Introduction to Python Programming - 22PLC15B/25B AY:2023-24

MODULE 2
SYLLABUS:
Lists: The List Data Type, Working with Lists, Augmented Assignment Operators, Methods,
Example Program: Magic 8 Ball with a List, List-like Types: Strings and Tuples, References,
Dictionaries and Structuring Data: The Dictionary Data Type, Pretty Printing, Using Data
Structures to Model Real-World Things

Chapter 1
1.1 The list data type
• A list is a value that contains multiple values in an ordered sequence.
• A list begins with an opening square bracket and ends with a closing square bracket, [].

• Values inside the list are also called items.

• Items are separated with commas (that is, they are comma-delimited).

• The value [ ] is an empty list that contains no values, similar to ‘ ’, the empty string.

Examples:
>>> [1, 2, 3]
[1, 2, 3]

>>> ['cat', 'bat', 'rat', 'elephant']

['cat', 'bat', 'rat', 'elephant']

>>> ['hello', 3.1415, True, None, 42]

['hello', 3.1415, True, None, 42]

>>> spam = ['cat', 'bat', 'rat', 'elephant']

>>> spam
['cat', 'bat', 'rat', 'elephant']

1.1.1 Getting Individual Values in a List with Indexes

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Examples:

>>> spam = ['cat', 'bat', 'rat', 'elephant']

>>> spam[0]
'cat'
>>> spam[1]
'bat'
>>> spam[2]
'rat'
>>> spam[3]
'elephant'
>>> spam = ['cat', 'bat', 'rat', 'elephant']
>>> ['cat', 'bat', 'rat', 'elephant'][3]
'elephant'
>>> 'Hello ' + spam[0] # Notice that the expression 'Hello ' + spam[0] evaluates to 'Hello
' + 'cat' because spam[0] evaluates to the string 'cat'.
'Hello cat'
>>> 'The ' + spam[1] + ' ate the ' + spam[0] + '.'
'The bat ate the cat.‘
>>> spam[10000]
Traceback (most recent call last):
File “<pyshell#9>", line 1, in <module>
spam[10000]
IndexError: list index out of range
>>> spam[1.0]
Traceback (most recent call last):
File “<pyshell#13>", line 1, in <module>
spam[1.0]
TypeError: list indices must be integers, not float
>>> spam[int(1.0)]
'bat'

1.1.2 Lists can also contain other list values.

>>> spam = [['cat', 'bat'], [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]]

>>> spam[0]
['cat', 'bat']

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>>> spam[0][1]
'bat'
>>> spam[1][4]
50

1.1.3 Negative Indexes

 While indexes start at 0 and go up, you can also use negative integers for the index.
 The integer value -1 refers to the last index in a list, the value -2 refers to the second-
to-last index in a list, and so on.
Examples:
>>> spam = ['cat', 'bat', 'rat', 'elephant']
>>> spam[-1]
'elephant'
>>> spam[-3]
'bat'
>>> 'The ' + spam[-1] + ' is afraid of the ' + spam[-3] + '.'
'The elephant is afraid of the bat.'

1.1.4 Getting Sublists with Slices

 Just as an index can get a single value from a list.
 A slice can get several values from a list, in the form of a new list.
 A slice is typed between square brackets, like an index, but it has two integers separated
by a colon.
 spam[2] is a list with an index (one integer).
 spam[1:4] is a list with a slice (two integers).

spam[1:4]
• In a slice, the first integer is the index where the slice starts & the second integer is the
index where the slice ends.
• Note: A slice goes up to, but will not include, the value at the second index.

• A slice evaluates to a new list value.

Examples:
>>> spam = ['cat', 'bat', 'rat', 'elephant']

>>> spam[0:4]
['cat', 'bat', 'rat', 'elephant']

>>> spam[1:3]
['bat', 'rat']
>>> spam[0:-1]

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['cat', 'bat', 'rat']

• As a shortcut, you can leave out one or both of the indexes on either side of the colon in
the slice.
• Leaving out the first index is the same as using 0, or the beginning of the list.

• Leaving out the second index is the same as using the length of the list, which will slice to
the end of the list.

