UNIT - III

Regular Expressions: Introduction, Special Symbols

Multithreaded Programming: Introduction, Threads

A RegEx, or Regular Expression, is a sequence of characters that

RegEx can be used to check if a string contains the specified search

RegEx Module
Python has a built-in package called re, which can be used to work
with Regular Expressions.

Import the re module:

import re
 EXAMPLE
Search the string MALLA

import re
txt = "MALLA REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING"
x = re.search("MALLA", txt)
print(x)

OUTPUT
<re.Match object; span=(0, 5), match='MALLA'>
 EXAMPLE
Search the string to see if it starts with MALLA

import re
txt = "MALLA REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING"
x = re.search("^MALLA", txt)
if x:
print("The string starts with MALLA")
else:
print("The string dosn't starts with MALLA")

OUTPUT
The string starts with MALLA
 EXAMPLE
Search the string to see if it ends with ENGINEERING

import re
txt = "MALLA REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING"
x = re.search("ENGINEERING$", txt)
if x:
print("The string ends with ENGINEERING")
else:
print("The string dosn't ends with ENGINEERING")

OUTPUT
The string ends with ENGINEERING
 REGEX FUNCTIONS
The re module offers a set of functions that allows us to
search a string for a match:

Function Description
 findall: Returns a list containing all matches
 Search: Returns a Match object if there is a match
anywhere in the string
 Split: Returns a list where the string has been split at
each match
 Sub: Replaces one or many matches with a string
 THE FINDALL() FUNCTION
The findall() function returns a list containing all
matches.
Example
Print a list of all matches:
import re
txt = "MALLA REDDY COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERNG"
x = re.findall("O", txt)
print(x)
Output
['O', 'O']
The list contains the matches in the order they are found.
If no matches are found, an empty list is returned:
Example
Return an empty list if no match was found:
import re
txt = "MALLA REDDY COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERNG"
x = re.findall("CMR", txt)
print(x)
Output
[]
 The search() Function
 The search() function searches the string for a match,
and returns a Match object if there is a match.
 If there is more than one match, only the first
occurrence of the match will be returned:
Example
 Search for the first white-space character in the string:
import re
txt = "MALLA REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERNG"
x = re.search("\s", txt)
print("The first white-space character is located in position:",
x.start())

Output
The first white-space character is located in position: 5
The split() Function
The split() function returns a list where the string has
been split at each match:
Example
Split at each white-space character:
import re
txt = "MALLA REDDY COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERNG"
x = re.split("\s", txt)
print(x)
Output
['MALLA', 'REDDY', 'COLLEGE', 'OF',
'ENGINEERNG']
The sub() Function
The sub() function replaces the matches with the text of
your choice:
Example
Replace every white-space character with the number 9:
import re
txt = "MALLA REDDY COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERNG"
x = re.sub("\s", "9", txt)
Print(x)
Output
MALLA9REDDY9COLLEGE9OF9ENGINEERNG
The split() Function
The split() function returns a list where the string has
been split at each match:
Example
Split at each white-space character:
import re
txt = "MALLA REDDY COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERNG"
x = re.split("\s", txt)
print(x)
Output
['MALLA', 'REDDY', 'COLLEGE', 'OF',
'ENGINEERNG']
Special Symbols and Characters for REs
Multithreaded Programming
• asynchronous in nature
• require multiple concurrent activities
• processing of each activity may be nondeterministic
• Using an MT program with a shared data structure such as a
Queue, programming tasks can be organized with a few
threads
• UserRequestThread - reading client input
• RequestProcessor - retrieving requests from the queue
and processing them, providing output for a third
thread
• ReplyThread - taking output destined for the user
• programming task with multiple threads reduces the
complexity of the program
Multithreaded Programming
• asynchronous in nature
• require multiple concurrent activities
• processing of each activity may be nondeterministic
• Using an MT program with a shared data structure such as a
Queue, programming tasks can be organized with a few
threads
• UserRequestThread - reading client input
• RequestProcessor - retrieving requests from the
queue and processing them, providing output for a
third thread
• ReplyThread - taking output destined for the user
• programming task with multiple threads reduces the
complexity of the program
Threads and Processes
What Are Processes?
• A process is a program in execution
• Each process has its own address space, memory, a data
stack, and other auxiliary data
• Processes can also fork
What Are Threads?
• similar to processes except that they all execute within the
same process
• A thread has a beginning, an execution sequence, and a
conclusion
• Multiple threads within a process share the same data space
• share information or communicate with each other more
easily
Threads and Python
Global Interpreter Lock
• Execution by Python code is controlled by the Python
Virtual Machine
• Access to the Python Virtual Machine is controlled by a
global interpreter lock
• Set the GIL,
• Switch in a thread to run,
• Execute for a specified no. of bytecode instructions,
• Put the thread back to sleep (switch out thread),
• Unlock the GIL, and,
• Do it all over again (rinse, lathr, repeat).

Exiting Threads
• quit by calling an exit function such as thread.exit()
Accessing Threads From Python
• To tell whether threads are installed, attempt to import the thread
module from the interactive interpreter
>>> import thread
>>>
Python Threading Modules
• thread,
• threading, and
• Queue modules.
• thread and threading modules allow the programmer to create and
manage threads.
• Queue module allows the user to create a queue data structure

thread Module
• provides a basic synchronization data structure called a lock object
(primitive lock, simple lock, mutual exclusion lock, mutex, binary
semaphore)
• The key function of the thread module is
start_new_thread().
Accessing Threads From Python
import thread
from time import sleep, time, ctime
def loop0():
print 'start loop 0 at:', ctime(time())
sleep(4)
print 'loop 0 done at:', ctime(time())
def loop1():
print 'start loop 1 at:', ctime(time())
sleep(2)
print 'loop 1 done at:', ctime(time())
def main():
print 'starting threads…'
thread.start_new_thread(loop0, ())
thread.start_new_thread(loop1, ())
sleep(6)
print 'all DONE at:', ctime(time))
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
Output:
% mtsleep1.py
starting threads…
start loop 0 at: Sun Aug 13 05:04:50 2000
start loop 1 at: Sun Aug 13 05:04:50 2000
loop 1 done at: Sun Aug 13 05:04:52 2000
loop 0 done at: Sun Aug 13 05:04:54 2000
all DONE at: Sun Aug 13 05:04:56 2000
threading Module