SEMINAR REPORT

ON

MICROPOWER SYSTEMS

Submitted by: SOURAV KANJILAL 7th Semester Electrical Engineering 0301101192 UCE, Burla

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, BURLA Dist: SAMBALPUR, ORISSA-768018

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that SOURAV KANJILAL bearing Roll No. 0301101192, a student of 7th semester Electrical Engineering Branch, University College of Engineering, Burla has delivered his seminar talk on MICROPOWER SYSTEMS ON 18TH AUGUST 2006.

Prof. B.B. Pati Head of Department Department Of Electrical Engineering University College Of Engineering, Burla

Prof. B.B. Pati Teacher in Charge

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
In presenting my seminar on MICROPOWER SYSTEMS I am greatly indebted to Prof. Dr. B.B. Pati for providing an insight into the topic, building my concepts and providing some of the precious inputs and guidance for my paper. I am grateful to faculty members of my branch for bringing out the inquisitiveness within me to deliver a seminar about this topic, sorting out my loopholes and for their kind cooperation and advices. I am also very grateful to the laboratory teachers for helping me in developing a practical viewpoint to my topic. Finally, I would like to thank my peers for sufficing me with some hard found materials. Moreover, my interaction with them helped me to have a much clearer understanding of the topic.

SOURAV KANJILAL 7th Semester Electrical Engineering 0301101192 UCE, Burla

CONTENTS:

1. Introduction 2. What is MicroPower System?? 3. Why MicroPower?? 4. Energy Scavenging Areas 5. Energy Reservoir Systems 6. Conclusion 7. References

INTRODUCTION
The present scenario of power generation all over the world though not dismal, but is in an alarming stage. Even the countries those boasts of huge resources of fossil fuels like coal, oil, etc. have begun twitching their eyebrows. There is a most probability of huge increase in demand of power in the next few decades, most of which will be from developing countries where most areas are still not accessible to electricity. In such a case, we dont even realize the huge amount of energy we are wasting or the energy which though small, but can be harvested to an extent to powering a household or a small office. Though small or even distributed, there are some ways to scavenge the wasted energy and utilize them for beneficial purposes. These systems are MicroPower Systems. These systems are under extensive research and utilization in the Western countries and are extending towards the Orientals and soon the entire world will be under the spell of these extremely small techniques called MicroPower Systems.

WHAT IS MICROPOWER SYSTEM??

Generation of small amounts of electricity from basically abstract sources close to where it is used is termed as MicroPower. This eliminates the need for both excess production by the traditional generating stations powered by coal, oil or nuclear power, and transmission grids to deliver that power.

DRIVING FORCES FOR MPS

With passing time, man has developed a lot and so his power demands have become ever increasing. The worldwide demand for energy is expected to grow by 50 % over the next 20 years. A lot of this increased demand will come from developing countries where two billion people do not have access to electricity. Micro power can help meet this demand

WHY MICROPOWER??
1. We get renewable, on-site energy and thus reduces green house gas emissions as compared to its bigger cousins like thermal or nuclear plants. 2. The MicroPower advocates dont plan to replace the traditional electrical grid. In fact, this acts one of the greatest advantages: the ability to feed unused electricity from micro generators back into the main grid, supplementing the supply of energy from traditional sources. 3. "Interconnection" represents micro power's greatest promise and thus provide reliable service in remote communities as well (i.e. which are far away from the normal supply lines). 4. The most exciting concept of MPS is waste energy scavenging concept i.e. deriving the energy from energy which is wasted away.

ENERGY SCAVENGING AREAS

1. Solar/Ambient Light 2. Temperature Gradients 3. Human Power 4. Air Flow 5. Pressure Gradients 6. Vibrations

The various energy-scavenging schemes depend upon the existing physical and environmental conditions.

SOLAR and AMBIENT LIGHT

Sources:
Noon on a sunny day: 100 mW/cm2 Office Lights: 7.2 mW/cm2 Collectors: SC Silicon 15% - 30% efficient Poly-Silicon 10% - 15% efficient Photoelectric Dyes 5% to 10% efficient

Solar Powered Pico Radio Node (size comparable to a coin)

Solar energy can be harnessed by Solar Photo Voltaic Cells (made of Si) i.e. the direct conversion of solar to electrical energy. Light Energy Excites the Si electrons out of their atoms, which are then captured by the wires embedded in the system Flow of electrons Current A group of PV Cells= PV module, The capacity of which varies from small to a limit of 300W. A Group of PV modules = PV arrays
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which can be mounted on rooftops for generation. There are currently about 300,000 PV installations connected to the electrical grid Worldwide.

TEMPERATURE GRADIENTS

Exploit gradients due to waste heat / ambient temp Maximum power = Carnot efficiency 10C differential = (308K 298K) /308 = 3.2% Through silicon this can be up to 110 mW/cm2

Methods Thermoelectric (Seebeck effect) ~ 40W/cm2 @ 10C Piezo thermo engine ~ 1 mW/mm2 (theoretical)
PiezoThermo Engine

Seebeck Effect is the phenomenon by which the temperature difference across the ends of any thermo-electric material is transformed into electricity

The temperature difference created due change in orientation of electrons in a piezoelectric material leads to small amount of electricity which can be harnessed.

