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TERM PAPER

Pentium Processor Evolution

(Submitted in the 2nd semester Of Master of Computer Applications)

Session: 2011-12

Submitted By:Registration Number: 11106429 Roll Number: RD1116A14 Name: Kanchan Chatrath

Submitted To: Geetha Mam Date of Submission: 10 April 2012

COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND ARCHITECTURE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:
First of all I would like to thank the Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar and take the opportunity to do this project as a part of the M.C.A Many people have influenced the shape and content of this project, and many supported me through it. I express my sincere gratitude to MRS.GEETH me a term paper on Pentium processor Evolution which is an interesting and exhaustive topic. She has been an inspiration and role model for this topic. Her guidance and active support has made it possible to complete the assignment. I also would like to thank my Friends who have helped and encouraged me throughout the working of the project. Last, but not the least I would like to thank the almighty for always helping me. Finally, I take this opportunity to acknowledge the services of the total team of publisher and everyone who collaborated in producing this work.

Kanchan Chatrath

Table of Content
COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND ARCHITECTURE

Contents No.
Introduction .... 04 Definition.. . 04 Pentium processor evolution.. 05 Pentium family 05
8086 80186 80286 80386 80486

Page

Pentium processor ..08

Pentium Register...08 Architecture of Pentium processor09 Pentium (classic or 1)10 Pentium 2...10 Pentium Pro11 Features of Pentium Pro Pentium 3.12 Features of Pentium 3

Pentium 4.13
Feature of Pentium 4 Pentium M14

Features of Pentium Processor..15

Reference:..16

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INTRODUCTION OF PENTIUM PROCESSOR

The name "Pentium" has greater brand recognition than any other processor in history. The Pentium began its life in 1993 and was continually improved until its retirement in 2008. Even today, many of the computers in use still have a processor bearing the famous marquee. Pentium is a brand used for a series of x86-compatible microprocessors produced by Intel. In its most current form, a Pentium processor is a consumer-level product with a two-star rating, above the low-end Atom and Celeron products but below the faster Core i3, i5 and i7 lines as well as the high-end Xeon processors. The name Pentium is originally derived from the Greek word pente (), meaning 'five' (as the series was Intel's 5th generation micro architecture, the P5), and the Latin ending -ium. The current Pentium processors only share the name but are in fact based on the same processor chips that are used in the Intel Core but are typically used with a lower clock frequency, a partially disabled L3 cache and some of the advanced features such as Hyperthreading and Virtualization disabled.

DEFINITION
A 32-bit microprocessor introduced by Intel in 1993. It contains 3.3 million transistors, nearly triple the number contained in its predecessor, the 80486 chip. Though still in production, the Pentium processor has been superseded by the Pentium Pro and Pentium II microprocessors. Since 1993, Intel has developed the Pentium III and more recently the Pentium 4 microprocessors

COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND ARCHITECTURE

PENTIUM PROCESSOR EVOLUTION

Pentium family history Pentium processor details Pentium registers Data Pointer and index Control Segment Real mode memory architecture Protected mode memory architecture Segment registers Segment descriptors Segment descriptor tables Segmentation models Mixed-mode operation

Pentium Family
Intel introduced microprocessors in 1969 4-bit microprocessor 4004
COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND ARCHITECTURE

8-bit microprocessors 8080 8085 16-bit processors 8086 introduced in 1979 20-bit address bus, 16-bit data bus 8088 is a less expensive version Uses 8-bit data bus Can address up to 4 segments of 64 KB Referred to as the real mode 80186 A faster version of 8086 16-bit data bus and 20-bit address bus Improved instruction set 80286 was introduced in 1982 24-bit address bus 16 MB address space Enhanced with memory protection capabilities Introduced protected mode Segmentation in protected mode is different from the real mode Backwards compatible 80386 was introduced 1985 First 32-bit processor 32-bit data bus and 32-bit address bus 4 GB address space Segmentation can be turned off (flat model) Introduced paging 80486 was introduced 1989 Improved version of 386 Combined coprocessor functions for performing floating-point arithmetic Added parallel execution capability to instruction decode and execution units
COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND ARCHITECTURE

 Achieves scalar execution of 1 instruction/clock Later versions introduced energy

savings for laptops

Pentium Registers
Four 32-bit registers can be used as Four 32-bit register (EAX, EBX, ECX, EDX) Four 16-bit register (AX, BX, CX, DX) Eight 8-bit register (AH, AL, BH, BL, CH, CL, DH, DL) Some registers have special use
ECX for count in loop instructions

COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND ARCHITECTURE

ARCHITECTURE OF PENTIUM PROCESSOR

COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND ARCHITECTURE

Pentium ("Classic")
o

The original Pentium processor was released with an initial maximum speed of 66 MHz. Thanks to a massive advertising blitz; Pentium became a household word almost overnight. Near the end of the Pentium's run, Intel introduced a new version of the chip featuring MMX, a new instruction set. These instructions enabled the chip to perform operations such as encoding digital music more quickly. MMX is still found in Intel processors today.