Examples:

>>> spam = ['cat', 'bat', 'rat', 'elephant']

>>> spam[:2]
['cat', 'bat']

>>> spam[1:]
['bat', 'rat', 'elephant']
>>> spam[:]

['cat', 'bat', 'rat', 'elephant']

1.1.5 Getting a List’s Length with len()

 The len() function will return the number of values that are in a list value passed to it.
Example:
>>> spam = ['cat', 'dog', 'moose']
>>> len(spam)
3

1.1.6 Changing Values in a List with Indexes

 Use an index of a list to change the value at that index.
 For example, spam[1] = ‘TIGER’ means “Assign the value at index 1 in the list spam
to the string ' TIGER '.”

Examples:

>>> spam = ['cat', 'bat', 'rat', 'elephant']

>>> spam[1] = ‘TIGER'
>>> spam

['cat', ' TIGER ', 'rat', 'elephant']

>>> spam[2] = spam[1]

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>>> spam

['cat', ' TIGER ', ' TIGER ', 'elephant']

>>> spam[-1] = 12345

>>> spam
['cat', ' TIGER ', ' TIGER ', 12345]

1.1.7 List Concatenation and List Replication

 The + operator can combine two lists to create a new list value in the same way it
combines two strings into a new string value.
 The * operator can also be used with a list and an integer value to replicate the list.
Examples

>>> [1, 2, 3] + ['A', 'B', 'C']

[1, 2, 3, 'A', 'B', 'C']

>>> ['X', 'Y', 'Z'] * 3
['X', 'Y', 'Z', 'X', 'Y', 'Z', 'X', 'Y', 'Z']

>>> spam = [1, 2, 3]

>>> spam = spam + ['A', 'B', 'C']

>>> spam
[1, 2, 3, 'A', 'B', 'C']

1.1.8 Removing Values from Lists with del Statements

 The del statement will delete values at an index in a list.
 All of the values in the list after the deleted value will be moved up one index.

Example
>>> spam = ['cat', 'bat', 'rat', 'elephant']
>>> del spam[2]

>>> spam

['cat', 'bat', 'elephant']

>>> del spam[2]

>>> spam
['cat', 'bat']

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1.2 Working with lists

Example 1: (Without Lists)

print('Enter the name of cat 1:')

catName1 = input()
print('Enter the name of cat 2:')
catName2 = input()
print('Enter the name of cat 3:')
catName3 = input()
print('Enter the name of cat 4:')
catName4 = input()
print('Enter the name of cat 5:')
catName5 = input()
print('Enter the name of cat 6:')
catName6 = input()
print('The cat names are:')
print(catName1 + ' ' + catName2 + ' ' + catName3 + ' ' + catName4 + ' ' + catName5 + ' ' +
catName6)
Output:
Enter the name of cat 1:
andy
Enter the name of cat 2:

sandy

Enter the name of cat 3:

pandy

Enter the name of cat 4:

landy

Enter the name of cat 5:

candy
Enter the name of cat 6:
mandy

The cat names are:

andy sandy pandy landy candy mandy

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Example 2: (Same Program with LIST)

catNames = []

while True:

print('Enter the name of cat ' + str(len(catNames) + 1) + ' (Or enter nothing to stop.):')

name = input()

if name == '':
break
catNames = catNames + [name] # list concatenation
print('The cat names are:')

for name in catNames:

print(' ' + name)

Output:

Enter the name of cat 1 (Or enter nothing to stop.):

andy
Enter the name of cat 2 (Or enter nothing to stop.):
sandy

Enter the name of cat 3 (Or enter nothing to stop.):

mandy

Enter the name of cat 4 (Or enter nothing to stop.):

pandy

Enter the name of cat 5 (Or enter nothing to stop.):

londy
Enter the name of cat 6 (Or enter nothing to stop.):

The cat names are:

andy

sandy
mandy
pandy

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londy

1.3 Using for Loops with Lists

 A for loop repeats the code block once for each value in a list or list-like value.

Example 1:
for i in [0, 1, 2, 3]:
print(i)

Output:

2
3
Example 2:
supplies = ['pens', 'staplers', ‘markers', 'binders']

for i in range(len(supplies)):

print('Index ' + str(i) + ' in supplies is: ' + supplies[i])

Output:
Index 0 in supplies is: pens
Index 1 in supplies is: staplers

Index 2 in supplies is: markers

Index 3 in supplies is: binders

1.4 The in and not in Operators

 You can determine whether a value is or isn’t in a list with the in and not in operators.
 Like other operators, in and not in are used in expressions and connect two values: a
value to look for in a list and the list where it may be found.

