Thanks for sharing the Python Programming notes.

Since the document is quite lengthy, I’ll

break it down unit by unit, explaining each topic in a way that's easy to understand, and also
highlighting potential exam questions along the way.

Let’s start with:

✅ UNIT I: Introduction, Data, Expressions, Statements

🔹 What is Python?

Python is a high-level, general-purpose programming language developed by Guido van

Rossum. It's easy to learn because of its simple syntax and it's widely used in web development,
data science, automation, etc.

🌟 Possible Question:

 Who developed Python and why is it popular?

🔹 Python Installation

Python can be run on your PC by downloading it from python.org. You can also use online
interpreters like:

 ide.geeksforgeeks.org
 ideone.com

There are two modes:

 Interactive Mode (type code directly and run it line by line)

 Script Mode (write full programs and run them)

🌟 Possible Question:

 Explain the difference between interactive and script mode.

🔹 Python Data Types:

1. int – whole numbers (e.g. 5, -10)

2. float – decimal numbers (e.g. 3.14)
3. bool – True or False
4. str – strings like "Hello"
5. list – a collection of items: [1, 2, "hello"]

🌟 Possible Question:

 Write a Python program to demonstrate different data types.

🔹 Variables

Variables are named storage for values.

a = 10 # int
b = 3.14 # float
c = "MRCET" # string

 No need to declare type beforehand

 Names must start with a letter or _

🌟 Possible Question:

 What are the rules for naming Python variables?

🔹 Expressions & Statements

 Expression: produces a value (e.g. 3 + 5)

 Statement: performs an action (e.g. print("Hi"))

🔹 Operator Precedence

Just like in maths: * and / are done before + and -.

a = 3 + 4 * 2 # a = 11 not 14

Use brackets () to change order.

🌟 Possible Question:

 Explain operator precedence with an example.

🔹 Comments

Used to explain your code.

 Single-line: starts with #

 Multi-line: use ''' comment ''' or """ comment """

🔹 Modules

A module is a file with Python code that you can reuse.

import math
print(math.sqrt(16))

 Use import to include them.

🌟 Possible Question:

 What is a module? How do you import one?

🔹 Functions

Functions are reusable blocks of code.

def greet():
print("Hello")

greet() # Call the function

Functions have:

 Name
 Optional parameters
 Optional return value
🔹 Parameters vs Arguments

 Parameter: placeholder in function definition

 Argument: actual value passed during the call

def add(a, b): # a and b are parameters

return a + b

print(add(2, 3)) # 2 and 3 are arguments

✅ UNIT II: Control Flow and Loops

This unit is all about making decisions and repeating actions in your Python programs.

🔹 Boolean Values and Relational Operators

A Boolean is either True or False. These are the foundation for decision-making.

Relational (comparison) operators:

Expression Meaning
x == y Equal to
x != y Not equal to
x > y Greater than
x < y Less than
x >= y Greater than or equal to
x <= y Less than or equal to
x = 10
y = 20
print(x > y) # False

🔹 If Statement

Used to make decisions.

Syntax:

if condition:
# code block
Example:

age = 18
if age >= 18:
print("You are eligible to vote")

🔹 If-Else Statement

When you want to do one thing if a condition is true, and another if it's false.

num = 5
if num % 2 == 0:
print("Even")
else:
print("Odd")

🔹 Elif (Else if)

Used when you have multiple conditions to check.

score = 70

if score >= 90:

print("A")
elif score >= 80:
print("B")
elif score >= 70:
print("C")
else:
print("Fail")

🔹 While Loop

Repeats as long as the condition is True.

count = 0
while count < 5:
print(count)
count += 1

Be careful! If the condition never becomes False, the loop runs forever.

