Excel AND Function

AND Function
The AND function is a premade function in Excel, which returns TRUE or FALSE based on two or
more conditions.

It is typed =AND and takes two or more conditions.

Note: The AND function is often used together with the IF function.

=AND([logical1], [logical2], ...)

The conditions are referred to as [logical1], [logical2], and so on.

The conditions can check things like:

 If a number is greater than another number >

 If a number is smaller than another number <

 If a number or text is equal to something =

Note: The different parts of the function are separated by a symbol, like comma , or semicolon ;

The symbol depends on your Language Settings.

Example AND Function

Check if the type is fire and has speed greater than 70:

The function returns "TRUE" or "FALSE".

Example AND function, step by step:

1. Select the cell D2

2. Type =AND

3. Double click the AND command

4. Specify the first condition B2="Fire"

5. Type ,

6. Specify the second condition C2>70

7. Hit enter

Note: You can add more conditions by repeating steps 5-6 before hitting enter.
Since the value in cell B2 is not "Fire" the first condition is FALSE.

Since the value in cell C2 is less than 70 the second condition is also FALSE.

All conditions need to be TRUE for the AND function to return TRUE.

Note: Text values needs to be in quotes: " "

The function can be repeated with the filling function for each row to perform the same check for each :

Now, each row has a check for Fire Type and Speed greater than 70:
Only Charmeleon and Charizard both have Fire type and speed greater than 70, so the function returns "TRUE".

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Example AND Function (with IF)

Combining the AND function with an IF function lets you check multiple conditions for the IF function:

Note: The IF function lets you specify the return values.

The IF function is typed =IF and has 3 parts:

=IF(logical_test, [value_if_true], [value_if_false])

The AND function takes the place of the logical_test condition.

Here, the IF function returns "Yes" or "No".

Example AND function as the condition for IF function, step by step:

1. Select cell C2

2. Type =IF

3. Double click the IF command

4. Type AND

5. Double click the AND command

7. Specify the first condition B2="Fire"

8. Type ,

9. Specify the second condition C2>70

10. Type ),

11. Specify the value "Yes" for when both conditions are TRUE

12. Type ,

13. Specify the value "No" for when either, or both, conditions are FALSE

14. Type ) and hit enter

The function can be repeated with the filling function for each row to perform the same check for each :

Now each row has a check for both being Fire type and Speed greater than 70:
Only Charmeleon and Charizard both have Fire type and speed greater than 70, so the function returns "Yes".

Excel CONCAT Function

CONCAT Function

To concatenate is to link something together.

CONCAT is a function in Excel and is short for concatenate.

The CONCAT function is used to link multiple cells without adding any delimiters between the combined cell
values.

It is typed =CONCAT

=CONCAT(cell1, delimiter, cell2)

Note: Delimiters are spacing or symbols used to seperate content elements apart from each other.

Example of delimiters

comma , semicolon ; quotes " or ' braces {} pipes | slashes / \

Info: CONCAT is a new version of the old CONCATENATE function. Recent versions of Excel do not accept the old
CONCATENATE function as it is only compatible with earlier versions of Excel. To use COCATENATE in the latest
versions of Excel, use CONCAT.

How to Use CONCAT Function

To combine values from multiple Excel cells, use CONCAT.

Note: The different parts of the function are separated by a symbol, like comma , or semicolon ;

The symbol depends on your Language Settings.

Step 1) Start the CONCAT function

1. Select a cell E2

2. Type =CONCAT

3. Double click the CONCAT command

Follow along the tutorial by trying it yourself!

Copy the values in the example above and try it on your own!

Step 2) Link cells

4. Select a cell (A2)

5. Add a comma (,)

6. Add a space inside of quotation marks to create a delimiter (" ")

7. Select another cell (A3)

8. Hit enter

Note: The CONCAT function does not provide any delimiters between cell values used in the funtion. If you want
your cell values to be displayed with delimiters, you have to add the delimiters between the selected cells. You
can use any symbol as a demiliter, if you want the delimiter to be a space, enter " ".
The function returns the content of A2 and A3 separated with a " " dilimiter.
You can also use more symbols as a demilter, such as adding the word " and ".
The CONCAT function accepts cell values of both text and numbers, you can combine them in any way you
prefer.

Combine the cell values with text strings as delimiters to make the output more descriptive!
 Excel COUNT Function

COUNT Function

The COUNT function is a premade function in Excel, which counts cells with numbers in a range.

It is typed =COUNT

Note: The COUNT function only counts cells with numbers, not cells with letters. The COUNTA function
is better used if the cells have letters.