Example 1:
>>> 'howdy' in ['hello', 'hi', 'howdy', 'hurrah']
True
>>> spam = ['hello', 'hi', 'howdy', ‘hurrah']
>>> 'cat' in spam
False

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>>> 'howdy' not in spam

False
>>> 'cat' not in spam
True

Example 2:
myPets = ['Zophie', ‘ZooZoo', 'Fat-tail']
print('Enter a pet name:')
name = input()
if name not in myPets:
print('I do not have a pet named ' + name)
else:
print(name + ' is my pet.')

Output:

Enter a pet name:

ZOO
I do not have a pet named ZOO

1.5 The Multiple Assignment Trick

The multiple assignment trick is a shortcut that lets you assign multiple variables with the
values in a list in one line of code.
Examples:
>>> cat = ['fat', 'black', ‘ZooZoo']
>>> size = cat[0]
>>> color = cat[1]
>>> name = cat[2]
you could type this line of code:
>>> cat = ['fat', 'black', 'ZooZoo']
>>> size, color, name = cat
1.6 Augmented Assignment operators
Examples:
>>> spam = 42
>>> spam = spam + 1
>>> spam
43
Replace With
>>> spam = 42
>>> spam += 1
>>> spam
43

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The augmented assignment operators for the +, -, *, /, and % operators

Augmented assignment statement Equivalent assignment statement

spam = spam + 1 spam += 1

spam = spam - 1 spam -= 1

spam = spam * 1 spam *= 1

spam = spam / 1 spam /= 1

spam = spam % 1 spam %= 1

• The += operator can also do string and list concatenation, and the *= operator can do string
and list replication.
• Example
>>> spam = 'Hello'
>>> spam += ' world!'
>>> spam
'Hello world!'
>>> bacon = ['Zophie']
>>> bacon *= 3
>>> bacon
['Zophie', 'Zophie', 'Zophie']

1.7 LIST Methods

 index
 append
 insert
 remove
 sort
1.7.1 index() - Finding a Value in a List with the index() Method

Example:

>>> spam = ['hello', 'hi', 'howdy', 'heyas']

>>> spam.index('hello')
0
>>> spam.index('heyas')
3
>>> spam = ['Zophie', ‘ZooZoo', 'Fat-tail', ' ZooZoo']
>>> spam.index(‘ZooZoo')
1

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1.7.2 append() - Adding Values to Lists with the append() Method.

Example:

>>> spam = ['cat', 'dog', 'bat']

>>> spam.append(‘rat')
>>> spam
['cat', 'dog', 'bat', ‘rat']

1.7.3 insert() - Adding Values to Lists with the insert() Method.

Example:
>>> spam = ['cat', 'dog', 'bat']
>>> spam.insert(1, 'rat')
>>> spam
['cat', 'rat', 'dog', 'bat']

Note:
• Methods belong to a single data type.

• The append() and insert() methods are list methods and can be called only on list values,
not on other values such as strings or integers.

Example:
>>> eggs = 'hello'
>>> eggs.append('world')

AttributeError: 'str' object has no attribute 'append'

>>> bacon = 42

>>> bacon.insert(1, 'world')

AttributeError: 'int' object has no attribute 'insert'

1.7.4 remove() - Removing Values from Lists with remove()

Examples:
>>> spam = ['cat', 'bat', 'rat', 'elephant']
>>> spam.remove('bat')
>>> spam
['cat', 'rat', 'elephant']
>>> spam = ['cat', 'bat', 'rat', 'elephant']
>>> spam.remove('chicken')
ValueError: list.remove(x): x not in list

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>>> spam = ['cat', 'bat', 'rat', 'cat', 'hat', 'cat']

>>> spam.remove('cat')
>>> spam
['bat', 'rat', 'cat', 'hat', 'cat']

1.7.5 sort() - Sorting the Values in a List with the sort() Method
Examples:
>>> spam = [2, 5, 3.14, 1, -7]
>>> spam.sort()
>>> spam
[-7, 1, 2, 3.14, 5]
>>> spam = ['ants', 'cats', 'dogs', 'bats', 'elephants']
>>> spam.sort()
>>> spam
['ants', 'bats', 'cats', 'dogs', 'elephants']

