Python Programming 1–1 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

1 Introduction and
Basics

CONTENTS
Pa rt -1 : Intro duction : The ....................................... 1–2T to 1–6T
Pr og ramming Cyc le for
Py thon, Py thon IDE,
Interacting with Pytho n Programs

Pa rt -2 : Ele ments o f Python, ................................. 1–6T to 1–12T

Ty pe C onv er sio n

Pa rt -3 : Basics : Expre ssions, .............................. 1–12T to 1– 13T

Assig nment State ment

Pa rt -4 : Arithmetic O pe rator s ............................. 1–13T to 1–18T

Pa rt -5 : Oper ato r P rece de nce, ............................ 1–18T to 1– 28T

Boo le an Exp ression
Introduction and Basics 1–2 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

Introduction : The Programming Cycle for Python, Python IDE,

Interacting with Python Programs.

Questions-Answers

Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions

Que 1.1. Explain the programming cycle for Python.

Answer

1. Pyt hon’s pr ogramming cycle is dr amatically sho rter than that of

traditional programming cycle.

2. In Python, there are no compile or link steps.

3. Python programs simply import modules at runtime and use the objects
they contain. Because of this, Python programs run immediately after
changes are made.

4. In cases where dynamic module reloading can be used, it is even possible

to change and reload parts of a running program without stopping it at
all.

5. Fig. 1.1.1 shows Python’s impact on the programming cycle.

Start the ap plication

Start the ap plication

Test behavior

Test behavior

Stop the application

Edit program code

Edit program code

(b) Python’s programming cycle
(a) Python’s programming cycle with module reloading

Fig. 1.1.1.

6. Since Python is interpreted, there is a rapid turnaround after program

changes. And because Python’s parser is embedded in Python-based
systems, it is easy to modify programs at runtime.

Que 1.2. What is IDE ? Discuss s ome Python IDE.

Python Programming 1–3 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

Answer

1. IDE is a software package that consists of several tools for developing

and testing the software.

2. An IDE helps the developer by automating the process.

3. IDEs integrate many tools that are designed for SDLC.

4. IDEs were introduced to diminish the coding and typing errors.

5. Some of the Python IDEs are :

a. PyCharm : PyCharm assists the developers to be more productive

and provides smart suggestions. It saves time by taking care of
routine tasks, hence increases productivity.

Features of PyCharm :

i. It has smart code navigation, good code editor, a function for

quick refactoring.

ii. The integrated activities with PyCharm are profiling, testing,

debugging, remote development, and deployments.

iii. PyCharm supports Python web development frameworks,

Angular JS, JavaScript, CSS, HTML and live editing functions.

b. Spyder : Spyder is widely used for data science works. It is mostly

used to create a secure and scientific environment for Python.
Spyder Python uses PyQt (Python plug-in) which a developer can
add as an extension.

Features of Spyder :

i. It has good syntax highlighting and auto code completion

features.

ii. Spyder Python explores and edits variables directly from GUI.

iii. It performs very well in multi-language editor.

c. PyDev : It is an external plug-in for Eclipse and is very popular as

Python interpreter.

Features of PyDev :
i. PyDev has strong parameters like refactoring, debugging, type
hinting, code analysis, and code coverage function.

ii. PyDev supports tokens browser, PyLint integration, interactive

console, remote debugger, Unittest integration, etc.

d. IDLE : IDLE is a basic IDE mainly used by beginner level developer.

i. IDLE Python is a cross-platform IDE, hence it increases the

flexibility for users.

ii. It is developed only in Python in collaboration with Tkinter

GUI toolkit.
Introduction and Basics 1–4 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

iii. The feature of multi-window text editor in IDLE has some

great functions like smart indentation, call t ips, Pyt hon
colorizing, and undo option.

iv. It also comes with a strong debugger along with continuous

breakpoints, local spaces, and global view.

v. It supports browsers, editable configurations, and dialog boxes.

e. Visual studio : It enables development for various platforms and

has its own marketplace for extensions.

Features of visual studio :

i. It supports Python coding in visual studio, debugging, and other

activities.

ii. It has both paid and free versions in the market with great
features.

Que 1.3. Discuss interaction with Python program with example.

Answer

1. The Python program that we have installed will by default act as an

interpreter.
2. An interpreter takes text commands and runs them as we enter text.

3. After Python opens, it will show some contextual information like this :
Python 3.5.0 (default, dec 20 2019, 11 : 28 : 25)
[GCC 5.2.0] on Linux
Type “help”, “copyright”, “credits” or “license” for more information

>> >
4. The prompt >>> defines that we are now in an interactive Python
interpreter session, also called the Python shell.
5. Now enter some code for Python to run such as print(“Hello World!”)
and press the Enter key.
6. The interpreter’s response should appear on the next line like this :

>>> print (“Hello World!”)

Hello World!
7. After showing the results, Python will bring you back to the interactive
prompt, where we could enter another command or code.
8. Python program communicates its result to user using print statement.