How to use the =COUNT function:

1. Select a cell

2. Type =COUNT

3. Double click the COUNT command

4. Select a range

5. Hit enter

Let's see some examples!

Apply the =COUNT function to range D2:D21. Counting the cells of Total stats, which is numbers only:
 COUNT function, step by step:

1. Select D23

2. Type =COUNT

3. Double click COUNT in the menu

4. Select range D2:D21

5. Hit enter

Note: The =COUNT function only counts cells with numbers in a range.
That's it! The =COUNT function successfully counted 20 cells with numbers.
 Excel COUNTA Function

COUNTA Function

The COUNTA function is a premade function in Excel, which counts all cells in a range that has values, both
numbers and letters.

It is typed =COUNTA

How to use the =COUNTA function:

1. Select a cell

2. Type =COUNTA

3. Double click the COUNTA command

4. Select a range

5. Hit enter

Let's see some examples!

Apply the =COUNTA function to range A2:A21, counting s by their names, which are letters only:
 COUNTA function, step by step:

1. Select A23

2. Type =COUNTA

3. Double click COUNTA in the menu

4. Select range A2:A21

5. Hit enter
The COUNTA function has successfully counted 20 cells with values in the range A2:A21.

Lets apply the COUNTA function to D2:D21. Counting a range with numbers only.
That is great! The COUNTA function counts cells in a range with values both numbers and letters.
 Excel COUNTBLANK Function

COUNTBLANK Function

The COUNTBLANK function is a premade function in Excel, which counts blank cells in a range.

It is typed =COUNTBLANK

Note: The COUNTBLANK function is helpful to find empty cells in a range.

How to use the =COUNTBLANK function:

1. Select a cell

2. Type =COUNTBLANK

3. Double click the COUNTBLANK command

4. Select a range

5. Hit enter

Let's see some examples!

Apply the =COUNTBLANK function to range C2:C21, to find the s which do not have a 2nd Type:
 COUNTBLANK function, step by step:

1. Select C23

2. Write =COUNTBLANK

3. Double click COUNTBLANK in the menu

4. Select range C2:C21

5. Hit enter
The COUNTBLANK function successfully counted 8 blank cells in the range C2:C21.
 Excel COUNTIF Function

COUNTIF Function

The COUNTIF function is a premade function in Excel, which counts cells as specified.

It is typed =COUNTIF

NOTE: The COUNTIF function can have basic or more advanced uses. This covers the basic use for how
to count specific numbers and words.

Numbers (e.g. 90) and words (e.g. "Water") can be specified.

How to use the =COUNTIF function:

1. Select a cell

2. Type =COUNTIF

3. Double click the COUNTIF command

4. Select a range

5. Type ,

6. Select a cell (the criteria, the value that you want to count)

7. Hit enter

Note: The different parts of the function are separated by a symbol, like comma , or semicolon ;

The symbol depends on your Language Settings.

Let's see some examples!

Apply the COUNTIF function to range B2:B21, to count how many s we have in the different types:
We want the COUNTIF function to count the types of s, in the range G5:G15:
The , is typed after the range is selected, which tells the function what you are looking to count.
 The COUNTIF function has successfully counted 1 Grass , which is Victreebel (A4).

Let's count the Water s in G6

The same steps apply

1. Select G6

2. Type =COUNTIF

3. Select B2:B21

4. Type (,)

5. Select F6 (Specifying Water as criteria)

6. Hit enter
 That is great! The COUNTIF function has counted 6 Water s in B2:B21.

Let's count the rest of the types more effectively. We want to continue the function from G6:G15.
Making use of the Filling Function and Absolute References.

Step by step:

1. Double click G6

2. Lock the range references absolute (B2:B21). Type dollar signs before the columns and row. Type 4
dollar signs in total. =COUNTIF($B$2:$B$21,F6). Note: We want F6 to remain relative. Because we want
it to move downwards. Do not add dollar signs ($) to it.

3. Hit enter

4. Fill the range G6:G15

That saved us alot of time! Good job!

A Non-Working Example

Let's try an example that will not work

Fill G5:G15 without locking the references to see what happens.

 If the references for the range are kept relative, the fill function will move the range downwards,
including blank cells and missing the range where the data is.
 Excel COUNTIFS Function

COUNTIFS Function

The COUNTIFS function is a premade function in Excel, which counts cells in a range based on one or
more true or false condition.

