MANESH PATEL

PRESIDENT INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER APPLICAION COLLEGE, SHAYONA CAMPUS, KADI

BCA SEM: 3 JAVA - Unit – 3 JAVA

Wrapper class in Java

 Wrapper class in java provides the mechanism to convert primitive into
object and object into primitive.
 Since J2SE 5.0, autoboxing and unboxing feature converts primitive
into object and object into primitive automatically.
 The automatic conversion of primitive into object is known as
autoboxing and vice-versa unboxing.

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The eight classes of java.lang package are known as wrapper classes in java.

PRIMITIVE WRAPPER

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Java Wrapper classes Example

public class Demo{
public static void main(String args[]){
byte b=10;
short s=20;
int i=30;
long l=40;
float f=50.0f;
double d=60.0d;
char c='a';
boolean b2=true;

//Autoboxing: Converting primitives into objects

Byte byteobj=b;
Short shortobj=s;
Integer intobj=i;
Long longobj=l;
Float floatobj=f;
Double doubleobj=d;
Character charobj=c;
Boolean boolobj=b2;

//Printing objects
System.out.println("---Printing object values---");
System.out.println("Byte object: "+byteobj);
System.out.println("Short object: "+shortobj);
System.out.println("Integer object: "+intobj);
System.out.println("Long object: "+longobj);
System.out.println("Float object: "+floatobj);
System.out.println("Double object: "+doubleobj);
System.out.println("Character object: "+charobj);
System.out.println("Boolean object: "+boolobj);

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//Unboxing: Converting Objects to Primitives

byte bytevalue=byteobj;
short shortvalue=shortobj;
int intvalue=intobj;
long longvalue=longobj;
float floatvalue=floatobj;
double doublevalue=doubleobj;
char charvalue=charobj;
boolean boolvalue=boolobj;

//Printing primitives
System.out.println("---Printing primitive values---");
System.out.println("byte value: "+bytevalue);
System.out.println("short value: "+shortvalue);
System.out.println("int value: "+intvalue);
System.out.println("long value: "+longvalue);
System.out.println("float value: "+floatvalue);
System.out.println("double value: "+doublevalue);
System.out.println("char value: "+charvalue);
System.out.println("boolean value: "+boolvalue);
}
Output:
}
---Printing object values---
Byte object: 10
Short object: 20
Integer object: 30
Long object: 40
Float object: 50.0
Double object: 60.0
Character object: a
Boolean object: true

---Printing primitive values---

byte value: 10
short value: 20
int value: 30
long value: 40
float value: 50.0
double value: 60.0
char value: a
boolean value: true

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Java - String Class

 Strings, which are widely used in Java programming, are a sequence of

characters.
 In Java programming language, Strings are treated as objects.
 The Java platform provides the String class to create and manipulate
strings.

Creating Strings
 The most direct way to create a string is to write −

String greeting = "Hello world!";

 Whenever it encounters a string literal in your code, the compiler creates a

String object with its value in this case, "Hello world!'.
 As with any other object, you can create String objects by using the new
keyword and a constructor.
 The String class has 11 constructors that allow you to provide the initial
value of the string using different sources, such as an array of characters.

Example

public class StringDemo

{

public static void main(String args[])

{
char helloArray[] = { 'H', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', '.' };
String helloString = new String (helloArray);
System.out.println (helloString);
}
}
Output

Hello.

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String Length
 The length() method which returns the number of characters contained in
the string object.
Example

public class StringDemo

{

public static void main(String args[])

{
String name = "I am in BCA";
int len = name.length();
System.out.println ("String Length is: " + len );
}
}
Output

String Length is: 11

Concatenating Strings
The String class includes a method for concatenating two strings −

string1.concat (string2);

 This returns a new string that is string1 with string2 added to it at the end.
 You can also use the concat() method with string literals, as in −

"My name is ".concat("Manish");

Strings are more commonly concatenated with the + operator, as in −

"Hello," + " world" + "!"

Which results in −
"Hello, world!"

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String toLowerCase()

Converts all of the characters in this String to lower case using the rules of
the default locale.
String toString()

This object (which is already a string!) is itself returned.

String toUpperCase()

Converts all of the characters in this String to upper case using the rules
of the default locale.

int length()

Returns the length of this string.

int indexOf(int ch)

Returns the index within this string of the first occurrence of the specified
character.

int indexOf(String str)

Returns the index within this string of the first occurrence of the specified
substring.