The original Pentium and Pentium MMX processors were the superscalar follow-on to the 80486 processor and were marketed from 1993 to 1999. Some versions of these were available as Pentium Overdrive that would fit into older CPU sockets.
Pentium

Core

Process

Frequency

L1 Cache

FSB

Socket Release date

P5

0.8 m

6066 MHz

16 KB

6066 MHz Socket 4 March 1993

P54C

0.6 m

75120 MHz

16 KB

5066 MHz Socket 5 October 1994

P54C

0.35 m 133200 MHz 16 KB

6066 MHz Socket 7 June 1995

P55C

0.35 m 120233 MHz 32 KB

6066 MHz Socket 7 March 1995

Tillamook 0.25 m 166300 MHz 32 KB

66 MHz

Socket 7 August 1997

Pentium II
o

The Pentium II began its life in the form of another processor, the Pentium Pro. All processors utilize a type of memory called cache memory; cache is
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COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND ARCHITECTURE

much faster than system RAM, and it helps to speed up a computer by queuing several commands, allowing the processor to work more and wait for instructions less. With the classic Pentium processor, cache memory was installed in sockets on the motherboard. The Pentium Pro made the cache a part of the processor itself. This made the Pentium Pro an extremely fast processor, but the technology was not ready for mass production. If there was a defect in the processor or the cache, the whole package had to be discarded, resulting in a very expensive, low-yield product. The Pentium II bridged the gap between the Pentium and the Pentium Pro, by placing the processor and cache separately on a card, which could be installed into a motherboard slot. The Pentium II was produced from 1997 to 1999 and had a maximum speed of 450 MHz.

Pentium II

Core

Process

Frequency

L2 Cache

FSB

Socket Release date

Klamath

0.35 m 233300 MHz 512 KB

66 MHz

Slot 1

May 1996

Deschutes 0.25 m 266450 MHz 512 KB

66100 MHz Slot 1

January 1998

Tonga

0.25 m 233300 MHz 512 KB

66 MHz

MMC-2 April 1998

Dixon

0.25 m 266366 MHz 256 KB

66 MHz

MMC-2

PENTIUM PRO
The Pentium Pro was introduced in November 1995 as Intel's 6th generation x86 design code-named the P6. It was the first mainstream CPU to radically change how it executes instructions, by translating them into RISC-like microinstructions and executing these on a highly advanced internal core. (The Nexgen Nx586 processor was actually the first x86 CPU to use this design, but this chip was used in very few systems.). The Pentium Pro offered some minor programming enhancements; four more address lines, and a large 2nd-level cache (up to the overpriced 1MB versions). It came in 150 MHz, 166MHz, 180MHz and 200MHz flavors.

COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND ARCHITECTURE

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Pentium Pro
Core Process Frequency L2 Cache FSB Socket Release date

P6

0.5 m

150 MHz

256 KB

6066 MHz Socket 8 November 1995

P6

0.35 m 166200 MHz 2561024 KB 6066 MHz Socket 8

FEATURES OF PENTIUM PRO

1) It includes L2 cache. 2) It uses 12 stage pipelines. 3) Supports speculative Execution. 4) Dual Independent Bus. 5) Multiple branch prediction.

PENTIUM III
The Pentium III debuted in 1999 at initial speeds of 450 to 500 MHz and, in the beginning, was very similar to the Pentium II. It used the same slotted form factor, with the processor and cache on the same card. However, the Pentium III included a new instruction set, called SSE. Like MMX in the Pentium II, SSE made certain operations much faster---in this case, floating-point mathematics. However, this was only an evolutionary step. The revolution came with the second-generation Pentium III, nicknamed "Coppermine". Coppermine managed to shrink the elements of the processor core from 250 nm to 180 nm, allowing Intel to place the cache inside the processor with minimal defects. This increased the efficiency of the Pentium III, and it was a massive success until its retirement in 2003. The final speed reached by the Pentium III was 1,400 MHz.