It is typed =COUNTIFS:

=COUNTIFS(criteria_range1, criteria1, [criteria_range2, criteria2], ...)

The conditions are referred to as critera1, criteria2, .. and so on, which can check things like:

 If a number is greater than another number >

 If a number is smaller than another number <

 If a number or text is equal to something =

The criteria_range1, criteria_range2, and so on, are the ranges where the function check for the
conditions.

Note: The different parts of the function are separated by a symbol, like comma , or semicolon ;

The symbol depends on your Language Settings.

Example COUNTIFS function

Find the number of 1st Generation Water type :

The conditions are that the type is "Water" and Generation is 1.

 Note: The full dataset continues after row 14, all the way down to row 759.

Example COUNTIFS function, step by step:

1. Select the cell G3

2. Type =COUNTIFS

3. Double click the COUNTIFS command

4. Specify the range for the type B2:B759 (the Type 1 values)

5. Type ,
6. Specify the criteria (the cell E3, which has the value "Water")

7. Type ,

8. Specify the range for the second conditionC2:C759 (the Generation values)

9. Type ,

10. Specify the criteria (the cell F3, which has the value "1")

11. Hit enter

Note: You can add more conditions by repeating steps 7-10 before hitting enter.

The function now counts the number of 1st Generation Water type .

The function can be repeated for Water type for the following Generations to compare them:

Now, we can see the total number of Water type between generations 1-4:
 Excel IF Function

IF Function
The IF function is a premade function in Excel, which returns values based on a true or false condition.

It is typed =IF and has 3 parts:

=IF(logical_test, [value_if_true], [value_if_false])

The condition is referred to as logical_test, which can check things like:

 If a number is greater than another number >

 If a number is smaller than another number <

 If a number or text is equal to something =

Note: You can decide both the return values and the condition.

Note: The different parts of the function are separated by a symbol, like comma , or semicolon ;

The symbol depends on your Language Settings.

Example IF function (equal to)

Check if the type is grass:

The condition is if the "Type 1" value for the is "Grass".

The function returns "Yes" or "No".

 Example IF function, step by step:

1. Select the cell D2

2. Type =IF

3. Double click the IF command

4. Specify the condition B2="Grass"

5. Type ,

6. Specify the value "Yes" for when the condition is TRUE

7. Type ,
8. Specify the value "No" for when the condition is FALSE

9. Hit enter

Since the value in cell B2 is "Grass", the condition is true and the function will return "Yes".

Note: Text values needs to be in quotes: " "

The function can be repeated with the filling function for each row to perform the same check for each :

Now, each row has a check for Grass Type:

ADVERTISEMENT

Example IF Function (greater than)

Check if the 's total stats is greater than 500:

The function returns "Yes" or "No".

 Example IF function, step by step:

1. Select the cell D2

2. Type =IF

3. Double click the IF command

4. Specify the condition C2>500

5. Type ,

6. Specify the value "Yes" for when the condition is TRUE

7. Type ,

8. Specify the value "No" for when the condition is FALSE

9. Hit enter
Since the value in cell C2 is 318, the condition is false and the function will return "No".

The function can be repeated with the filling function for each row to perform the same check for each :

Now, each row has a check for having more than 500 total stats:
 Excel IFS Function

IFS Function
The IFS function is a premade function in Excel, which returns values based on one or
more true or false conditions.

It is typed =IFS and has two or more parts:

=IFS(logical_test1, value_if_true1, [logical_test2, value_if_true2], [logical_test3; ...)

The conditions are referred to as logical_test1, logical_test2, ..., which can check things like:

 If a number is greater than another number >

 If a number is smaller than another number <

 If a number or text is equal to something =

Each condition is connected with a return value.

Note: More than one condition can be true so the function will return the value for the first true
condition.

Note: The different parts of the function are separated by a symbol, like comma , or semicolon ;

The symbol depends on your Language Settings.

Example IFS function

Make categories for how fast the are:

The conditions and return values are:

 Speed more than 90: "Fast"

 Speed more than 50: "Normal"

 Speed less than or equal to 50: "Slow"

 Example IFS function, step by step:

1. Select the cell D2

2. Type =IFS

3. Double click the IFS command

4. Specify the first condition C2>90

5. Type ,

6. Specify the value "Fast" for when the first condition is TRUE

7. Type ,

8. Specify the second condition C2>50

 9. Type ,

10. Specify the value "Normal" for when the second condition is TRUE

11. Type ,

12. Specify the third condition C2<=50

13. Type ,

14. Specify the value "Slow" for when the third condition is TRUE

15. Hit enter

Since the value in cell C2 is "45", the first and second conditions are false, and third condition
is true (less than or equal to 50), the function will return "Slow".