1.7.5.1 Sort the values in reverse order.

 You can also pass True for the reverse keyword argument to have sort() sort the values
in reverse order.
Example:
>>> spam.sort(reverse=True)
>>> spam
['elephants', 'dogs', 'cats', 'badgers', 'ants']

Three things to know about sorting

1. The sort() method sorts the list in place; don’t try to capture the return value by writing
code like spam = spam.sort().
2. You cannot sort lists that have both number values and string values in them, since Python
doesn’t know how to compare these values.
3. Sort() uses “ASCIIbetical order” rather than actual alphabetical order for sorting strings.
This means uppercase letters come before lowercase letters.
Example:
>>> spam = [1, 3, 2, 4, 'Alice', 'Bob']
>>> spam.sort()
TypeError: unorderable types: str() < int()
>>> spam = ['Alice', 'ants', 'Bob', 'badgers', 'Carol', 'cats']
>>> spam.sort()
>>> spam
['Alice', 'Bob', 'Carol', 'ants', 'badgers', 'cats']
>>> spam = ['a', 'z', 'A', 'Z']
>>> spam.sort(key=str.lower)
>>> spam
['a', 'A', 'z', 'Z']

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Note: The above causes the sort() function to treat all the items in the list as if they were
lowercase without actually changing the values in the list.

1.8 Example Program: magic 8 Ball with a list

Example 1: Without List

import random
def getAnswer(answerNumber):
if answerNumber == 1:
return 'It is certain‘
elif answerNumber == 2:
return 'It is decidedly so‘
elif answerNumber == 3:
return 'Yes‘
elif answerNumber == 4:
return 'Reply hazy try again‘
elif answerNumber == 5:
return 'Ask again later‘
elif answerNumber == 6:
return 'Concentrate and ask again‘
elif answerNumber == 7:
return 'My reply is no‘
elif answerNumber == 8:
return 'Outlook not so good‘
elif answerNumber == 9:
return 'Very doubtful'
r = random.randint(1, 9)
fortune = getAnswer(r)
print(fortune)

Output:
Outlook not so good (It will Vary every time when you the run the code)

Example 2: With List

import random
messages = ['It is certain',
'It is decidedly so',
'Yes definitely',
'Reply hazy try again',
'Ask again later',

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'Concentrate and ask again',

'My reply is no',
'Outlook not so good',
'Very doubtful']
print(messages[random.randint(0, len(messages) - 1)])

Output:
Very doubtful (It will Vary every time when you the run the code)

1.9 list-like types: Strings and tuples

 Lists aren’t the only data types that represent ordered sequences of values.
 For example, strings and lists are actually similar, if you consider a string to be a “list”
of single text characters.
 Many of the things you can do with lists can also be done with strings: indexing;
slicing; and using them with for loops, with len(), and with the in and not in operators.
Example:
>>> name = 'Zophie'
>>> name[0]
'Z'
>>> name[-2]
'i'
>>> name[0:4]
'Zoph'
>>> 'Zo' in name
True
>>> 'z' in name
False
>>> 'p' not in name
False
>>> for i in name:
print('* * * ' + i + ' * * *')
***Z***
***o***
***p***
***h***
***i***
***e***

1.10 Mutable and Immutable Data Types

 But lists and strings are different in an important way.
 A list value is a mutable data type: It can have values added, removed, or changed.

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 However, a string is immutable: It cannot be changed.

 Trying to reassign a single character in a string results in a TypeError error.

Example
>>> name = 'Zophie a cat'
>>> name[7] = 'the‘

TypeError: 'str' object does not support item assignment

The proper way to “mutate” a string is to use slicing and concatenation to build a new string by
copying from parts of the old string.

