globa To declare a global variable

l

if To make a conditional statement

impor To import a module

t

in To check if a value is present in a list, tuple, etc.

is To test if two variables are equal

lamb To create an anonymous function

da

None Represents a null value

nonlo To declare a non-local variable

cal
 not A logical operator

or A logical operator

pass A null statement, a statement that will do nothing

raise To raise an exception

retur To exit a function and return a value

n

True Boolean value, result of comparison operations

try To make a try...except statement

while To create a while loop

with Used to simplify exception handling

yield To return a list of values from a generator

Built In Exceptions

ArithmeticError Raised when an error occurs in numeric calculations

AssertionError Raised when an assert statement fails

AttributeError Raised when attribute reference or assignment fails

Exception Base class for all exceptions

EOFError Raised when the input() method hits an "end of file" condition (EOF)

FloatingPointErr Raised when a floating point calculation fails

or

GeneratorExit Raised when a generator is closed (with the close() method)

ImportError Raised when an imported module does not exist

IndentationError Raised when indentation is not correct

IndexError Raised when an index of a sequence does not exist

KeyError Raised when a key does not exist in a dictionary

KeyboardInterru Raised when the user presses Ctrl+c, Ctrl+z or Delete
pt

LookupError Raised when errors raised cant be found

MemoryError Raised when a program runs out of memory

NameError Raised when a variable does not exist

NotImplemented Raised when an abstract method requires an inherited class to

Error override the method

OSError Raised when a system related operation causes an error

OverflowError Raised when the result of a numeric calculation is too large

ReferenceError Raised when a weak reference object does not exist

RuntimeError Raised when an error occurs that do not belong to any specific
exceptions

StopIteration Raised when the next() method of an iterator has no further values

SyntaxError Raised when a syntax error occurs

TabError Raised when indentation consists of tabs or spaces

SystemError Raised when a system error occurs

SystemExit Raised when the sys.exit() function is called

TypeError Raised when two different types are combined

UnboundLocalEr Raised when a local variable is referenced before assignment

ror

UnicodeError Raised when a unicode problem occurs

UnicodeEncode Raised when a unicode encoding problem occurs

Error

UnicodeDecode Raised when a unicode decoding problem occurs

Error

UnicodeTranslat Raised when a unicode translation problem occurs

eError

ValueError Raised when there is a wrong value in a specified data type

ZeroDivisionErro Raised when the second operator in a division is zero

r