Note: Text values needs to be in quotes: " "

The function can be repeated with the filling function for each row to perform the same check for each :

Note: The third condition <=50 includes = so that 50 is included in "less than or equal to 50"
Now, each has a speed category:
 Excel LEFT Function
LEFT Function
The LEFT function is used to retrieve a chosen amount of characters, counting from the left side of an
Excel cell. The chosen number has to be greater than 0 and is set to 1 by default.

It is typed =LEFT

If you want to use the function on a single cell, write:

=LEFT(cell)

If you want to use the function on a range of cells, write:

=LEFT(start cell:end cell)

How to Use LEFT Function

To retrieve values from the left side of an Excel cell, use LEFT.

Step 1) Start the LEFT function

1. Select a cell E2

2. Type =LEFT

3. Double click the LEFT command

 Follow along the tutorial by trying it yourself!

Copy the values in the example above and try it on your own!

Step 2) Enter values to the LEFT function

4. Select a cell (A2)

5. Hit enter
 =LEFT(A2) uses the default funcion of LEFT and retrieves the first symbol from the A2 cell.

How to Use the LEFT Function with a Defined Length of Characters

Learn to use =LEFT to get more than one character.

Step 1) Start the LEFT function

1. Select a cell E2

2. Type =LEFT

3. Double click the LEFT command

Note: The different parts of the function are separated by a symbol, like comma , or semicolon ;

The symbol depends on your Language Settings.

 Step 2) Select cells and set the number of characters

4. Enter the cell name (A2) and define the length of characters you want to retrieve, using a , as a delimiter
(A2,3)

5. Hit enter

The function returns the first 3 characters from cell A2.

 How to use the LEFT Function on a Range of Cells

Step 1) Start the LEFT function

1. Select a cell E2

2. Type =LEFT

3. Double click the LEFT command

 Step 2) Select cells and number of characters

4. Select the cells (A2:A4) and define the length of characters you want to retrieve, using a , as a delimiter
(A2:A4,3)

5. Hit enter

The function returns the first 3 characters from each cell within the range A2:A4.
 Excel LOWER Function
LOWER Function
The LOWER function is used to lowercase text in a cell.

Changing the letter case of your cell values can be great when there is a lot of case inconsistency among
the cell inputs or when preparing your dataset for case-sensitive usage.

It is typed =LOWER

If you want to use the function on a single cell, write:

=LOWER(cell)

If you want to use the function on a range of cells, write:

=LOWER(start cell:end cell)

A is uppercase.

a is lowercase.

How to Use LOWER Function

To lower the text within an Excel cell, use LOWER.

Step 1) Start the LOWER function

1. Select a cell E2

2. Type =LOWER

3. Double click the LOWER command

 Follow along the tutorial by trying it yourself!

Copy the values in the example above and try it on your own!

Step 2) Define the cell

1. Select a cell (A2)

2. Hit enter
The letter case of cell A2 has been changed!
 Step 3) Define the range to use the LOWER function on multiple cells

1. Select the starting cell (A2)

2. Add a colon (:)

3. Select the ending cell (B21)

4. Hit enter
 Excel MAX Function
MAX Function
The MAX function is a premade function in Excel, which finds the highest number in a range.

It is typed =MAX

The function ignores cells with text. It will only work for cells with numbers.

Note: There is another function called MIN, which finds the lowest value in a range, the opposite
of MAX.

How to use the =MAX function:

1. Select a cell (G5)

2. Type =MAX

3. Double click the MAX command

4. Select a range (D2:D21)

5. Hit enter

Let's have a look at an example!

Find the which has the highest total stats in the range D2:D21:
 That's great! The function has successfully found the highest value, 525. Cloyster has the highest Total
stats of the s in the range D2:D21.

Let's add text to a cell in the range D2:21 to see what happens. Type Alakazam to D8.
 Nice going. The function ignores the text typed in the range. 510 is returned as the new highest value,
since the old one was replaced with text. Poliwrath is now the with the highest Total stats in the range D2:D21.
 Excel MEDIAN Function
MEDIAN Function
The MEDIAN function is a premade function in Excel, which returns the middle value in the data.

It is typed =MEDIAN

Note: The median is a type of average value, which describes where the center of the data is located.
You can learn about median in our Statistics Median Tutorial.

Calculating the median manually requires that the data is sorted and arranged from low to high. This is
not necessary using the MEDIAN function, it does it for you.