>>> name = 'Zophie a cat'

>>> newName = name[0:7] + 'the' + name[8:12]

>>> name

‘Zophie a cat’
>>> newName

‘Zophie the cat’

1.10.1 A list value is mutable: Example 1

Example 1:
>>> eggs = [1, 2, 3]
>>> eggs = [4, 5, 6]
>>> eggs
[4, 5, 6]

Example 2:
>>> eggs = [1, 2, 3]
>>> del eggs[2]
>>> del eggs[1]
>>> del eggs[0]
>>> eggs.append(4)
>>> eggs.append(5)
>>> eggs.append(6)
>>> eggs

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[4, 5, 6]

1.11 The Tuple Data Type

 The tuple data type is almost identical to the list data type, except in two ways.
 First, tuples are typed with parentheses, ( and ), instead of square brackets, [ and ].
 Tuples are different from lists is that tuples, like strings, are immutable (Tuples cannot
have their values modified, appended, or removed).
Example:
>>> eggs = ('hello', 42, 0.5)
>>> eggs[1] = 99
TypeError: 'tuple' object does not support item assignment
• If you have only one value in your tuple, you can indicate this by placing a trailing comma
after the value inside the parentheses.
>>> type(('hello',))
<class 'tuple'>
>>> type(('hello'))
<class 'str'>
• Otherwise, Python will think you’ve just typed a value inside regular parentheses.
• The comma is what lets Python know this is a tuple value.

1.12 Converting Types with the list() and tuple() Functions

Example:
>>> tuple(['cat', 'dog', 5])
('cat', 'dog', 5)
>>> list(('cat', 'dog', 5))
['cat', 'dog', 5]
>>> list('hello')
['h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o']
1.13 References (Example 1- assigning values to variables):
Example 1:

>>> spam = 42
>>> cheese = spam

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>>> spam = 100

>>> spam
100
>>> cheese
42
Example 2 - assign a list to a variable
>>> spam = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> cheese = spam
>>> cheese[1] = ‘Hello!’
>>> spam
[0, 'Hello!', 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> cheese
[0, 'Hello!', 2, 3, 4, 5]

1.13.1 Passing References

 Pass means to provide an argument to a function.
 By reference means that the argument you’re passing to the function is a reference to
a variable that already exists in memory rather than an independent copy of that
variable.
Example:
def eggs(someParameter):
someParameter.append('Hello')
spam = [1, 2, 3]
eggs(spam)
print(spam)

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1.14 The copy Module’s copy() and deepcopy() Functions

 Python provides a module named copy that provides both the copy() and deepcopy()
functions.
 The first of these, copy.copy(), can be used to make a duplicate copy of a mutable value
like a list or dictionary, not just a copy of a reference.
 If the list you need to copy contains lists, then use the copy.deepcopy() function instead
of copy.copy(). The deepcopy() function will copy these inner lists as well.
Example 1:

Copy:
a = [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]]
>>> b = list(a)
>>> a
[[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]]
>>> b
[[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]]
>>> a[0][1] = 10
>>> a
[[1, 10, 3], [4, 5, 6]]
>>> b # b changes too -> Not a deepcopy.
[[1, 10, 3], [4, 5, 6]]

Deep Copy:
>>> import copy
>>> b = copy.deepcopy(a)
>>> a
[[1, 10, 3], [4, 5, 6]]
>>> b
[[1, 10, 3], [4, 5, 6]]
>>> a[0][1] = 9
>>> a
[[1, 9, 3], [4, 5, 6]]
>>> b # b doesn't change -> Deep Copy
[[1, 10, 3], [4, 5, 6]]

Example 2:
>>>import copy
>>> spam = ['A', 'B', 'C', 'D']
>>> cheese = copy.copy(spam)

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>>> cheese[1] = 42

>>> spam

['A', 'B', 'C', 'D']

>>> cheese

['A', 42, 'C', 'D']

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Chapter 2: Dictionaries and Structuring Data

2.1 The dictionary data type:
• Like a list, a dictionary is a collection of many values.
• But unlike indexes for lists, indexes for dictionaries can use many different data types, not
just integers.

• Indexes for dictionaries are called keys, and a key with its associated value is called a key-
value pair.

• In code, a dictionary is typed with braces, { }.

Example:
>>> myCat = {'size': 'fat', 'color': 'gray', 'disposition': 'loud'}

• This assigns a dictionary to the myCat variable.

• This dictionary’s keys are 'size', 'color', and 'disposition'.

• The values for these keys are 'fat', 'gray', and 'loud', respectively.
>>> myCat['size']

'fat'
>>> 'My cat has ' + myCat['color'] + ' fur.'

'My cat has gray fur.'

>>> spam = {12345: 'Luggage Combination', 42: 'The Answer'}

2.2 Dictionaries vs. Lists

• Items in dictionaries are unordered.

• The first item in a list named spam would be spam[0].

