Chapter 01

Alfred Collins Ayamba

Internet and It’s Services
What’s the INTERNET?

Alfred Collins Ayamba

 The Internet!
What does it stand for?
What do people mean when they say internet?

• The Internet is a vast network that connects computers all over the world.
Through the Internet, people can share information and communicate
from anywhere with an Internet connection.
• The Internet (or internet) is the global system of interconnected
[a]

computer networks that uses the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to

communicate between networks and devices. It is a network of networks
that consists of private, public, academic, business, and government
networks of local to global scope, linked by a broad array of electronic,
wireless, and optical networking technologies.
 FAQ about the Internet
1 Who invented the internet?

• The Internet consists of technologies developed by different individuals

and organizations. Important igures include Robert W. Taylor, who led the
development of the ARPANET(Advanced Research Projects Agency
Network, an early prototype of the Internet), and Vinton Cerf and Robert
Kahn, who developed the TCP/IP technologies.
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 2 How does the internet work?

• The Internet works through a series of networks that connect devices

around the world through telephone lines. Users are provided access to
the Internet by Internet service providers. The widespread use of mobile
broadband and Wi-Fi in the 21st century has allowed this connection to be
wireless.
 3 Is the Internet dangerous?

• The advent of the Internet has brought into existence new forms of
exploitation, such as spam e-mail and malware, and harmful social
behaviours such as cyberbullying and doxxing. Many companies collect
extensive information from users, which some deem a violation of privacy.
 4 What’s the Dark Web?

• The Dark Web refers to a series of Web sites that require special
decryption and con iguration tools to access. It is most commonly used
for purposes that require strict anonymity, including illegal sales (e.g., of
weapons and drugs), political dissent in countries with heavy censorship,
and whistleblowing.
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 5 Who Controls the Internet?

• While the Internet is theoretically decentralized and thus controlled by no

single entity, many argue that tech companies such as Amazon, Facebook,
and Google represent a small concentration of organizations that have
unprecedented in luence over the information and money on the Internet.
In some countries, certain parts of the Internet are blocked via censorship.

• READ More about the internet yourself, here are a few links.
• Wiki
• https://www.britannica.com/summary/Internet
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 Internet Services
What kind of service(s) do the internet o er?

• Internet Services allows us to access huge amount of information such

as text, graphics, sound and software over the internet. Following diagram
shows the four different categories of Internet Services.

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 INTERNET SERVICES

Communication Information Retrieval Web

World Wide Web
Services Services Services
 Communication Services
What are they?

• There are various Communication Services available that offer exchange

of information with individuals or groups. The following table gives a brief
introduction to these services:

• Table’s on the next slide…

 SN Service Description

1 Electronic Mail
Used to send electronic message over the internet.

Telnet
2
Used to log on to a remote computer that is attached to internet.

Newsgroup
3
O ers a forum for people to discuss topics of common interests.

Internet Relay Chat (IRC)

4
Allows the people from all over the world to communicate in real time.

Mailing Lists
5
Used to organize group of internet users to share common information through e-mail.

Internet Telephony (VoIP)

6
Allows the internet users to talk across internet to any PC equipped to receive the call.

Instant Messaging
7
O ers real time chat between individuals and group of people. Eg. Yahoo messenger, MSN messenger.
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 Information Retrieval Services
What are they?

• There exist several Information retrieval services offering easy access to

information present on the internet. The following table gives a brief
introduction to these services:
SN Service Description

1 File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

Enable the users to transfer iles.

Archie
2
It’s updated database of public FTP sites and their content. It helps to search a ile by its name.

Gopher
3
Used to search, retrieve, and display documents on remote sites.

Very Easy Rodent Oriented Netwide Index to Computer Achieved (VERONICA)

4
VERONICA is gopher based resource. It allows access to the information resource stored on gopher’s servers.
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 Web Services
Do you know any?

• Web services allow exchange of information between applications on the

web. Using web services, applications can easily interact with each other.

• The web services are offered using concept of Utility Computing (click
here to read more).
• Utility computing or The Computer Utility is a service provisioning model
in which a service provider makes computing resources and infrastructure
management available to the customer as needed, and charges them for
speci ic usage rather than a lat rate.
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 World Wide Web (WWW)
We discussed the history already, so read it up!