Que 1.4. What is Python ? How Python is interpreted ? What are

the tools that help to find bugs or perform static analysis ? What

are Python decorators ? AKTU 2019-20, Marks 10

Python Programming 1–5 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

Answer

Python : Python is a high-level, interpreted, interactive and object-oriented

sc ri pt ing l an guage . It is a hi ghly r ead able la ng uag e. Unl ike o t her
progr amming languages, Python provides an interactive mode similar to
that of a c alculator.
Interpretation of Python :
1. An interpreter is a kind of program that executes other programs.
2. When we write Python programs, it converts source code writt en by
the develope r into intermediate language which is again translated
into the machine language that is exec uted.
3. The python c ode we wr ite is compiled into python bytecode, which
creates file with exte nsion .pyc .
4. The bytecode compilation happened internally and almost complet ely
hidden from developer.
5. Compilation is simply a translation step, and byte code is a lower-level,
and platform-independent, representation of source code.
6. Each of the source statements is translated into a gr oup of byteco de
instructions. This bytecode translation is performed to speed execution.
Byt ecode can be run much quicker t han the o rig inal source code
statements.
7. The .pyc file, created in compilation step, is then executed by appropriate
virtual machines.
8. The Virtual Machine iterates through byte code instructions, o ne by
one, to carry out their operations.
9. The Virtual Machine is the runtime engine of Python and it is always
present as part of the Python system, and is the component that actually
runs the Python sc ripts.
10. It is the last step of Python interprete r.
Following tools are the static analysis tools that help to find bugs
in python :
1. Pychecker : Pychecker is an open source tool for static analysis that
detects the bugs fro m source code and warns about the style and
complexity of the bug.
2. Pylint :
a. Pylint is highly configurable and it acts like special programs to
contr ol warnings and e rro rs, it is an extensive configuration file
b. It is an open source tool for static code analysis and it looks f or
progr amming errors and is used for coding standard.
c. It also integrates with Pyt hon IDEs such as Pycharm, Spyder,
Eclipse, and Jupyter.
Python decorators :
1. Decorators are very powerful and useful to ol in Python since it allows
progr ammers to modify the behavior of function or class.
Introduction and Basics 1–6 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

2. Decorators allo w us to wrap another function in orde r to extend the

behavior of wrapped function, without permanently modifying it.
3. In decorators, functions are taken as the argument into another function
and then calle d inside the wrapper function.
4. Syntax :
@gfg_decorator
def hello_decorator():
print(“Gfg”)
5. gfg_deco rator is a callable funct ion, will add some code on the top of
some another callable function, hello_decorator function and return
the wrapper function.

Elements of Python, Type Conversion.

Questions-Answers

Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions

Que 1.5. What do you mean by comments in Python ?

Answer

Comments :
1. Python allows us to add comments in the code.
2. Comments are used by the programmer to explain the piece of code to
be understood by o ther programme r in a simple language . Every
programming language makes use of some character for commenting.
3. Python uses the hash character (#) for comments. Putting # before a
text ensures that the text will not be parsed by the interpreter.
4. Co mmen ts do not af fe ct the pr ogramming part and t he Python
interpreter does not display any error message for comments.
For example : Commenting using hash mark (#)
>>> 8 + 9 # addition
17 # Output
>> >
In this example, ‘addition’ is written with a hash mark. Hence the
interpreter understands it as a comment and does not display any more
messages.

Que 1.6. Explain identifiers and keywords with example.

Answer

1. A Python identifier is the name given to a variable, function, class,

module or other object.
Python Programming 1–7 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

2. An identifier can begin with an alphabet (A – Z or a – z), or an underscore

(_) and can include any number of letters, digits, or underscores and
spaces are not allowed.

3. Python will not accept @, $ and % as identifiers.

4. Python is a case-sensitive language. Thus, Hello and hello both are

different identifiers. In python, a class name will always start with a
capital letter.

Table 1.6.1. Examples of Identifiers

Valid Invalid

MyName My Name (Space is not allowed)

My_Name 3dfig (cannot start with a digit)

Your_Name Y o u r# Na me ( On l y a lp h abe t i c c h ar a c t e r ,
Underscore (_) and numeric are allowed)

Reserved keywords : Python has a list of reserved words known as keywords.

Every keyword has a specific purpose and use.

Some of the reserved keywords in Python :

and del from None True

as elif global nonlocal try
assert else if not while
break except import or with
class false in pass yield
continue finally is raise
def for lambda return

Que 1.7. Define variable. Also discuss variable initialization.

Answer

Variables :

1. A variable holds a value that may change.

2. The process of writing the variable name is called declaring the variable.

3. In Python, variables do not need to be declared explicitly in order to

reserve memory spaces as in other pr ogramming languages like C,
Java, etc.

4. Wh en we i nit iali ze the var iable in Pyth on, Pyt ho n In te rpr et er

automatically does the declaration process.

Initializing a variable :

1. The general format of assignment stateme nt is as follows :

Variable = Expression
Introduction and Basics 1–8 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

2. The equal sign (=) is known as assignment operator.

3. An expression is any value, text or arithmetic expression where as

variable is the name of variable.

4. The value of the expr ession will be stored in the variable.

Example of initializing a variable :
>>>year=2016
>>> name=‘Albert’
The two given statements reserve two memory spaces with variable names
year and name. 2016 and Albert, are stored in these memor y spaces.

Que 1.8. What do you mean by data types ? Explain numeric and

string data type with example.

Answer

Data types :

i. The data stored in the memory can be of many types. For example, a
person’s name is stored as an alphabetic value and his address is stored
as an alphanumeric value.

ii. Python has six basic data types which are as follows :

1. Numeric

2. String

3. List

4. Tuple

5. Dictionary

6. Boolean

Numeric :

1. Numeric data can be broadly divided into integers and real numbers
(i.e., fractional numbers). Integers can be positive or negative.