How to use the =MEDIAN function, step by step:

1. Select a cell (H2)

2. Type =MEDIAN

3. Double click the MEDIAN command

4. Select a range (A2:G2)

5. Hit enter
Great! You successfully found the median using the =MEDIAN function.

Note that it found the value in the middle of the data, which is D2(2), the one that is marked red:
 Excel MIN Function
MIN Function
The MIN function is a premade function in Excel, which finds the lowest number in a range.

It is typed =MIN

The function ignores cells with text. It will only work for cells with numbers.

Note: There is another function called MAX, which finds the highest value in a range, the opposite
of MIN.

How to use the =MIN function:

1. Select a cell (G5)

2. Type =MIN

3. Double click the MIN command

4. Select a range (D2:D21)

5. Hit enter

Let's have a look at an example!

Find the which has the lowest total stats in the range D2:D21:
 Look at that! The function has successfully found the lowest value, 200. Magikarp has the lowest Total
stats of the s in the range D2:D21.

Let's add text to a cell in the range D2:21 to see what happens. Type Kadabra to D21.
 Right on! The function ignores the text typed in the range. 253 is returned as the new lowest value, as
the old one was replaced with text. Rattata is now the with the lowest Total stats in the range D2:D21.
 Excel MODE Function
MODE Function
The MODE function is a premade function in Excel, which is used to find the number seen most times.

This function always returns a single number.

It is typed =MODE.SNGL

It returns the most occurring number in a range or array.

Note: The mode is a type of average value, which describes where most of the data is located. You can
read more about mode in our: Statistics Mode Tutorial.

Let's have a look at an example where we help the trainers to calculate the mode of numbers of
Pokeballs.

How to use the =MODE function, step by step:

1. Select a cell (B10)

2. Type =MODE

3. Double click the MODE.SNGL command

4. Select a range (B2:E7)

5. Hit enter
 It returns the number 1 which is seen 7x times. The closest number to it is 3 and 4 which are seen 3x
times each.
 NPV Function

The NPV function is used to calculate the Net Present Value (NPV)
It is typed =NPV

=NPV(rate, value1, value2, ...)

rate: The Discount rate.

value: The cells where the cash flows are.

How to Use NPV Excel Function

To calculate and find out whether an investment is positive in the future, use NPV.

Step 1) Type the rate value

The rate is the required Discount Rate that you want to use.

We will use 10% in this example.

1. Select cell (B9)

2. Type 10%

3. Hit enter

Ensure that you enter the value as percentage(%).

Step 2) Start the NPV function

4. Select a cell (E9)

5. Type =NPV

6. Double click the NPV command

Follow along the tutorial by trying it yourself!

Copy the values in the example above and try it on your own!

Step 3) Add values to the function

Let us add the rate and the values from 1 to 10 to the function.

7. Select cell (B9)

8. Type , or ;

9. Select the range (B2:K2)

10. Hit enter

Note: The different parts of the function are separated by a symbol, like comma , or semicolon ;

The symbol depends on your Language Settings.

 Excel OR Function

OR Function

The OR function is a premade function in Excel, which returns TRUE or FALSE based on two or
more conditions.

It is typed =OR.

Note: The OR function is often used together with the IF function.

=OR([logical1], [logical2], ...)

The conditions are referred to as [logical1], [logical2], and so on.

The conditions can check things like:

 If a number is greater than another number >

 If a number is smaller than another number <

 If a number or text is equal to something =

Note: The different parts of the function are separated by a symbol, like comma , or semicolon ;

The symbol depends on your Language Settings.

Example OR Function

Check if the type is water OR has defense greater than 60:

The function returns "TRUE" or "FALSE".

 Example OR function, step by step:

1. Select the cell D2

2. Type =OR

3. Double click the OR command

4. Specify the first condition B2="Water"

5. Type ,

6. Specify the second condition C2>60

7. Hit enter

Note: You can add more conditions by repeating steps 5-6 before hitting enter.
Since the value in cell B2 is not "Water" the first condition is FALSE.

Since the value in cell C2 is less than 60 the second condition is also FALSE.

At least one condition need to be TRUE for the OR function to return TRUE.

Note: Text values needs to be in quotes: " "

The function can be repeated with the filling function for each row to perform the same check for each :

Now, each row has a check for Water Type or Defense greater than 60:
 For example:

 Ivysaur is not Water type, but it has more than 60 defense, so the function returns "TRUE".