🔹 For Loop

Used to iterate over sequences like lists, strings, etc.

for letter in "MRCET":
print(letter)

🔹 Looping Through:

 List: for i in [1, 2, 3]:

 Tuple: for i in (1, 2, 3):
 Dictionary (keys): for key in dict:
 Dictionary (values): for val in dict.values():
 String: for ch in "hello":

🔹 Nested Loops

A loop inside another loop.

for i in range(1, 4):

for j in range(1, 3):
print(i, j)

🔹 Break Statement

Exits the loop completely.

for i in range(5):
if i == 3:
break
print(i)

🔹 Continue Statement

Skips the current iteration and continues with the next one.

for i in range(5):
if i == 3:
continue
print(i)

🔹 Pass Statement

Does nothing; used as a placeholder.

for i in range(5):
pass # you can come back and write code here later

Perfect! Let's move into:

✅ UNIT III: Functions and Arrays

This unit builds on the concept of functions and introduces arrays and string operations in
Python.

🔹 Fruitful Functions (Functions That Return Values)

A fruitful function returns a value using the return keyword.

Example:

def add(a, b):

return a + b

print(add(3, 4)) # Output: 7

You can return multiple values using a tuple:

def stats(a, b):

return a + b, a * b

sum_val, product = stats(2, 3)

print(sum_val, product)

🔹 Void Functions (No Return Value)

They perform an action (like printing) but don’t return anything.

def greet():
print("Hello")

🔹 Parameters and Arguments

  Parameter: variable listed in function definition.
 Argument: actual value passed when calling the function.

def say_hello(name): # name is a parameter

print("Hello", name)

say_hello("MRCET") # "MRCET" is the argument

🔹 Local vs Global Scope

 Local variable: only accessible inside the function.

 Global variable: defined outside all functions and accessible anywhere.

x = 10 # Global

def func():
x = 5 # Local
print(x)

func() # prints 5
print(x) # prints 10

To modify a global variable inside a function, use the global keyword.

def update():
global x
x = 20

🔹 Function Composition

Calling one function inside another.

def square(x):
return x * x

def sum_of_squares(a, b):

return square(a) + square(b)

print(sum_of_squares(2, 3)) # Output: 13

🔹 Recursion

A function calling itself.

def factorial(n):
if n == 1:
return 1
return n * factorial(n - 1)
print(factorial(5)) # Output: 120

🧵 STRING OPERATIONS
🔹 String Slicing
text = "MRCET"
print(text[0:3]) # MRC

🔹 Immutability

Strings in Python cannot be changed.

text = "hello"
# text[0] = "H" ❌ This will cause an error

🔹 String Functions & Methods

 len(s) – length of string

 s.upper() – convert to uppercase
 s.lower() – convert to lowercase
 s.find('a') – find index of 'a'
 s.replace("old", "new")

🔹 String Module

Useful functions are available after:

import string

Example: string.ascii_letters, string.digits, etc.

🧱 PYTHON ARRAYS
Use the array module.

from array import array

arr = array('i', [1, 2, 3, 4])

print(arr[0]) # Output: 1
  'i' stands for signed integer.

🔹 Accessing Elements
print(arr[1]) # 2

🔹 Array Methods
 append(x)
 remove(x)
 insert(i, x)
 pop()

Thanks for the honest feedback — and you're absolutely right.

Let me slow it down, start from the basics, and explain like you’re learning it for the first
time, with relatable examples and short practice tips, so you’re fully confident.

Let’s now go into:

✅ UNIT IV: Lists, Tuples, and Dictionaries (Beginner-

Friendly Breakdown)
This unit teaches you how to group data in Python using containers called lists, tuples, and
dictionaries. Think of these like baskets that can hold multiple items at once.

🧺 LISTS – Your Flexible Container

✅ What is a List?

A list in Python is like a shopping list. You can add, remove, or change items.

🔸 How to create a list:

fruits = ['apple', 'banana', 'mango']

You can store anything inside a list: numbers, strings, even another list!

my_list = [1, 2, 'MRCET', [3, 4]]

🧠 Think of It Like:

A list is a notebook — you can write in it, erase from it, or change what's on the page.

🔸 Common List Operations

Action Code Example What It Does

Access item fruits[0] Gets first item: 'apple'
Change item fruits[1] = 'orange' Changes 'banana' to 'orange'
Add item fruits.append('grape') Adds 'grape' at the end
Remove item fruits.remove('apple') Removes 'apple'
List length len(fruits) Number of items in list

🔸 Slicing a List
fruits = ['apple', 'banana', 'mango', 'grape']
print(fruits[1:3]) # ['banana', 'mango']

🔸 Looping Through a List

for fruit in fruits:
print(fruit)

🔸 Other List Features

 Lists are mutable (you can change them).