2. The r eal numbers or fr actional number s are called, floating point

numbers in programming language s. Such floating point numbers
contain a decimal and a fractional part.

For example :

>>> num1 = 2 # integer number

>>>num2 = 2.5 # real number (float)

>>>num1

2 # Output

>>>num2

2.5 # Output

>> >
Python Programming 1–9 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

String :
1. Single quotes or double quotes are used to represent strings.

2. A string in Python can be a series or a sequence of alphabets, numerals

and special characters.

For example :

>>> sample_string = “Hello” # store string value

>>> sample_string # display string value

‘Hello’ # Output

Que 1.9. Discuss list and tuple data types in detail.

Answer

List :

1. A list can contain the same type of items.

2. Alternatively, a list can also contain different types of items.

3. A list is an orde red and indexable sequence.

4. To declare a list in Python, we need to separate the items using commas

and enclose them within square brackets ([ ]).

5. Operations such as concatenation, repetition and sub-list are done on

list using plus (+), asterisk (*) and slicing (:) oper ator.

For example :

>>>first = [1, “two”, 3.0, “four” ] # 1st list

>>>second = [“five”, 6] # 2nd list

>>>fir st # display 1st list

[1, ‘two’, 3.0, ‘four’] # Output

Tuple :

1. A tuple is also used to sto re sequence of items.

2. Like a list, a tuple consists of items separate d by commas.

3. Tuples are e nclosed within parentheses r ather than within square

brackets.
For example :
>>>third = (7, “eight”, 9, 10.0)
>>>third
(7, ‘eight’, 9, 10.0) # Output

Que 1.10. Explain dictionary and Boolean data type.

Answer

Dictionary :

1. A Python dictionary is an unordered collection of key-value pairs.

Introduction and Basics 1–10 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

2. When we have the large amount o f data, the dictionary data type is
used.

3. Keys and values can be of any type in a dictionary.

4. Items in dictionary are enclosed in the curly-braces {} and separated by

the comma (,).

5. A colon (:) is used t o separate key from value. A key inside the square
bracket [ ] is used for accessing the dictionary items.

For example :

>>> dict1 = {1:“first line”, “second” : 2} # declare dictionary

>>> dict1[3] = “third line” # add new item

>>> dict1 # display dictionary

{1 : ‘first line’, ‘second’ : 2, 3: ‘third line’} # Output

Boolean :

1. In a programming language, mostly data is stored in the form of

alphanumeric but some times we need to store the data in the form of
‘Yes’ or ‘No’.

2. In terms of programming language, Y es is similar to True and No is

similar to False.

3. This True and False data is known as Boolean data and the data types
which store s this Boolean data are known as Boolean data types.

For example :

>>> a = True

>>> type ( a)

<type ‘bool’>

Que 1.11. What do you mean by type conversion ?

Answer

1. The process of converting one data type into another data ty pe is

known as type conver sion.

2. There are mainly two type s of type co nversion methods in Python :

a. Implicit type conversion :

i. When the data type conversion takes place during compilation

or during t he run time, then it called an implicit data type
conversion.

ii. Python handles the implicit data type conversion, so we do

not have to explicitly convert the data type into another data
type.
Python Programming 1–11 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

For example :
a=5

b = 5.5

sum = a + b

print (sum)

print (type (sum)) # type() is used to display the datatype of a

variable

Output :

10.5

<class ‘float’>

iii. In t he given example, we have taken two variables of integer

and float data types and added them.

iv. Further, we have declared another variable named ‘sum’ and

stored the result of the addition in it.

v. When we checked the data type of the sum variable, we can

se e t hat t he d at a t y pe o f t he s um v ar iabl e ha s be e n
automatically converted into the float data type by the Python
compiler. This is called implicit type conversion.

b. Explicit type conversion:

i Explic it type conver sion is also known as type casting.

ii. Explicit type c onversion takes place when the programmer

clearly and explicitly de fines the variables in the program.

For example :

# adding string and integer data types using explicit type

conversion

a = 100

b = “ 200”

result1 = a + b

b = int(b)

result2 = a + b

print (result2)

Output :

Traceback (most rec ent call last):

File “”, line 1, in

TypeError : unsuppor ted operand type (s) for +: ‘int’ and ‘str’

300

iii. In the given example, the variable a is of the number data

type and variable b is of the string data type.
Introduction and Basics 1–12 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

iv. When we try t o add these two integers and store the value in
a variable named result1, a TypeError occurs. So, in order to
perform this operatio n, we have to use explicit type casting.

v. We have converted the variable b into integer type and then

added variable a and b. The sum is stored in the variable
named result2, and when printed it displays 300 as output.

Basics : Expressions, Assignment Statement.

Questions-Answers

Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions

Que 1.12. What is expression ?

Answer

1. An expre ssion is a combination of symbols that evaluates to a value.

2. An e xpr essio n is a c omb inati on of varia ble s, ope rato r s, va lu es

sub-expr essions and a reserve keywor d.

3. Whenever we type an expression in the command line, the interpreter

evaluates it and produces the result.

4. Expressions that evaluate to a numeric type are calle d arithmetic

expressions.

5. A sub-expressio n is any expression that is part of a larger expression.

Sub-expressions are denoted by the use of pare ntheses.