 Charmeleon is not Water type, and has less than 60 defense, so the function returns "FALSE"

 Wartortle is both Water type and has more than 60 defense, so the function returns "TRUE"
 Excel RAND Function

RAND Function

The RAND function is used to generate random numbers.

It is typed =RAND

Rand can be used to generate any random number.

You can define limits, create random data sets and much more.

To use the default RAND function, write:

=RAND()

To use the RAND function to receive a random number up to a certain value, write:

=RAND()*value

To use the RAND function to receive a whole number, write:

=INT(RAND())

How to Use RAND Function

To receive a random number, use RAND.

Step 1) Start the RAND function

1. Select a cell A1

2. Type =RAND

3. Double click the RAND command

Step 2) Close the function

1. Close the function with ())

2. Hit enter

The random number has been generated!

How to Use RAND Function With a Defined Limit Value.

1. Define the limit (*10)

2. Hit enter

A random number between 0 and 10 has been generated!

How to Receive a Whole Number Using The RAND Function.

1. Add (INT) before the RAND function

2. Hit enter
 A random whole number between 0 and 10 has been generated!

How to Generate Multiple Random Numbers.

1. Drag the bottom right corner of the cell down to generate more numbers.

10 random numbers were generated in the A column!

 Excel RIGHT Function

RIGHT Function

The RIGHT function is used to retrieve a chosen amount of characters, counting from the right side of an
Excel cell. The chosen number has to be greater than 0 and is set to 1 by default.

It is typed =RIGHT

If you want to use the function on a single cell, write:

=RIGHT(cell)

If you want to use the function on a range of cells, write:

=RIGHT(start cell:end cell)

How to use RIGHT Function

To retrieve values from the right side of an Excel cell, use RIGHT.

Step 1) Start the RIGHT function

1. Select a cell E2

2. Type =RIGHT

3. Double click the RIGHT command

 Follow along the tutorial by trying it yourself!

Copy the values in the example above and try it on your own!

Step 2) Enter values to the RIGHT function

4. Select a cell (A2)

5. Hit enter
 =RIGHT(A2) uses the default funcion of RIGHT and retrieves the last symbol from the A2 cell.

How to use the RIGHT function with a defined length of characters

Step 1) Start the RIGHT function

1. Select a cell E2

2. Type =RIGHT

3. Double click the RIGHT command

Note: The different parts of the function are separated by a symbol, like comma , or semicolon ;

The symbol depends on your Language Settings.

 Step 2) Select cells and set the number of characters

4. Enter the cell name (A2) and define the length of characters you want to retrieve, using a , as a delimiter
(A2,3)

5. Hit enter

The function returns the last 3 symbols from cell A2.

 How to use the RIGHT function used on a range of cells

Step 1) Start the RIGHT function

1. Select a cell E2

2. Type =RIGHT

3. Double click the RIGHT command

 Step 2) Select cells and number of characters

4. Select the cells (A2:A4) and define the length of characters you want to retrieve, using a , as a delimiter
(A2:A4,3)

5. Hit enter

The function returns the last 3 symbols from each cell within the range A2:A4.
 Excel STDEV.P Function

STDEV.P Function
The STDEV.P function is a premade function in Excel, which calculates the Standard Deviation (Std) for
the entire population.

It is typed =STDEV.P

Note: This function ignores cells with text and logic.

Note: Standard deviation (σ) measures how far a 'typical' observation is from the average of the data
(μ). You can read more about standard deviation in our Statistics - Standard Deviation Tutorial.

Tip: There is another function called STDEV.S that can be used if you have the data for a sample.

How to use the =STDEV.P function:

1. Select a cell (H5)

2. Type =STDEV.P

3. Double click the STDEV.P command

4. Select a range (E2:E755), including all s

5. Hit enter

Let's have a look at an example!

Find the Standard Deviation of total stats in the range E2:E755:

The picture is not showing all rows. The range is E2:E755 (753 rows).
 The STDEV.P function has successfully returned the Standard Deviation for the whole population
as 113,4497844.
 Excel STDEV.S Function

STDEV.S Function

The STDEV.S function is a premade function in Excel, which calculates the Standard Deviation (Std) for a
sample.

It is typed =STDEV.S

Note: This function ignores cells with text and logic.

Note: Standard deviation (σ) measures how far a 'typical' observation is from the average of the data
(μ). You can read more about standard deviation in our Statistics - Standard Deviation Tutorial.

Tip: There is another function called STDEV.P that can be used if you have the data for the entire
population.