• WWW is also known as W3. It offers a way to access documents spread

over the several servers over the internet. These documents may contain
texts, graphics, audio, video, hyperlinks. The hyperlinks allow the users to
navigate between the documents.
• Hyperlink example https://www.google.com/search?q=javascript
 Video Conferencing
You already know about this…!

• Video conferencing or Video teleconferencing is a method of

communicating by two-way video and audio transmission with help of
telecommunication technologies.

•
Chapter 2
 Operation Of The Web.
How does the web work?

•
Let the students explore their creativity here 😉.
On the simplest level, the Web physically consists of the following components

• Your personal computer − This is the PC/Phone you use to see the web.
• A Web browser − A software installed on your PC which helps you to browse the
Web.
• An internet connection − This is provided by an ISP and connects you to the
internet to reach to any Website.
• A Web server − This is the computer on which a website is hosted.
• Routers & Switches − They are the combination of software and hardware who
take your request and pass to appropriate Web server.

The Web is known as a client-server system. Your computer is the client and the
remote computers that store electronic iles are the servers.
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 In Detail :
How the Web Works
• When you enter something like Google.com the request goes to one of many special computers on the Internet
known as Domain Name Servers (DNS). All these requests are routed through various routers and switches. The
domain name servers keep tables of machine names and their IP addresses, so when you type in Google.com it
gets translated into a number, which identi ies the computers that serve the Google Website to you.
• When you want to view any page on the Web, you must initiate the activity by requesting a page using your
browser. The browser asks a domain name server to translate the domain name you requested into an IP address.
The browser then sends a request to that server for the page you want, using a standard called Hypertext
Transfer Protocol or HTTP.
• The server should constantly be connected to the Internet, ready to serve pages to visitors. When it receives a
request, it looks for the requested document and returns it to the Web browser. When a request is made, the
server usually logs the client's IP address, the document requested, and the date and time it was requested. This
information varies server to server.
• An average Web page actually requires the Web browser to request more than one ile from the Web server and
not just the HTML / XHTML page, but also any images, style sheets, and other resources used in the web page.
Each of these iles including the main page needs a URL to identify each item. Then each item is sent by the Web
server to the Web browser and Web browser collects all this information and displays them in the form of Web
page.
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 In Summary
How the Web Works
• A user enters a URL into a browser (for example, Google.com. This request is
passed to a domain name server.
• The domain name server returns an IP address for the server that hosts the Website
(for example, 68.178.157.132).
• The browser requests the page from the Web server using the IP address speci ied
by the domain name server.
• The Web server returns the page to the IP address speci ied by the browser
requesting the page. The page may also contain links to other iles on the same
server, such as images, which the browser will also request.
• The browser collects all the information and displays to your computer in the form
of Web page.

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 Advantages Of Web Sites
What could you gain by having a site?

• Again let the students tell, they know a lot 🥳.

 Business is Open 24x7

• This means that once you put your business onsite, then your business is
open 7 days a week and 365 days a year. Even if you are in different
locations of the world then you will be able to serve your customers on
24x7 hours basis

Increased Customer Base

• Because anyone in the world can see your website so you will gain
customers from other states and countries while you are putting in the
same amount of effort and money.
 Tremendous Cost Saving
• This is one of the biggest advantages of having a business online. You do not need to
keep a big man power and lot of resources to maintain a business on site. There are
many other cost saving opportunities while keeping business online. Think of how many
cards you mail out to let customers know about your sale. All of that can be eliminated
by putting the sale information on your website and inviting your customers to visit it.

Advertising Opportunities
• Apart from saving your advertising cost, you have additional opportunities to run
advertisements from other companies and start making money. If you ever
advertised in a local newspaper, you know the costs. You are being charged per line,
per inch, and per color. On the Web, there is no limit to how much you can put. So
whenever there is a new product or service, then you can advertise it in a better way.
 Creates a Brand Image
• Internet is a great medium through which you can create any image of yourself
which you want. It is all in your hands. For example, you can design a professional
website, add helpful content, and your company will immediately take a step up
in the image it represents. No matter how small your business is, with the right
tools and a great desire you can make it look like a corporation on the Web.