For example : 4 + (3 * k)

An expression can also consist of a single literal or variable. Thus, 4, 3,

and k are each expression.

This expression has two sub-expressions, 4 and (3 * k). Sub-expression

(3 * k) itself has two sub-expressions, 3 and k.

Que 1.13. What do you mean by assignment statement?

Answer

1. Assignment statements are used to create new variables, assign values,

and change values.

2. Syntax of assignment statement :

# LHS <=> RHS

Variable = Expression
Python Programming 1–13 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

3. There are three types of assignment statements :

i. Value-based expression on RHS

ii. Current variable on RHS

iii. Operation on RHS

Que 1.14. Discuss types of assignment statements with examples.

Answer

Types of assignment statement :

1. Value-based expression on RHS : In this type, Python allocates a

new memory locatio n to the newly assigned variable.
For example :
test1 = “Hello”
id(test1)
Output :
2524751071304

2. Current variable on RHS : In this type, Python does not allocate a

new memory location.

For example :
curre nt_var = “It’s Quantum Serie s”
print(id(current_var))
new_var = current_var
print(id(new_var))
Output :
24751106240
2524751106240

3. Operation on RHS : In this type, we have an operation on the RHS of

the statement, which is the defining factor of the type of our statement.

For example :
test1 = 7 * 2 / 10
type(test1)
Output :
float

Arithmetic Operators.

Questions-Answers

Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions

Introduction and Basics 1–14 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

Que 1.15. Define the term operator.

Answer

1. An oper ator is a symbol that represents an operation that may be

performed on one or more operands.
2. Operators are constructs used to modify the values of operands.
3. Operators that take one operand are called unary operators.
4. Operators that take two operands are called binary operators.
5. Based on functionality operators are categories into following seven
types :
i. Arithmetic operators.
ii. Assignment operators.
iii. Bitwise operators.

iv. Comparison operators.

v. Identity operators.
vi. Logical operators.
vii. Membership operators.

Que 1.16. Dis cuss arithmetic an d compariso n operator with

example.

Answer

Arithmetic operators : These operators are used to perform arithmetic

operation such as addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.

Table 1.16.1. List of arithmetic operators.

Operator Description Example

+ Addition operator to add two operands. 10 + 20 = 30

– Subtraction operator to subtract two operands. 10 – 20 = –10

× Multiplication operator to multiply two operands. 10 × 20 = 200

/ Division operator to divide left hand by 5 / 2 = 2.5

right hand operator.

** Exponential operator to calculate power. 5 ** 2 = 25

% Modulus operator to find remainder. 5%2=1

// Floor division operator to find the quotient and 5//2=2

remove the fractional part.

Comparison operators : These operators are used to compare values. It is

also called relational operators. The result of these operator is always a
Boolean value i.e., true or false.
Python Programming 1–15 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

Table 1.16.2. List of comparison operators.

Operator Description Example

= = Operator to check whether two operand 10 = = 20, false

are equal.

! = or <> Operator to check whether two operand 10 ! = 20, true

are not equal.

> Operator to check whether first operand 10 > 20, false

is greater than second operand.

< Operator to check whether first operand 10 < 20, true

is smaller than second operand.

> = Operator to check whether first operand 10 > = 20, false

is greater than or equal to second operand.

< = Operator to check whether first operand 10 < = 20, true

is smaller than or equal to second operand.

Que 1.17. Explain assignment operator with example.

Answer

Assignment operators : This operator is used to store right side operands

in the left side operand.
Table 1.17.1. List of assignment operators.

Operator Description Example

= Store right side operand in left side operand. a=b+c

+ = Add right side operand to left side operand and a + = b or

store the result in left side operand a=a+b

–= Subtract right side operand to left side operand a – = b or

and store the result in left side operand a =a– b

* = Multiply right side operand with left side operand a * = b or

and store the result in left side operand a=a*b

/= Divide left side operand by right side operand a / = b or

and store the result in left side operand a =a/ b

%= Find the modulus and store the remainder a % = b or

in left side operand a =a% b

** = Find the exponential and store the result a * * = b or

in left side operand a=a** b

//= Find the floor division and store the result a / / = b or

in left side operand a=a//b
Introduction and Basics 1–16 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

Que 1.18. Define bitwise operator with example.

Answer

Bitwise operators : These operators perform bit level operation on operands.

Let us take two operand x = 10 and y = 12. In binary format this can be
written as x = 1010 and y = 1100.

Table 1.18.1. List of bitwise operators.

Operator Description Example

& Bitwise This operator performs AND operation x & y results

AND between operands. Operator copies bit
if it exists in both operands 1000

|Bitwise This operator performs OR operation x | y results 1 110

OR between operands. Operator copies
bit if it exists in either operand

^ Bitwise This operator performs XOR operation x ^ y results 0110

XOR between operands. Operator copies
bit if it exists only in one operand.

~ bitwise This operator is a unary operator used ~ x results 0101

inverse to inverse the bits of operand.

<< left shift This operator is used to shift the x << 2 results 101000
bits towards left

<<right shift This operator is used to shift the x >> 2 results 0010
bits towards right

Que 1.19. Discuss logical and identity operator with example.

Answer

Logical operators : These operators are use d to c hec k two or more

conditions. The resultant of this operator is always a Boolean value. Here x
and y are two operands that store either true of false Boolean values.
Python Programming 1–17 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

Table 1.19.1. List of logical operators.