How to use the =STDEV.S function:

1. Select a cell (H5)

2. Type =STDEV.S

3. Double click the STDEV.S command

4. Select a range (E2:E21)

5. Hit enter

Let's have a look at an example!

Find the Standard Deviation for the sample of total stats in the range E2:E21:
 That's the way! The STDEV.S function has successfully returned the Standard Deviation 113,2319 for
the sample of Total stats.
 Excel TRIM Function
TRIM Function
The TRIM function is premade in Excel and used to remove irregular text spacing and keep single spaces
between words.

It is typed =TRIM

If you want to use the function on a single cell, write:

=TRIM(cell)

If you want to use the function on a range of cells, write:

=TRIM(start cell:end cell)

Note: Irregular spacing is unnecessary spacing within the dataset that can occur before, after or
between text or numbers within a cell.

Example TRIM Function

Use Trim to tidy up irregular spaces in the dataset within the range A2:C21.

Note: To define the range, separate the range values with a colon symbol :

How to Use TRIM Function

Step 1) Start the TRIM function

1. Select a cell E2

2. Type =TRIM

3. Double click the TRIM command

 Step 2) Select a range of cells to be used in the TRIM function

4. Select a range (A2:C21)

5. Hit enter
Try it yourself!

Copy the values in the example above and try it on your own!

The range of values will be tidied up.

The function returns a dataset formatted without irregular spaces:

Step 3) Use the TRIM function with spacing between text:

Use =TRIM function by following the steps in the example above to format the text:

The text looks much better now!

 Excel VLOOKUP Function

VLOOKUP Function
The VLOOKUP function is a premade function in Excel, which allows searches across columns.

It is typed =VLOOKUP and has the following parts:

=VLOOKUP(lookup_value, table_array, col_index_num, [range_lookup])

Note: The column which holds the data used to lookup must always be to the left.

Note: The different parts of the function are separated by a symbol, like comma , or semicolon ;

The symbol depends on your Language Settings.

Lookup_value: Select the cell where search values will be entered.

Table_array: The table range, including all cells in the table.

Col_index_num: The data which is being looked up. The input is the number of the column, counted
from the left:
 Range_lookup: TRUE if numbers (1) or FALSE if text (0).

Note: Both 1 / 0 and True / False can be used in Range_lookup.

How to use the VLOOKUP function.

1. Select a cell (H4)

2. Type =VLOOKUP

3. Double click the VLOOKUP command

4. Select the cell where search value will be entered (H3)

5. Type (,)

6. Mark table range (A2:E21)

7. Type (,)
8. Type the number of the column, counted from the left (2)

9. Type True (1) or False (0) (1)

10. Hit enter

11. Enter a value in the cell selected for the Lookup_value H3(7)

Let's have a look at an example!

Use the VLOOKUP function to find the Pokemon names based on their ID#:

H4 is where the search result is displayed. In this case, the Pokemons names based on their ID#.
 H3 selected as lookup_value. This is the cell where the search query is entered. In this case the
Pokemons ID#.
The range of the table is marked at table_array, in this example A2:E21.
 The number 2 is entered as col_index_number. This is the second column from the left and is the data
that is being looked up.

An illustration for selecting col_index_number 2.

 Ok, so next - 1 (True) is entered as range_lookup. This is because the most left column has numbers
only. If it was text, 0 (False) would have been used.
 Good job! The function returns the #N/A value. This is because there have not been entered any value
to the Search ID# H3.

Let us feed a value to it, type H3(7):

 Have a look at that! The VLOOKUP function has successfully found the Pokemon Squirtle which has the
ID# 7.

One more time, type (H3)4:

It still works! The function returned Charmanders name, which has 4 as its ID#. That's great
 Excel XOR Function

XOR Function

The XOR function is a premade function in Excel, which returns TRUE or FALSE based on two or
more conditions.

Note: The XOR function is often used together with the IF function.

It is typed =XOR:

=XOR([logical1], [logical2], ...)

The conditions are referred to as [logical1], [logical2], and so on.

The conditions can check things like:

 If a number is greater than another number >

 If a number is smaller than another number <

 If a number or text is equal to something =

For two conditions, you can think of the XOR function as: "either this or that, but not both"

Note: The different parts of the function are separated by a symbol, like comma , or semicolon ;

The symbol depends on your Language Settings.

Example XOR Function

Check if the Pokemon type is either Fire type OR has HP less than 60, but not both:

The function returns "TRUE" or "FALSE".