String replace(char oldChar, char newChar)

Returns a new string resulting from replacing all occurrences of oldChar in

this string with newChar.

char charAt(int index)

Returns the character at the specified index.

boolean endsWith(String suffix)

Tests if this string ends with the specified suffix.

boolean startsWith(String prefix)

Tests if this string starts with the specified prefix.

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class Test {
public static void main(String M[]) {

String s = "I am in BCA";

s = s.concat (" Shayona Campus");
System.out.println(s);

String Str = new String ("This is really not immutable");

boolean retVal;

retVal = Str.endsWith ( "immutable" );

System.out.println ("Returned Value = " + retVal);

retVal = Str.endsWith( "immu" );

System.out.println ("Returned Value = " + retVal);

String Str2 = new String ("Welcome to Shayona BCA College");

System.out.print ("Found Index:");
System.out.println (Str2.indexOf ( 'o'));

String Str3 = new String (“Patel Manesh kumar");

String Str4 = new String ("Manesh is a Teacher");

System.out.print ("String Length :");

System.out.println (Str3.length());

System.out.print ("String Length :");

System.out.println(Str4.length());

String Str5 = new String ("Welcome to MissionClasses.com");

System.out.print ("Return Value:");

System.out.println (Str5.replace ('o', 'M'));

String s6 = "Patel Manesh kumar";

char result = s6.charAt(8);
System.out.println (result);

System.out.println (s6.startsWith ("Patel"));

System.out.println (s6.toLowerCase ());
System.out.println (s6.toUpperCase ());
}
}

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StringBuffer class
 StringBuffer class is used to create a mutable or changeable string object
i.e its state can be changed after it is created.
 It represents grow able and writable character sequence.
 As we know that String objects are immutable, so if we do a lot of changes
with String objects, we will end up with a lot of memory leak.
 So StringBuffer class is used when we have to make lot of modifications
to our string.
 StringBuffer defines 4 constructors.
They are

1. StringBuffer ( )
2. StringBuffer ( int size )
3. StringBuffer ( String str )
4. StringBuffer ( charSequence [ ]ch )

 StringBuffer() creates an empty string buffer and reserves space for

16 characters.
 stringBuffer(int size) creates an empty string and takes an
integer argument to set capacity of the buffer.
Example showing difference between String and StringBuffer
class Test
{
public static void main(String M[])
{
String str1 = "study";
str1.concat ("tonight");
System.out.println (str1); // Output: study

StringBuffer str2 = new StringBuffer ("study");

str2.append ("tonight");
System.out.println (str2); // Output: studytonight
}
}

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Important methods of StringBuffer class

append()
 This method will concatenate the string representation of any type of data
to the end of the invoking StringBuffer object.

StringBuffer str = new StringBuffer ("Manesh");

str.append (Patel);
System.out.println (str);

OUTPUT = ManeshPatel

insert()
 This method inserts one string into another.
 Here are few forms of insert() method.

StringBuffer insert (int index, String str)

StringBuffer insert (int index, int num)

StringBuffer insert (int index, Object obj)

Example
StringBuffer str = new StringBuffer ("Manesh");
str.insert (6, “ Patel”);
System.out.println (str);

OUTPUT = Manesh Patel

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reverse()
 This method reverses the characters within a StringBuffer object.

StringBuffer str = new StringBuffer ("12345");

str.reverse();
System.out.println (str);

OUTPUT = 54321

replace()
 This method replaces the string from specified start index to the end index.

StringBuffer str = new StringBuffer ("Hello World");

str.replace (6, 11, "java");
System.out.println (str);

OUTPUT = Hello java

capacity()
 This method returns the current capacity of StringBuffer object.

StringBuffer str = new StringBuffer ();

System.out.println (str.capacity());

OUTPUT = 16

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setLength()

import java.lang.*;

public class Demo

{
public static void main (String args[])
{

StringBuffer buff = new StringBuffer ("ManeshPatel");

System.out.println ("buffer1 = " + buff);

// length of stringbuffer
System.out.println("length = " + buff.length());

// set the length of stringbuffer to 6

buff.setLength(6);

// print new stringbuffer value after changing length

System.out.println("buffer2 = " + buff);

// length of stringbuffer after changing length

System.out.println("length = " + buff.length());
}
}

Output

buffer1 = ManeshPatel
length = 11
buffer2 = Manesh
length = 6

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charAt()
 The java.lang.StringBuffer.charAt() method returns the char value in this
sequence at the specified index.