Operator Description Example

and logical This operator perform AND operation x and y results false
AND between operands. When both operands
are true, the resultant become true.

or logical This operator perform OR operation x and y results true

OR between operands. When any operand
is true, the resultant become true.

not logical This operator is used to reverse the not x result false
NOT operand state.

Identity operators : These ope rator are used to check whether both
operands are same or not. Suppose x stores a value 20 and y stores a value
40. Then x is y returns false and x not is y return true.

Table 1.19.2. List of identity operators.

Operator Description Example

is Return true, if the operands are same. x is y, results false

Return false, if the operands are not
same.

not is Return false, if the operands are same. x not is y, results true
Return true, if the operands are not
same.

Que 1.20. Explain membership operator with example.

Answer

Membership operators :

1. These operators are used to check an item or an element that is part of

a string, a list or a tuple.

2. A membership operator reduces the effort of searching an element in

the list.

3. Suppose x stores a value 20 and y is the list containing items 10, 20, 30,
and 40. Then x is a part of the list y because the value 20 is in the list y.
Introduction and Basics 1–18 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

Table 1.20.1. List of Membership operators.

Operator Description Example

in Return true, if item is in list or in x in y, results true

sequence. Return false, if item is not
in list or in sequence.

not in Return false, if item is in list or in x not in y, results true

sequence. Return true, if item is not
in list or in sequence.

Operator Precedence, Boolean Expression.

Questions-Answers

Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions

Que 1.21. What do you mean by operator precedence ?

Answer

1. When an expression has two or more operator, we need to identify the

cor rect sequence to evaluate these operators. This is because result of
the expression changes depending on the pre cedence.

For example : Consider a mathematical expression :

10 + 5 / 5

When the given expressio n is evaluated left to right, t he f inal answer

becomes 3.

2. However, if the expre ssion is evaluated right to left, the final answer
become s 11. This shows that changing the sequence in which the
oper ators are evaluated in the given expression also c hanges t he
solution.

3. Precedence is the condit ion that specifies the importance of each

operator relative to the other.
Python Programming 1–19 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

Table 1.21.1. Operator precedence from lower precedence to higher.

Operator Description

NOT, OR AND Logical operators

in , not in Membership operator

is, not is Identity operator

=, %=, /=, //=, –=, +=, *=, **== Assignment operators.

<>, ==, != Equality comparison operator

<=, <, >, >= Comparison operators

^, | Bitwise XOR and OR operator

& Bitwise AND operator

<<, >> Bitwise left shift and right shift

+, – Addition and subtraction

*, /, %, ?? Multiplication, Division, Modulus and

floor division

** Exponential operator

Que 1.22. Explain operator associativity.

Answer

Associativity :

1. Associativity decide s the order in which the operator s with same

precedence are execute d.

2. There are two types o f associativity :

a. Left to right : In left to right associativity, the operators of same

precedence are executed from the left side first.

b. Right to left : In right to left associativity, the operators of same

precedence are executed from the right side first.

3. Most o f t he oper ators in Python have le ft to r ight associativity.

4. Left to right associative operators are multiplication, floor division, etc.

and ** operator is right to left associative.

5. When two ope rators have the same precedence then o perators are
evaluated from left to r ight direction.

For example :
>>> 3 * 4 / / 6
2 # Output
>>> 3 * (4 / / 6)
Introduction and Basics 1–20 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

0 # Output
>>> 3 * * 4 * * 2 # 3 ^ 16
43046721 # Output
>>> (3 * * 4) * * 2 # 81 ^ 2
6561 # Output

Que 1.23. What do you mean by Boolean expression ?

OR
Write short notes with example : The programming cycle for Python,
e le me n t s o f P y th on , t y p e c on v er s i o n i n P y t h o n , op e r a to r

precedence, and Boolean expression. AKTU 2019-20, Marks 10

Answer

Programming cycle for Python : Refer Q. 1.1, Page 1–2T, Unit- 1.

Elements of Python : Refer Q. 1.8, Page 1–8T, Refer Q. 1.9, Page 1–9T,
and Refer Q. 1.10, Page 1–9T; Unit-1.
Type conversion in Python : Refer Q. 1.11, Page 1–10T, Unit- 1.
Operator precedence : Refer Q. 1.21, Page 1–18T, Unit- 1.
Boolean expression : A boolean expression may have only one of two
values : True or False.
For example : In the given example comparison operator (==) is used which
compares two operands and prints true if they are equal otherwise print
false :
>>> 5 == 5
True # Output
>>> 5 == 6
False # Output

Que 1.24. How memory is managed in Python? Explain PEP 8.

Write a Python program to print even length words in a string.

AKTU 2019-20, Marks 10

Answer

Memory management :

1. Memory management in Python involves a private heap containing all

Python objects and data structures.

2. The management of this private heap is ensured internally by the

Python memory manage r.

3. The Python memory manage r has differe nt components which deal

wit h various dynamic storage management aspec ts, like sharing,
segmentatio n, preallocation or caching.

4. At the lo west leve l, a raw memo ry allocator ensures that there is

enough room in the private heap for storing all Python-related data by
interact ing with the memory manager of the operating system.
Python Programming 1–21 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

5. On top of the raw memory allocator, several object-specific alloc ators

operate on the same heap and implement distinct memory management
policies adapted to the peculiarities of every object type.