 Example XOR function, step by step:

1. Select the cell D2

2. Type =XOR

3. Double click the XOR command

4. Specify the first condition B2="Fire"

5. Type ,

6. Specify the second condition C2<60

 7. Hit enter

Note: You can add more conditions by repeating steps 5-6 before hitting enter.

The XOR function returns "TRUE" if an odd number (1,3,5,..) of conditions are TRUE.

Since the value in cell B2 is not "Fire" the first condition is FALSE.

Since the value in cell C2 is less than 60 the second condition is TRUE.

For two conditions, only one condition should to be TRUE for the XOR function to return TRUE.

Note: Text values needs to be in quotes: " "

The function can be repeated with the filling function for each row to perform the same check for each
Pokemon:
 Now, each row has a check for Fire Type or HP less than 60, but not both:

For example:

 Ivysaur is not Fire type, but it also does not have less than 60 defense, so the function returns "FALSE".

 Charmeleon is Fire type, and has less than 60 defense, so the function returns "FALSE"

 Wartortle is not Fire type, but has less than 60 defense, so the function returns "TRUE"
 Example XOR Function (with IF)

Combining the XOR function with an IF function lets you check multiple conditions for the IF function:

Note: The IF function lets you specify the return values.

The IF function is typed =IF and has 3 parts:

=IF(logical_test, [value_if_true], [value_if_false])

The XOR function takes the place of the logical_test condition.

Here, the IF function returns "Yes" or "No".

Example XOR function as the condition for IF function, step by step:

1. Select cell C2

2. Type =IF

3. Double click the IF command

4. Type XOR

5. Double click the XOR command

7. Specify the first condition B2="Fire"

8. Type ,

9. Specify the second condition C2<60

10. Type ),

11. Specify the value "Yes" for when just one condition is TRUE

12. Type ,

13. Specify the value "No" for when both are FALSE, or TRUE at the same time

14. Type ) and hit enter

 The function can be repeated with the filling function for each row to perform the same check for each
Pokemon:

Now, each row has a check for Water Type or Defense greater than 60, but not both:

For example:

 Ivysaur is not Fire type, but it also does not have less than 60 defense, so the function returns "No".

 Charmeleon is Fire type, and has less than 60 defense, so the function returns "No"

 Wartortle is not Fire type, but has less than 60 defense, so the function returns "Yes
 How to Convert Time to Seconds using Excel

Learn how to convert time to Seconds using Excel.

Time can be converted into seconds using Excel.

The number 86400 can be used to convert time to seconds.

86400 Explained

Excel uses a 24-hour system.

Each day has 24 hours.

One hour is 60 minutes.

One minute is 60 seconds.

24(hours) * 60(minutes) * 60 (seconds) = 86400

Example

00:01 * 86400 = 60
 The example returns 60 because one minute (00:01) is 60 seconds.

Explanation

Each day has 24 hours.

Each hour can be understood as a percentage of the total hours of the day.

 01:00 = 1/24

 02:00 = 2/24

 03:00 = 3/24

 and so on.

The percentage can be used to find the seconds.

Example (15:00)

15:00 * 86400 = 54000

Fifteen hours equals 54000 seconds.

15:00 is 15/24 (0.625).

0.625 * 86400 = 54000

Multiply to get 86400

24 (hours) * 60 (minutes) * 60 (seconds) = 86400

 How to Remove Duplicates with Excel
Learn how to remove duplicates with Excel.
Removing duplicates manually can be time-consuming when working with large data sets.

The Remove Duplicates function in Excel makes removing duplicates easy.

The Remove Duplicates function is used to

remove duplicate entries.

Duplicate entries are values that two or more are the same.

This can be both numbers and text inputs.

Example

A1(5), A2(5), A3(2)

A1 and A2 are duplicates since they have the same values.

How to remove duplicate values

Step 1) Select a range:

Select the range where you want to remove duplicate values.

A minimum of two cells needs to have values.

Excel will automatically include related cells.

This helps so that you do not break the relationship between the cells.

Step 2) Click the Remove Duplicates button:

Find the button under the Data tab in the ribbon.

Start the command by pressing the button.

Step 3) Select columns:

Select one or more columns that have values.

Press the "OK" button once you have selected the columns.
Duplicates removed

When the columns have been selected, and you have pressed the "OK" button, the duplicates have been
removed.

Example:

In this example, we will remove the duplicates for Column B (Age).

Select Column B (Age):

Press the "OK" button...

1 duplicate value was removed.

3 unique values remain.

Tip: Use the Remove Duplicate function with care for large data sets.

If used wrong, it might remove useful data.