FEATURE OF PENTIUM III

1)0.25 Micro technology 2)450 MHz up to 1.1 GHz available. 3) Dual Independent Bus 4) 8, 64 bit wide MMX register. 5)70 new instruction used for various purpose.
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Pentium III
Core Process Frequency L2Cache FSB Socket Release date

Katmai

0.25 m 450600 MHz 512 KB

100133 M Slot 1 Hz

February 1999

Coppe rmine

0.18 m

4001130 MH 256 KB z

100133 M Slot 1, Socket Hz 370, BGA2, PGA2

October 1999

Tualatin

0.13 m

7001400 MH 512 KB z

100133 M Socket 370, BGA2, PGA2 Hz

Pentium 4
o

With the Pentium III, Intel learned something: People love high clock speeds. Thus, for the Pentium 4, the company set out to design a chip that could be ramped up to incredibly high speeds, even at the expense of efficiency. This caused some dismay among computer enthusiasts when the Pentium 4 was first released in 2000 at initial speeds of 1,400 and 1,500 MHz, as the Pentium 4 was actually slower than the Pentium III and the AMD Athlon in many applications. However, Intel was just warming up---literally! Over its production run from 2000 to 2008, the Pentium 4 gained in speed to an amazing maximum of 3,800 MHz. The Pentium 4 had become a screaming fast processor, but it required an elaborate cooling system because of the intense heat that it produced, and it never found much success in notebook computers due to heavy battery drain. For its next processor, Intel would look forward by looking back.

FEATURES OF PENTIUM 4 1) 0.13 micro technologies. 2) 1.4 to 1.6 GHz range. 3) Total 144 SIMD Instruction to enhance MM operation. 4) 840/850/915/945 chipset. 5) 400/533/MHz system bus frequency.
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Pentium 4

Core

Process

Clock Speeds

L2 Cache

FSB Speeds

Socket

Release Date

Willamette 180 nm

1.32.0 GHz 256 KB

400 MT/s

Socket 423, Socket 478

November 2000

Northwood 130 nm

1.63.4 GHz 512 KB

400800 MT/s Socket 478

January 2002

Gallatin

130 nm

3.23.46 GHz

512 KB + 2 MB 8001066 MT/ Socket 478, LGA L3 s 775

November 2003

Prescott

90 nm

2.43.8 GHz 1 MB

533800 MT/s

Socket 478, LGA 775

February 2004

Prescott2M

90 nm

2.83.8 GHz 2 MB

8001066 MT/ LGA 775 s

February 2005

Cedar Mill

65 nm

3.03.6 GHz 2 MB

800 MT/s

LGA 775

January 2006

Pentium M
o

The Pentium M, produced from 2003 to 2008, is to date the last processor to bear the Pentium name. It was created to solve a problem: Intel was having difficulty competing in the notebook market. The heat and power consumption of the Pentium 4 were not conducive to a long-running notebook. The Pentium M combined the efficiency of the Pentium III with the advanced features of the Pentium 4, resulting in a processor that was incredibly fast with low power demands. In benchmark tests, the Pentium M stood toe-to-toe against the Pentium 4 at much higher clock speeds, marking the beginning of the end for the Pentium 4. Intel's next processor, the Core, is based on the Pentium M but does not share its name.
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COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND ARCHITECTURE

Pentium M

Core

Process

Frequency

L1 Cache L2 Cache

FSB

Socket

Release date

Bansan 130 nm

9001700 MHz 64 KB

1 MB

400 MT/s

Socket 479 March 2003

Dothan 90 nm

1.002.26 GHz 64 KB

2 MB

400533 MT/s FC-uBGA

June 2004

FEATURES OF PENTIUM PROCESSOR

1) (Two integer or two floating points can be executed simultaneously).It has two integer pipelines U and V (32 bit each) that enhances the speed of execution. 2) Two separate cache; 8K for code and 8K for data. 3) Dynamic branch prediction. 4) Data bus is 64 bit (improves data transfer rate, supports burst read and burst write back cycles). 5) Provides high level of data integrity through data 6) Parity checking, address parity checking and internal parity checking with machine check exception. 7) Test and debug capability through IEEE 1149-1 boundary scan. 8) Virtual mode extensions. 9) To separate cache 8K for code 8K for data. 10)75MHz onwards processor offers following Enhancement. 11) Dual Processing Support 12) Enhance Power Management Feature 13) On chip Advance programmable interrupt controller.

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Reference: WWW.GOOGLE.COM WWW.WIKIPEDIA.COM COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND ARCHITECTURE BOOK (WILLIAM STALLING)

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