6. For example, inte ger objects are managed differently within the heap
than strings, tuples o r dictionarie s because integers imply differe nt
storage requirements and speed/space tradeoffs.

7. Python me mory manager t hus delegates some of the work to the

object-specific alloc ators, but ensures that the latter operate within
the bounds of the private heap.

PEP 8 :

1. A PEP is a design document providing information to the Python

community, or desc ribing a new feature for Python or its processes or
environment.

2. The PEP should provide a concise technical specification of the feature.

3. PEP is actually an acronym that stands for Python Enhancement

Proposal.

4. PEP 8 is Python’s style guide. It is a set of rules for how to format the
Python code to maximize its readability.

5. A PEP is a design document providing information to the Python

community, or desc ribing a new feature for Python or its processes or
environment.

Program to print even length words in a string :

def pr intWords(s) :
# split the string
s = s.split(‘ ’)
# iterate in words of string
for word in s:
# if length is even
if len(word)%2==0:
print(word)
# Driver Code
s = “i am muskan”
printWords(s)
Output :
am
muskan

Que 1.25. Wh at wi l l be the ou tput after the f o l l o wi n g

statements ?
x=6
y=3
print( x / y)
Introduction and Basics 1–22 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

Answer

2.0

Que 1.26. Wh at wi l l be the ou tput after the f o l l o wi n g

statements ?
x=8
y=2
print(x // y)

Answer

Que 1.27. Wh at wi l l be the ou tput after the f o l l o wi n g

statements ?
x=5
y=4
print( x % y)

Answer

Que 1.28. Wh at wi l l be the ou tput after the f o l l o wi n g

statements ?
x=3
y=2
x += y
print( x)

Answer

Que 1.29. Wh at wi l l be the ou tput after the f o l l o wi n g

statements ?
x=5
y=7
x *= y
print( x)

Answer

35

Que 1.30. Wh at wi l l be the ou tput after the f o l l o wi n g

statements ?
x = 30
Python Programming 1–23 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

y=7
x %= y
print( x)

Answer

Que 1.31. Wh at wi l l be the ou tput after the f o l l o wi n g

statements ?
x=3
y=7
print(x == y)

Answer

False

Que 1.32. Wh at wi l l be the ou tput after the f o l l o wi n g

statements ?
x=8
y=6
print(x != y)

Answer

True

Que 1.33. Wh at wi l l be the ou tput after the f o l l o wi n g

statements ?
x = 83
y = 57
print( x > y)

Answer

True

Que 1.34. Wh at wi l l be the ou tput after the f o l l o wi n g

statements ?
x = 72
y = 64
print( x < y)

Answer

False

Que 1.35. Wh at wi l l be the ou tput after the f o l l o wi n g

statements ?
x = True
Introduction and Basics 1–24 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

y = False
print(x and y)

Answer

False

Que 1.36. Wh at wi l l be the ou tput after the f o l l o wi n g

statements ?
x = True
y = False
print(x or y)

Answer

True

Que 1.37. Wh at wi l l be the ou tput after the f o l l o wi n g

statements ?
x = True
y = False
print( not x)

Answer

False

Que 1.38. Wh at wi l l be the ou tput after the f o l l o wi n g

statements ?
x = True
y = False
print( not y)

Answer

True

Que 1.39. Wh at wi l l be the ou tput after the f o l l o wi n g

statements ?
x = 20
y = 40
z = y if (y > x) else x
print(z)

Answer

40

Que 1.40. Wh at wi l l be the ou tput after the f o l l o wi n g

statements ?
x = 50
Python Programming 1–25 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

y = 10
z = y if (y > x) else x
print(z)

Answer

50

Que 1.41. Wh at wi l l be the ou tput after the f o l l o wi n g

statements ?
x = 65
y = 53
z = y if (x % 2 == 0) else x
print(z)

Answer

65

Que 1.42. Wh at wi l l be the ou tput after the f o l l o wi n g

statements ?
x = 46
y = 98
z = y if (y % 2 == 0) else x
print(z)

Answer

98

Que 1.43. Wh at wi l l be the ou tput after the f o l l o wi n g

statements ?
x=2* 4+7
print( x)

Answer

15

Que 1.44. Wh at wi l l be the ou tput after the f o l l o wi n g

statements ?
x = 7 * (4 + 5)
print( x)

Answer

63

Que 1.45. Wh at wi l l be the ou tput after the f o l l o wi n g

statements ?
x = ‘24’ + ‘16’
Introduction and Basics 1–26 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

print( x)

Answer

2416

Que 1.46. Wh at wi l l be the ou tput after the f o l l o wi n g

statements ?
x = 15 + 35
print( x)

Answer

50

Que 1.47. What will be the data type of x after the following

statement if input entered is 18 ?

x = input(‘Enter a numb er:’)

Answer

String

Que 1.48. What will be the data type of y after the following

statements if input entered is 50 ?

x = input(‘Enter a numb er:’)
y = int(x)

Answer

Integer

Que 1.49. What will be the data type of y after the following

statements ?
x = 71
y = float(x)

Answer

Float

Que 1.50. What will be the data type of y after the following

statements ?
x = 48
y = str(x)

Answer

String
Python Programming 1–27 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

Que 1.51. Wh at wi l l be the ou tput after the f o l l o wi n g

statements ?
x=y=z =8
print( y)

Answer

Que 1.52. What will be the value of x, y and z after the following

statement ?
x = y = z = 300

Answer

All thre e will have the value of 300

Que 1.53. What will be the value of x, y and z after the following

statement ?
x, y, z = 3, 4, 5

Answer

x will have the value of 3, y will have the value 4 and z will have the value
of 5.