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HUMAN POWER

Burning 10.5 MJ a day Average power dissipation of 121 W Areas of Exploitation Foot Using energy absorbed by shoe when stepping 330 W/cm2 obtained through MIT study Skin Temperature gradients, up to 15C Blood Panasonic, Japan demonstrated electrochemically converting glucose

The above figure depicts a flexible wireless sensor module attached to this bracelet and powered by the thermoelectric generator . Thermal energy scavengers use Seebeck effect to transform the temperature difference between the environment and the human body into electricity. At the heart of this Thermoelectric generator, there are about
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3000 Bismuth Telluride blocks. The capacity of the Thermoelectric generator is about 150W However, this can be complicated by low temperature difference between the body and the thermoelectric blocks.

AIR FLOW
Power output/ efficiencies of the turbines vary with velocity and motors Applications dont need continuous and huge force of strong wind. It can be implemented where average air flow is of the order of 5 m/s For a motor of around 100% efficiency ~1 mW can be generated MEMS turbines may be used to compose Micro turbines, which are used to Harness even slightest amount of breeze into electricity. MEMS Micro Electro Mechanical System, i.e. small transducers integrated Si chips to transform into Electrical energy. The Micro turbines are connected to a Stop Switch (regulate the inflow of current) These are in turn connected to a Charge Controller, which connect a Battery-Bank and a sine-wave inverter to convert to convert into AC. The output of this is either connected for household applications or tied to the grid.
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PRESSURE GRADIENTS
Using ambient pressure variations On a given day, for a change of .2 inches Hg, density on the order of nW/cm3 Manipulating the temperature conditions: Using 1 cm3 of helium, assuming 10C and ideal gas behavior, we can harness ~ W/cm3

No active research on pressure gradient manipulation is currently in progress as the amount of power produced is quite less and thus is not economical to be harnessed.

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VIBRATIONS
The basic concept used to harness the effect of vibrations is application of Piezo Electricity. This is based on the concept of change in the electrical-domains of a piezoelectric substance due to application of pressure. It is direction sensitive and thus the electricity produced is alternating in nature.

Sources: Motors / Engines Existing Designs: Roundy design, with the capability of ~ 800W/cm3 at 5m/s2. Future Plans:
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# #

MEMS Piezo MEMS Capacitance

Both the structures are dependant on Si based transducers.

ENERGY RESERVOIRS
1. Batteries 2. Fuel Cells 3. Capacitors 4. Heat Engines 5. Radioactive Sources

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BATTERIES
They are closed systems (except Zinc air) in which the area of the electrodes determines the power and the volume of electrodes of the electrodes determines the capacity of the battery.

They can be classified into 2 categories: (I) Macro Batteries Micro Batteries
Macro Batteries include Zinc air (3500 J/cm3), Alkaline (1800 J/cm3) and Lithium (1000 - 2880 J/cm3) They are comparatively bigger in size and are generally used for medium or high power portable devices. Micro Batteries, which are in the pipeline include: Lithium (i) Thin film Li (1-D micro scale, 2-D macro scale) (ii) 3-D Lithium Ion (in initial stages)

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Ni/ NaOH /Zn (low potentials) For a 3-D Lithium Ion cell, Anode : Pyrolyzed Carbon (graphite) Cathode : Aero gel (Sol-Gel processed) V2O5. Electrolyte : Spin On PEO
3-D Lithium Ion Cell

MEMS FUEL CELL

Fuel cell basics include the production of H2 by hydrolysis of H2O and then combination with O2 to produce electricity and only water vapour as by-products.

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The presently existing techniques are:

Current Generation Toshiba 1 cm3 hydrogen reactor Produces 1watt Next Generation Planar Arrays 2 Fraunhofer = 100 mW/cm

Stanford = greater than 40 mW/cm2

(more room for improvement) (more scope for improvement) The fuel cells are stackable and thus can be utilized for even more capacities.

CAPACITORS
They are useful for on-chip power conversions. They can also be used for secondary storage for frequent but non-periodic energy sources Energy density is actually too low to be real general secondary storage component. Due some of these lacunas, Ultra-Capacitors are also used as storage devices

They have different surface area w.r.t capacitors and have highly porous electrodes

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They have acceptable potential for secondary storage but we do face issues like : Size Leakage Distribution of Pores The Energy Density is of the order of 75kJ/cm3. Continuous R&D is in progress to shrink the size of these Ultra-Capacitors.

MICRO HEAT ENGINES

MEMS scale parts for meso small-scale engine 1 cm3 volume 13.9 W They possess poor transient properties Micro size heat engine ICEs, thermoelectrics, thermoionics, thermo photo voltaics via controlled combustion Meant for micro scale applications with high
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power needs

RADIOACTIVES APPROACHES!!

They demonstrate high theoretical energy density The Power density of such elements is inversely proportional to the half life of the radioactive material.
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The demonstrated power is in the order of nanowatts only (reactor-less)

They are generally avoided because of the increasing environmental concerns regarding the disposal of the radioactive wastes.

CONCLUSION
With the increasing crisis for electrical energy and alarmingly depleting level of fossil fuels, there is a need to create a new way to obtain energy at least enough for utilization in a small household or office by distributed generation. For this purpose continuous R&D is on for high quality and competitive power. Even research is on for EMPS (Emergency Micro Power Systems) i.e. supply of power during emergency conditions like load shedding. These facilities are already in use in various hospitals, banks, restaurants, etc. The ongoing work and active research is steaming ahead and will continue until we have squeezed in every wasted kilowatt-hour or leaking calorie of heat out of our homes and businesses And succeed in making

MICROPOWER: THE NEXT ELECTRICAL ERA

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REFERENCES
1. 2. 3. 4. terrain.org powerconnect.com micropower-connect.org the-infoshop.com

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