Example
import java.lang.*;

public class Demo

{
public static void main(String[] args)
{

StringBuffer br = new StringBuffer ("Patel Manesh");

System.out.println ("Answer is = " + br);

// returns the char at index 6

System.out.println ("character = " + br.charAt(6));
}
}
OUTPUT= Answer is = Patel Manesh
character = M

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setCharAt()
 The java.lang.StringBuffer.setCharAt() method sets the character at the
specified index to ch.
 This sequence is altered to represent a new character sequence that is
identical to the old character sequence, except that it contains the character
ch at position index.

import java.lang.*;

public class StringBufferDemo {

public static void main (String M[]) {

StringBuffer buff = new StringBuffer ("MANESH");

System.out.println ("Buffer = " + buff);

// character at index 3
System.out.println ("Character at index 3 = " + buff.charAt (3));

// set character at index 3

buff.setCharAt (3, 'i');

System.out.println ("After Set, buffer = " + buff);

// character at index 3
System.out.println ("Character at index 3 = " + buff.charAt (3));
}
}

Buffer = MANESH
Character at index 3 = E
After Set, buffer = MANiSH
Character at index 3 = i

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Excepting Handing

 The Exception Handling in Java is one of the powerful

mechanisms to handle the runtime errors so that normal flow of
the application can be maintained.
 In this topic, we will learn about Java exceptions,
 Its types and the difference between checked and unchecked exceptions.

What is Exception in Java

 In Java, an exception is an event that disrupts the normal flow of the
program.
 It is an object which is thrown at runtime.

What is Exception Handling

 Exception Handling is a mechanism to handle runtime errors such
as ClassNotFoundException, IOException, SQLException,
RemoteException, etc.

Hierarchy of Java Exception classes

 The java.lang.Throwable class is the root class of Java Exception
hierarchy which is inherited by two subclasses: Exception and
Error.
 A hierarchy of Java Exception classes are given below:

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Types of Java Exceptions

 There are mainly two types of exceptions:
1. Checked Exception
2. Unchecked Exception

1) Checked Exception

 The classes which directly inherit Throwable class except

RuntimeException and Error are known as checked exceptions e.g.
 IOException, SQLException etc. Checked exceptions are checked at
compile-time.

2) Unchecked Exception

 The classes which inherit RuntimeException are known as unchecked

exceptions
 e.g. ArithmeticException, NullPointerException,
ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException etc.
 Unchecked exceptions are checked at runtime.

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Java Exception Keywords

There are 5 keywords which are used in handling exceptions in Java.

Keyword
try The "try" keyword is used to specify a block where we should
place exception code. The try block must be followed by either
catch or finally. It means, we can't use try block alone.
catch The "catch" block is used to handle the exception. It must be
preceded by try block which means we can't use catch block
alone.
finally The "finally" block is used to execute the important code
of the program. It is executed whether an exception is
handled or not.
throw The "throw" keyword is used to throw an exception.
throws The "throws" keyword is used to declare exceptions. It doesn't
throw an exception. It specifies that there may occur an
exception in the method. It is always used with method
signature.

Exception Handling Example

class Exce
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
1. try
2. {
3. int data=100/0;
4. }
5. catch(ArithmeticException e)
6. {
System.out.println (e);
7. }
}
}

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Java Exceptions
1) A scenario where ArithmeticException occurs

 If we divide any number by zero, there occurs an ArithmeticException.

int a=50/0; //ArithmeticException

2) A scenario where NullPointerException occurs

 If we have a null value in any variable, performing any operation on the

variable throws a NullPointerException.

String s=null;
System.out.println (s.length()); //NullPointerException

3) A scenario where NumberFormatException occurs

 If the formatting of any variable or number is mismatched, it may result

into NumberFormatException.
 Suppose we have a string variable that has characters; converting this
variable into digit will cause NumberFormatException.

String s="abc";
int i=Integer.parseInt(s); //NumberFormatException

4) A scenario where ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException occurs

 When an array exceeds to it's size, the ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException

occurs.
 There may be other reasons to occur ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException.

a[10]=50; //ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException

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Java catch multiple exceptions

Java Multi-catch block
 A try block can be followed by one or more catch blocks.
 Each catch block must contain a different exception handler.
 So, if you have to perform different tasks at the occurrence of
different exceptions, use java multi- catch block.
 At a time only one exception occurs and at a time only one catch block
is executed.
class MultiCatch
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
try{
int a[]=new int[5];
a[5]=30/0; // Error occur
}
catch (ArithmeticException e)
{
System.out.println ("Arithmetic Exception occurs");
}
catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e)
{
System.out.println("ArrayIndexOutOfBounds Exception occurs");
}
catch (Exception e)
{
System.out.println ("Parent Exception occurs");
}
System.out.println ("Bye Bye….");
}
}