• But there is no “first” item in a dictionary.

• The order of items matters for determining whether two lists are the same.

• It does not matter in what order the key-value pairs are typed in a dictionary.

Examples:
>>> d1 = ['cats', 'dogs', 'moose']
>>> d2 = ['dogs', 'moose', 'cats']
>>> d1 == d2

False

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>>> d3 = {'name': 'Zophie', 'species': 'cat', 'age': '8'}

>>> d4 = {'species': 'cat', 'age': '8', 'name': 'Zophie'}

>>> d3 == d4

True
Note: Dictionaries are not ordered, they can’t be sliced like lists.

>>> spam = {'name': 'Zophie', 'age': 7}

>>> spam['color']
Traceback (most recent call last):

File "<pyshell#1>", line 1, in <module>

spam['color']

KeyError: 'color’
2.2.1 Program to store data about your friends’ birthdays.

Hint: You can use a dictionary with the names as keys and the birthdays as values.
birthdays = {'Alice': 'Apr 1', 'Bob': 'Dec 12', 'Carol': 'Mar 4'}
while True:

print('Enter a name: (blank to quit)')

name = input()

if name == '':
break
if name in birthdays:

print(birthdays[name] + ' is the birthday of ' + name)

else:
print('I do not have birthday information for ' + name)
print('What is their birthday?')

bday = input()
birthdays[name] = bday
print('Birthday database updated.')

Output:

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Enter a name: (blank to quit)

Cheesy

I do not have birthday information for Cheesy

What is their birthday?

31/01/2020
Birthday database updated.
Enter a name: (blank to quit)
Alice

Apr 1 is the birthday of Alice

Enter a name: (blank to quit)

2.3 The keys(), values(), and items() Methods

• There are three dictionary methods that will return list-like values of the dictionary’s keys,
values, or both keys and values: keys(), values(), and items().

• The values returned by these methods are not true lists: They cannot be modified and do
not have an append() method.

• But these data types can be used in for loops.

Example 1:
>>> spam = {'color': 'red', 'age': 42}

>>> for v in spam.values():

print(v)

Output:

red
42
>>> for k in spam.keys():
print(k)

Output:
color
age

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>>> for i in spam.items():

print(i)

Output:

('color', 'red')
('age', 42)

Example 2:

>>> spam = {'color': 'red', 'age': 42}

>>> spam.keys()
dict_keys (['color', 'age'])
>>> list(spam.keys())

['color', 'age']

>>> spam = {'color': 'red', 'age': 42}

>>> for k, v in spam.items():

print('Key: ' + k + ' Value: ' + str(v))

Key: age Value: 42
Key: color Value: red

2.4 Checking Whether a Key or Value Exists in a Dictionary (in and not in)
>>> spam = {'name': 'Zophie', 'age': 7}

>>> 'name' in spam.keys()

True
>>> 'Zophie' in spam.values()

True
>>> 'color' in spam.keys()

False
>>> 'color' not in spam.keys()

True
>>> 'color' in spam

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False

2.5 The get() Method

• Python get() method return the value for the given key if present in the dictionary.
• If not, then it will return None.

Syntax:
dictionary.get(keyname, value)
Parameter Values

Parameter Description

keyname Required. The keyname of the item you want to return the
value.

value Optional. A value to return if the specified key does not exist.
Default value None

Example 1:
car = {

"brand": "Ford",
"model": "Mustang",
"year": 1964
}
x = car.get("model")

print(x)

Output:

Mustang
Example 2:
dic = {"A": 1, "B": 2}
print(dic.get("A"))
print(dic.get("C"))
print(dic.get("C", "Not Found ! "))

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Output:

1
None

Not Found !

2.6 setdefault() method

• In Python Dictionary, setdefault() method returns the value of a key (if the key is in
dictionary).
• If not, it inserts key with a value to the dictionary.

Syntax
dictionary.setdefault(keyname, value)
Parameter Values

Parameter Description

keyname Required. The keyname of the item you want to return the value
from

value Optional.
* If the key exist, this parameter has no effect.
* If the key does not exist, this value becomes the key's value
* Default value None

Example 1:
Dictionary1 = { 'A': 'Geeks', 'B': 'For', 'C': 'Geeks'}

Third_value = Dictionary1.setdefault('C')
print("Dictionary:", Dictionary1)
print("Third_value:", Third_value)

Output:

Dictionary: {'A': 'Geeks', 'B': 'For', 'C': 'Geeks'}

Third_value: Geeks

Example 2 : When key is not in the dictionary.