Customer Satisfaction
• If you have a really good site online, then you can give your customers a lot
of satisfaction in terms of customer care. You can keep online help, FAQ,
and other important information which is useful for your customers. You can
create online forums for open discussion and you can conduct customer
survey to take customer feedback etc.
 Showcase Your Work
• Whether you are a real estate agent, construction business owner or a
beauty salon specialist − you can put your work on display when you have
a website. Anytime a potential client wants to see your past work and
projects, simply refer him or her to your site. No need to scan and mail
pictures, or bring your client to a inished building project.

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 Disadvantages
Is having a web site bad?

• Tell some of the disadvantages 🙏.

 Addressing Of Web Documents
What is a Web Address?

• The web address contains information about the location of the webpage.
• It is also known as the URL (uniform resource locator).
• Like the address for your home, a web address organizes information
about a webpage's location in a predictable way.
 Let’s break it down!
www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/12pdf/11-697_d1o2.pdf

• Network:
This is a set of connected webpages. The address for the network is
typically the same as the homepage of a website. Under that website will
be a variety of webpages. The last part of the network address is the top
level domain name.
From the example, www.supremecourt.gov is the network section of the
URL, and the top level domain is .gov.
 Top Level Domain:
This indicates the type of network, and can give you clues about the purpose/owners of
a website. Websites based outside of the United States will often include a country code
as part of the domain (e.g. .uk, .ca, .ng, etc.)
Common domain names:
• .com (business)
• .org (organization)
• .edu (education)
• .gov (government)

Note: there are few restrictions about what domain name a website must use. A
business can choose either .com or .org. Only a government site can use .gov, but you
may ind some government sites under other domains (e.g. some public schools
use .org).
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 Folders & subfolders:

Just like on your personal computer, a website may have a variety of

folders and subfolders to organize all of the content on the website.
• The example above has a folder called opinions that contains a subfolder
of PDF documents from 2012 called 12pdf.
 File name:
• The last part of a web address gives the name of the individual ile that
displays when you go to that address. Web address often end with the ile
name .htm or .html, which indicates that you are looking at a regular
webpage.

The example address above has the ile name 11-697_d1o2.pdf. Because
the ile name ends with .pdf, it will display a PDF document.
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 HTML
Introduction:

• HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language, which is the most widely
used language on Web to develop web pages. HTML was created by
Berners-Lee in late 1991 but "HTML 2.0" was the irst standard HTML
speci ication which was published in 1995. HTML 4.01 was a major version
of HTML and it was published in late 1999. Though HTML 4.01 version is
widely used but currently we are having HTML-5 version which is an
extension to HTML 4.01, and this version was published in 2012.
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 Why Learn it?

• Originally, HTML was developed with the intent of de ining the structure
of documents like headings, paragraphs, lists, and so forth to facilitate the
sharing of scienti ic information between researchers. Now, HTML is being
widely used to format web pages with the help of different tags available
in HTML language.
• HTML is a MUST for students and working professionals to become a
great Software Engineer specially when they are working in Web
Development Domain. I will list down some of the key advantages of

learning HTML: 👇
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• Create Web site - You can create a website or customize an existing web
template if you know HTML well.
• Become a web designer - If you want to start a carrer as a professional
web designer, HTML and CSS designing is a must skill.
• Understand web - If you want to optimize your website, to boost its
speed and performance, it is good to know HTML to yield best results.
• Learn other languages - Once you understands the basic of HTML then
other related technologies like javascript, php, or angular are become
easier to understand.
 Applications of HTML
As mentioned before, HTML is one of the most widely used language over the web. I'm going to
list few of them here:

• Web pages development - HTML is used to create pages which are rendered over the web.
Almost every page of web is having html tags in it to render its details in browser.
• Internet Navigation - HTML provides tags which are used to navigate from one page to another
and is heavily used in internet navigation.
• Responsive UI - HTML pages now-a-days works well on all platform, mobile, tabs, desktop or
laptops owing to responsive design strategy.
• Of line support HTML pages once loaded can be made available of line on the machine without
any need of internet.
• Game development- HTML5 has native support for rich experience and is now useful in gaming
development arena as well.
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 Hello World using HTML.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>This is document title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>Hello World!</p>
</body>
</html>
 HTML Tags
We’ll cover most ones and you’ll have to do your research on the others…
Let’s END
Here
 HTML tag Attribute