Que 1.54. In the order of precedence, which of the operation will

be completed last in the following statement ?

3 * 6 +5 – 4 / 2

Answer

Subtraction

Que 1.55. What will be the order of precedence of operations in

the f ollowing statement ?

10 * 4 – 1 + 8 / 5

Answer

Multiplication, Division, Addition, Subtraction

Que 1.56. What will be the data type of x after the following

statement if input entered is 64 ?

x = float(input(‘Enter a number:’))

Answer

Float
Introduction and Basics 1–28 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

Que 1.57. Wh at wi l l be the ou tput after the f o l l o wi n g

statements ?
a = 27 / 3 % 2 * 4**2
print( a)

Answer

16.0

Que 1.58. Wh at wi l l be the ou tput after the f o l l o wi n g

statements ?
a=3/3+4*7–3* 3
print( a)

Answer

20.0


Python Programming 2–1 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

2 Conditionals and Loops

CONTENTS
Pa rt -1 : Conditional Statement in .......................... 2–2T to 2–4T
Py tho n (if-e lse stat ement,
its wo rking and execution)

Pa rt -2 : Nested-if Statement and ........................... 2–4T to 2–9T

Elif Statement in Python

Pa rt -3 : Expr ession Evaluation ............................. 2–9T to 2–11T

and Flo at Representatio n

Pa rt -4 : Purpo se and Work ing o f ....................... 2–11T to 2–14T

Lo ops, While Loop
Including its Working

Pa rt -5 : For Loop, Nested Loop, .......................... 2–14T to 2– 23T

Break and Co ntinue
S ta te me nt s
Conditionals and Loops 2–2 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

Conditional Statement in Python (if-else Statement,

its Working and Execution).

Questions-Answers

Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions

Que 2.1. What are conditional statements in Python ?

Answer

1. Conditional statements help in making a decision based on certain

conditions.

2. These conditions are specified by a set of conditional statements having

Boolean expressions which are evaluated to true or false.

3. Conditional statements are also known as decision-making statements.

4. Python supports conditional execution using if-else statements.

5. In Python, we use different types of conditional statements:

a. If statement

b. If-else statement

c. Nested-if statement

d. Elif statement

Que 2.2. Explain if statement with the help of an example.

Answer

1. An if statement consists of a Boolean expression followed by one or

more statements.

2. With an if clause, a condition is provided; if the condition is true then the

block of statement written in the if clause will be executed, otherwise
not.

3. Syntax :

If (Boolean expression) : Block of code #Set of statements to execute if

the condition is true
Python Programming 2–3 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

4. Flow chart :

True
Condition

False

Statements of if block

rest of the code

For example :

var = 100

if ( var == 100 ) : print “value of expression is 100”

print “Good bye !”

Output :

value of expression is 100

Good bye!

Que 2.3. What do you mean by if-else statement ? Explain with

the help of example.

Answer

1. An if statement can be followed by an optional else statement, which

executes when the Boolean expression is False.

2. The else condition is used when we have to judge one statement on the
basis of other.

3. Syntax :

If (Boolean expression): Block of code #Set of statements to execute if

condition is true

else : Block of code #Set of statements to execute if condition is false

4. Working and execution :

a. The condition will be evaluated to a Boolean expression (true or

false).

b. If the condition is true then the statements or program present

inside the if block will be executed

c. If the condition is false then the statements or program present

inside else block will be executed.
Conditionals and Loops 2–4 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

5. Flow chart :

Condition ?

False True

Statement of else block Statement of if block

rest of the code

For example :
num = 5
if (num > 10) :
print (“Number is greater than 10”)
else :
print (“Number is less than 10”)
print (“This statement will always be executed”)
Output :
Number is less than 10.

Nested-if Statement and Elif Statement in Python.

Questions-Answers

Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions

Que 2.4. Discuss the Nested-if statement with the help of example.

Answer

1. Nested-if statements are nested inside other if statements. That is, a

nested-if statement is the body of another if statement.
2. We use nested if statements when we need to check secondary conditions
only if the fist condition executes as true.
3. Syntax :
if test expression 1 :
# executes when condition 1 is true
body of if statement
if test expression 2 :
Python Programming 2–5 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

# executes when condition 2 is true

Body of nested-if
else :
body of nested-if :
else :
body of if-else statement
For example :
a = 20
if (a == 20) :
# First if statement
if (a < 25) :
print (“a is smaller than 25”)
else :
print (“a is greater than 25”)
else :
print (“a is not equal to 20”)
Output :
a is smaller than 25
4. Flow chart :

False Text True

expression

Body of if statement

Body of else

Text
Fa lse True
expression 2
(nested if)

Body of nested else Body of nested if

Statement after the

conditionals

Que 2.5. Explain elif statement in Python.