 Aliasing means if you do list2 = list1, both point to the same list.
 Cloning (making a copy): list2 = list1[:]

✅ TUPLES – A List You Can't Change

🔸 What is a Tuple?
A tuple is like a list, but you can’t change it. It’s fixed.

colors = ('red', 'green', 'blue')

 Use () instead of [].

 Useful when data must not change (e.g., days of the week).

❗ Important:

Tuples use less memory than lists and are faster to process.

🔸 Tuple Operations

Operation Example
Access colors[0] → 'red'
Length len(colors)
Loop for c in colors:

You can't do: colors[1] = 'yellow' ❌ (It will give an error)

✅ DICTIONARIES – Like a Real Dictionary 📖

🔸 What is a Dictionary?

A dictionary stores key-value pairs.

student = {
'name': 'Ayo',
'age': 21,
'department': 'CSE'
}

You can use the key to find the value.

print(student['name']) # Output: Ayo

🔸 Dictionary Operations

Action Code
Add item student['level'] = 300
Change value student['age'] = 22
 Action Code
Remove item del student['department']
Get keys student.keys()
Get values student.values()

🔸 Looping Through Dictionary

for key in student:
print(key, ":", student[key])

✅ UNIT V: Files, Exceptions, Modules & Packages

This unit teaches you how to:

 📁 Read and write files (like opening a notebook)

 ⚠ Handle errors (like fixing mistakes so your program doesn’t crash)
 🧩 Use Python's built-in tools (called modules and packages)

📁 1. FILES – Storing and Getting Information

❓What is a File?

Think of a file as a container where you write and save information (like your notes). Python lets
you read from and write to files.

✅ Opening a File
f = open("notes.txt", "r")

 "r" means read

 "w" means write (it will erase old content!)
 "a" means append (adds to end of file)

✅ Reading from a File

f = open("notes.txt", "r")
print(f.read())
f.close()

✅ Writing to a File
f = open("notes.txt", "w")
f.write("Hello MRCET!")
f.close()

You can check the file after running this — it will contain that message.

✅ Adding to a File (Append)

f = open("notes.txt", "a")
f.write("\nThis is another line.")
f.close()

✅ Using with Statement (Auto-closes the file)

with open("notes.txt", "r") as f:
print(f.read())

🧠 Everyday Use Case:

Imagine saving your quiz scores to a file. Every time you run the code, it adds a new score.

⚠️2. EXCEPTIONS – Handling Errors Gracefully

Sometimes, your program might do something wrong (like divide by zero or open a missing
file).

Python gives you a way to handle errors without crashing your program.

✅ Try and Except Block

try:
a = int(input("Enter a number: "))
b = 10 / a
 print(b)
except:
print("Oops! You can't divide by zero.")

Instead of crashing, it prints a helpful message.

✅ Different Errors You Can Catch

try:
f = open("data.txt", "r")
except FileNotFoundError:
print("File not found!")
try:
print(1 / 0)
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("Can't divide by zero!")

🧩 3. MODULES – Python's Ready-Made Tools

A module is like a toolbox in Python. You can open the toolbox and use the tools (functions).

✅ Common Python Modules:

Module What It Does

math Math functions like sqrt, pi
datetime Date and time handling
os File and folder operations
calendar Show months, leap years, etc.

✅ How to Use a Module:

import math
print(math.sqrt(16)) # Output: 4.0
import calendar
print(calendar.month(2025, 7))

📦 4. PACKAGES – Folder of Modules

A package is a folder that contains one or more Python files (modules).
To use a module from a package:

from math import sqrt

print(sqrt(9))

Or:

import math
print(math.pow(2, 3)) # 2 raised to the power of 3

🎯 Real-Life Summary:
Task you want to do Python tool you use
Save student names File writing (open)
Handle missing file error Try-except
Calculate square root math module
Get today’s date datetime module
Organize many tools Package