Dictionary1 = { 'A': 'Geeks', 'B': 'For'}

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# when key is not in the Dictionary

Third_value = Dictionary1.setdefault('C')
print("Dictionary:", Dictionary1)

print("Third_value:", Third_value)

# but default value is provided

Fourth_value = Dictionary1.setdefault('D', 'Geeks')

print("Dictionary:", Dictionary1)

print("Fourth_value:", Fourth_value)

Output:

Dictionary: {'A': 'Geeks', 'B': 'For', 'C': None}

Third_value: None
Dictionary: {'A': 'Geeks', 'B': 'For', 'C': None, 'D': 'Geeks'}
Fourth_value: Geeks

Note:
• To access dictionary elements, you can use the familiar square brackets along with the key
to obtain its value.

2.7 Python program for counting how often each character appears.
message = 'It was a bright cold day in April, and the clocks were striking thirteen.'
count = {}
for character in message:
count.setdefault(character, 0)
count[character] = count[character] + 1

print(count)

Output:

{'I': 1, 't': 6, ' ': 13, 'w': 2, 'a': 4, 's': 3, 'b': 1, 'r': 5, 'i': 6, 'g': 2, 'h': 3, 'c': 3, 'o': 2, 'l':
3, 'd': 3, 'y': 1, 'n': 4, 'A': 1, 'p': 1, ',': 1, 'e': 5, 'k': 2, '.': 1}

2.8 Pretty Printing

• The pprint() and pformat() functions that will “pretty print” a dictionary’s values.

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• This is helpful when you want a cleaner display of the items in a dictionary than what
print() provides.

Example:
import pprint
message = 'It was a bright cold day in April, and the clocks were striking thirteen.'

count = {}

for character in message:

count.setdefault(character, 0)
count[character] = count[character] + 1

pprint.pprint(count)

Output:
{' ': 13,

',': 1,
'.': 1,
'A': 1,

'I': 1,
'a': 4,

'b': 1,
'c': 3,

'd': 3,
'e': 5,
'g': 2,

'h': 3,

'i': 6,
'k': 2,
'l': 3,

'n': 4,
'o': 2,
'p': 1,

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'r': 5,

's': 3,
't': 6,

'w': 2,
'y': 1}

2.9 Using Data Structures to Model Real-World Thing

Example: A Tic Tac Toe Board

STEP 1:
theBoard = {'top-L': ' ', 'top-M': ' ', 'top-R': ' ', 'mid-L': ' ', 'mid-M': ' ', 'mid-R': ' ', 'low-L': '
', 'low-M': ' ', 'low-R': ' '}

STEP 2:
theBoard = {'top-L': ' ', 'top-M': ' ', 'top-R': ' ', 'mid-L': ' ', 'mid-M': 'X', 'mid-R': ' ', 'low-L': '
', 'low-M': ' ', 'low-R': ' '}

STEP 3:
theBoard = {'top-L': 'O', 'top-M': 'O', 'top-R': 'O', 'mid-L': 'X', 'mid-M': 'X', 'mid-R': ' ', 'low-
L': ' ', 'low-M': ' ', 'low-R': 'X'}

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STEP 4:
theBoard = {'top-L': ' ', 'top-M': ' ', 'top-R': ' ',
'mid-L': ' ', 'mid-M': ' ', 'mid-R': ' ',

'low-L': ' ', 'low-M': ' ', 'low-R': ' '}

def printBoard(board):
print(board['top-L'] + '|' + board['top-M'] + '|' + board['top-R'])
print('-+-+-')
print(board['mid-L'] + '|' + board['mid-M'] + '|' + board['mid-R'])

print('-+-+-')
print(board['low-L'] + '|' + board['low-M'] + '|' + board['low-R'])

printBoard(theBoard)

STEP 5:
theBoard = {'top-L': 'O', 'top-M': 'O', 'top-R': 'O', 'mid-L': 'X', 'mid-M':