• https://www.w3schools.com/tags/ref_attributes.asp
•
 Meeting Link
http://meet.google.com/bpk-yroh-jfz
 Objectives
• Introduction to CSS
• Ways to Link CSS to our web pages
• Characteristics of CSS
• Advantages of CSS
• Disadvantages of CSS
• CSS Syntax
• Best way to include a css page.
• Examples demonstrating the various ways.
• Identifying html elements in our pages.
• Other examples to familiarize ourselves with the css rules.
• CSS Properties https://www.w3schools.com/csSref/css3_pr_all.asp
 CSS
Introduction to CSS

• CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheet, it is a style sheet language used to
shape the HTML elements that will be displayed in the browsers as a web-
page. Without using CSS, the website which has been created by using
HTML, will look dull. Basically CSS gives the outer cover on any HTML
elements. If you consider HTML as a skeleton of the web-page then the
CSS will be the skin of the skeleton. The Internet media type (MIME type)
of CSS is text/CSS. The CSS was developed by the World Wide Web
Consortium (W3C) in the year of 1996. The CSS can be applied to HTML
documents in different ways.
 Characteristics of CSS
• Maintenance: It is easy to maintain, changing in a single place will affect
globally in your web site. No need to change every speci ic place.
• Time-saving: You can easily use any single CSS script at multiple places.
• Support: CSS is supported by all the browsers and search engines.
• Cache storing: CSS can store web applications locally with the help of
of line cache so you can see the web site when you are of line.
• Native front-end: CSS contains a huge list of attributes and function that
is helpful to design the HTML page.
• Selectors: In CSS, there are lots of selectors (ID selectors, Class
Selectors, etc.) that will be helpful to perform speci ic tasks.
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 Advantages of CSS

• CSS is compatible with all the devices.

• With the help of CSS, website maintenance is easy and faster.
• CSS support consistent and spontaneous changes.
• CSS make the website faster and enhances search engine capabilities to
crawl the web pages.
• It holds a special feature that is the ability to re-position.
 Disadvantages of CSS

• In CSS, there is a cross browsers issue if you design anything and check
on chrome it looks perfect but that does not mean it will look the same in
the other browsers. Then you have to add the script for that browser also.
• There is a lack of security in CSS.
• CSS is vulnerable, it is exposed to possibly being attacked.
• CSS has a fragmentation issue.
 What is the best way to include CSS ile? Why use @import?

• External style sheet (Using HTML <link> Tag): External CSS contains separate CSS
ile which contains only style property with the help of tag attributes (For example
class, id, heading, … etc). CSS property written in a separate ile with .css extension
and should be linked to the HTML document using link tag. This means that for
each element, style can be set only once and that will be applied across web
pages. The link tag is used to link the external style sheet with the html webpage.
• External style sheet (Using the @import At-Rule): At-rule method must be
included either within <style> tag or else inside the style sheet.

<style>
@import url(style.css);
</style>
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• Internal style sheet (Using the <style> Element): This can be used when
a single HTML document must be styled uniquely. The CSS rule set should
be within the HTML ile in the head section i.e the CSS is embedded
within the HTML ile.

<style>
element {
// CSS property
}
</style>
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• Inline Style: Inline CSS contains the CSS property in the body section
attached with element that you want to style. This kind of style is speci ied
within an HTML tag using style attribute. It is used to apply a unique style
for a single element.

<h1 style=“color:red;”>Hello Billet!</h1>

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 • Best Approach: The External Style Sheet (using HTML <link> Tag) is the
best method which is used to link the element. Maintaining and re-using
the CSS ile across different pages is easy and ef icient. The <link> tag is
placed in the HTML <head> element. To specify a media type=”text/css”
for a Cascading Style Sheet <type> attribute which is used to ignore style
sheet types that are not supported in a browser.
Example 1: The le given below contains CSS property. This le save with .css extension. For Ex: geeks.css
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 Identifying Elements in a web page
• Use the default html tag eg p, a, h1…6 etc
• Using Classes eg <p class = ”myParagraph”> Hello world </p>
• Using IDs. eg <p id = ”myId”> Hello world </p>
CSS PROPERTIES