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Java finally block

 Java finally block is a block that is used to execute important
code such as closing connection, stream, message etc.
 Java finally block is always executed whether exception is handled
or not.
 Java finally block follows try or catch block.
class MultiCatch
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
try{
int a[]=new int[5];
a[5]=30/0; // Error occur
}
catch (ArithmeticException e)
{
System.out.println ("Arithmetic Exception occurs");
}
catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e)
{
System.out.println("ArrayIndexOutOfBounds Exception occurs");
}
catch (Exception e)
{
System.out.println ("Parent Exception occurs");
}
1. finally // finally block
2. {
System.out.println ("finally block is always executed");
3. }
System.out.println ("Bye Bye….");
}
}

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Difference between final, finally and finalize

Key final finally finalize

Definition final is the keyword finally is the block finalize is the

and access modifier in Java Exception method in Java
which is used to Handling to which is used to
apply restrictions execute the perform clean up
on a class, method important code processing just
or variable. whether the before object is
exception occurs or garbage collected.
not.
Applicable to Final keyword is Finally block is finalize() method is
used with the always related to used with the
classes, methods the try and catch objects.
and variables. block in exception
handling.

Functionality (1) Once declared, (1) finally block finalize method

final variable runs the important performs the
becomes constant code even if cleaning activities
and cannot be exception occurs or with respect to the
modified. not. object before its
(2) final method (2) finally block destruction.
cannot be cleans up all the
overridden by sub resources used in
class. try block
(3) final class
cannot be inherited.

Execution Final method is Finally block is finalize method is

executed only when executed as soon as executed just before
we call it. the try-catch block the object is
is executed. destroyed.

It's execution is not

dependant on the
exception.
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Difference between Checked and Unchecked Exception

No Checked Exception Unchecked Exception

1. These exceptions are checked and These exceptions are checked and
handled at compile time. handled at run time.

2. These exceptions are direct They are the direct subclasses of the
subclasses of exception but not RuntimeException class.
extended from RuntimeException
class.
3. The code gives a compilation The code compiles without any
error in the case when a method error. These exceptions are the
throws a checked exception. results of user-created errors in
programming logic.
4. These exceptions mostly occur These exceptions occur mostly due
when the probability of failure is to programming mistakes.
too high.

5. Common checked exceptions Common unchecked exceptions

include IOException, include ArithmeticException,
DataAccessException, InvalidClassException,
InterruptedException, etc. NullPointerException, etc.

6. These exceptions are using the These are automatically.

throws keyword.
7. It is required to provide the try- In the case of unchecked exception
catch and try-finally block to it is not mandatory.
handle the checked exception.

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The advantages of Exception Handling

1. It is used to Complete Program Execution
2. Easy Identification of Program Code and Error-Handling Code
3. Propagation of Errors
4. Meaningful Error Reporting
5. Identifying Error Types

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Difference between throw and throws

throw throws
1) Java throw keyword is used to
explicitly throw an exception. Java throws keyword is used to declare
an exception.
2) Checked exception cannot be Checked exception can be propagated
propagated using throw with throws

3) Throw is followed by an instance. Throws is followed by class.

4) Throw is used within the method. Throws is used with the method
signature.

5)
You cannot throw multiple
exceptions. You can declare multiple exceptions

Java throw and throws Example

class Demo
{
static void get() throws ArithmeticException //static method
{
System.out.println ("Inside the method()");
throw new ArithmeticException("throwing ArithmeticException");
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
try
{
get(); //static method calling
}
catch(ArithmeticException e)
{
System.out.println ("caught in main() method");
}
Inside the method()
}
caught in main() method
}
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Java Custom Exception

 In Java, we can create our own exceptions that are derived classes of the
Exception class.
 Creating our own Exception is known as custom exception or user-defined
exception.

Why use custom exceptions?

 Java exceptions cover almost all the general type of exceptions that may occur in
the programming.
 However, we sometimes need to create custom exceptions.

Following are few of the reasons to use custom exceptions:

1. To catch and provide specific treatment to a subset of existing Java exceptions.

2. Business logic exceptions: These are the exceptions related to business logic
and workflow. It is useful for the application users or the developers to
understand the exact problem.
class OwnException extends Exception
{
OwnException (String str)
{
super(str); // Call super exception class constructor
}
}
class MyClass
{
public static void main (String[] args)
{
try
{
OwnException obj = new OwnException ("Creating UDF exception");
throw obj;
}
catch (OwnException ex)
{
System.out.println ("Caught a user defined exception");
System.out.println (ex.getMessage());
}
} }
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