'X', 'mid-R': ' ', 'low-L': ' ', 'low-M': ' ', 'low-R': 'X'}
def printBoard(board):
print(board['top-L'] + '|' + board['top-M'] + '|' + board['top-R'])
print('-+-+-')

print(board['mid-L'] + '|' + board['mid-M'] + '|' + board['mid-R'])

print('-+-+-')
print(board['low-L'] + '|' + board['low-M'] + '|' + board['low-R'])

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printBoard(theBoard)

STEP 6: ASSIGNMENT
• Add code that allows the players to enter their moves

theBoard = {'top-L': ' ', 'top-M': ' ', 'top-R': ' ', 'mid-L': ' ', 'mid-M': ' ', 'mid-R': ' ', 'low-L': '
', 'low-M': ' ', 'low-R': ' '}
def printBoard(board):

print(board['top-L'] + '|' + board['top-M'] + '|' + board['top-R']) print(‘ +-+-')

print(board['mid-L'] + '|' + board['mid-M'] + '|' + board['mid-R'])
print('-+-+-') print(board['low-L'] + '|' + board['low-M'] + '|' +
board['low-R'])

turn = 'X'

for i in range(9):
printBoard(theBoard)
print('Turn for ' + turn + '. Move on which space?')
move = input()

theBoard[move] = turn
if turn == 'X':
turn = 'O'
else:

turn = 'X'
printBoard(theBoard)

2.9.1 Nested Dictionaries and Lists

• Example:
allGuests = {'Alice': {'apples': 5, 'pretzels': 12}, 'Bob': {'ham

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sandwiches': 3, 'apples': 2}, 'Carol': {'cups': 3, 'apple pies': 1}}

• A program that uses a dictionary that contains other dictionaries in order to see who is
bringing what to a picnic

Example:
allGuests = {'Alice': {'apples': 5, 'pretzels': 12}, 'Bob': {'ham sandwiches': 3, 'apples': 2},
'Carol': {'cups': 3, 'apple pies': 1}}
def totalBrought(guests, item):
numBrought = 0

for k, v in guests.items():
numBrought = numBrought + v.get(item, 0)
return numBrought

print('Number of things being brought:')

print(' - Apples ' + str(totalBrought(allGuests, 'apples')))

print(' - Cups ' + str(totalBrought(allGuests, 'cups')))

print(' - Cakes ' + str(totalBrought(allGuests, 'cakes')))
print(' - Ham Sandwiches ' + str(totalBrought(allGuests, 'ham sandwiches')))

print(' - Apple Pies ' + str(totalBrought(allGuests, 'apple pies')))

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VTU OLD QUESTION PAPER QUESTIONS

1. What is the difference between copy.copy() and copy.deepcopy() function applicable to a
list or dictionary in python? Give suitable examples for each. (July/August 2022 – 6M)
2. Write a python to swap cases of a given string. (July/August 2022 – 4M)
Input: Java
Output: jAVA
3. What is List? Explain append(), insert() and remove() methods with examples. (Jan/Feb
2021 – 8M)
4. How is tuple different from a list and which function is used to convert list to tuple.
(Jan/Feb 2021 – 5M)
5. Discuss get(), item(), keys() and values() Dictionary methods in python with examples.
(Jan/Feb 2021 – 8M)
6. Create a function to print out a blank tic-tac-toe board. (Jan/Feb 2021 – 7M)
7. Develop a program to accept a sentence from the user and display the longest word of that
sentence along with its length. (Jan/Feb 2021 – 6M)
8. What is List? Explain the concept of List Slicing with example. (July/August 2022 – 6M)
9. What is Dictionary? How it is different from list? Write s program to count the number of
occurrences of character in a string. (July/August 2022 – 7M)
10. Write a python program that accepts a sentence and find the number of words, digits,
uppercase letters and lowercase letters. (July/August 2022 – 7M)
11. What is a List? Explain the methods that are used to delete items from the List. (Feb / Mar
2022 – 8M)
12. Write a program to take a sentence as input and display the longest word in the given
sentence. (Feb / Mar 2022 – 6M)
13. How is Dictionary different from list? Assume a Dictionary containing city and population
as key and value respectively. Write a program to traverse the dictionary and display most
populous city. (Feb / Mar 2022 – 6M)
14. Write a program to create a list of number and display the count of even and odd numbers
in the lsit. (Feb / Mar 2022 – 6M)

---------------------- ALL THE BEST -------------------------

Dept of CSE(IOT), Sir MVIT 32