OR
Explain all the conditional statement in Python using small code

example. AKTU 2019-20, Marks 10

Answer

Different types of conditional statement are :

1. If statement : Refer Q. 2.2, Page 2–2T, Unit-2.
Conditionals and Loops 2–6 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

2. If else statement : Refer Q. 2.3, Page 2–3T, Unit-2.

3. Nested-if statement : Refer Q. 2.4, Page 2–4T, Unit-2.

4. Elif statement :
a. Elif stands for else if in Python.
b. We use elif statements when we need to check multiple conditions
only if the given if condition executes as false.

c. Working and execution :

i. If the first if condition is true, the program will execute the
body of the if statement. Otherwise, the program will go to the
elif block (else if in Python) which basically checks for another
if statement.
ii. Again, if the condition is true, the program will execute the
body of the elif statement, and if the condition is found to be
false, the program will go to the next else block and execute
the body of the else block.
d. Syntax :
if test expression :
Body of if
elif test expression :
Body of elif
else :
Body of else

e. Flow chart :

Text False
expression
1

Text
True expression
False
2(elif
condition)
Body of if statement

True

Body of elif statement Body of else

Statement just below if

elif else statement
Python Programming 2–7 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

For example :
a = 50
if (a == 29) :
print (“value of variable a is 20”)
elif (a == 30) :
print (“value of variable a is 30”)
elif (a == 40) :
print (“value of variable a is 40”)
else :
print (“value of variable a is greater than 40”)

Output :
value of variable a is greater than 40

Que 2.6. Write a program to find whether a number is even or

odd.

Answer

>>> number = int (input (“Enter an integer number :”))

>>> if (number % 2) == 0 :

print “Number is even”

else :

print “Number is odd”

Enter an integer number : 6

Number is even #Output

Que 2.7. Write a program to check the largest among the given

three numbers.

Answer

>>> x = int (input (“Enter the first number :”))

Enter the first number : 14
>>> y = int (input (“Enter the second number :”))
Enter the second number : 21

>>> z = int (input (“Enter the third number :”))

Enter the third number : 10
>>> if (x > y) and (x > z) :
1=x
elif (y > x) and (y > z) :

1=y
else :

1=z
Conditionals and Loops 2–8 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

>>> print “The largest among the three is ”, 1

The largest among the three is 21 #Output

Que 2.8. Write a Python program to check if the input year is a

leap year or not.

Answer

>>> year = int (input (“Enter year :”))

>>> if (year % 4) == 0 :

if (year % 100) == 0 :

if (year % 400) == 0 :

print (year, ‘is leap year’)

else :

print (year, ‘is not leap year’)

else :

print (year, ‘is leap year’)

else :

print (year, ‘is leap year’)

Output :

Enter a year : 2016

2016 is leap year

Output :

Enter a year : 1985

1985 is not leap year

Que 2.9. Wr ite a Pyt ho n prog ram to di splay th e F ibo nacci

sequence for n terms.

Answer

>>> number = int (input (“Enter the value for x (where x > 2) ?”))

# first the terms

>>> x1 = 0

>>> x2 = 1

>>> count = 2
# check if the number of terms is valid
>>> if numbers < = 0 :
print (“Please enter positive integer”)
elif numbers == 1 :
print (“Fibonacci sequence is :”)
Python Programming 2–9 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

print (x1)

else :

print (“Fibonacci sequence is :”)

print (x1, “,”, x2)

while count < numbers :

xth = x1 + x2

print (xth)

# update values

x1 = x2

x2 = xth

count + = 1

Output :

Enter the value for n (where n > 2) ? 10

Fibonacci sequence :

0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34

Expression Evaluation and Float Representation.

Questions-Answers

Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions

Que 2.10. What do you mean by expression evaluation ?

Answer

1. In Python actions are performed in two forms :

a. Expression evaluation,

b. Statement execution.

2. The key difference between these two forms is that expression evaluation
returns a value whereas statement execution does not return any value.

3. A Python pro gram c ontains one or more state ments. A statement

contains zero or more expressions.

4. Python executes a statement by evaluating its expressions to values one

by one.
Conditionals and Loops 2–10 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

5. Python evaluates an expression by evaluating the sub-expressions and

substituting their values.

For example :
>>> program = “Hello Python”
>>> program
‘Hello Python’ #Output
>>> print program
Hello Python #Output

6. An expression is not always a mathematical expression in Python. A

value by itself is a simple expression, and so is a variable.

7. In the given example, we assigned a value “Hello Python” to the variable

program. Now, when we type only program, we get the output ‘Hello
Python’. This is the term we typed when we assigned a value to the
variable. When we use a print statement with program it gives the value
of the variable i.e., the value after removing quotes.

Que 2.11. Discuss float representation in Python.

Answer

1. Floating point representations vary from machine to machine.

2. The float type in Python represents the floating-point number.

3. Float is used to represent real numbers and is written with a decimal

point dividing the integer and fractional parts.

4. For example: 97.98, 32.3 + e18, – 32.54e100 all are floating point numbers.

5. Python float values are represented as 64-bit double-precision values.

6. The maximum v alue any flo ating-point number can be is appro x

1.8 × 10308.

7. Any number greater than this will be indicated by the string inf in
Python.

8. Floating-point numbers are represented in computer hardware as base

2 (binary) fractions.

9. For example, the decimal fraction 0.125 has value 1/10 + 2/100 + 5/1000,
and in the same way the binary fraction 0.001 has value 0/2 + 0/4 + 1/8.

For example : # Python code to demonstrate float values.

Print(1.7e308)
# greater than 1.8 * 10^308
# will print ‘inf ’
print(1.82e308)
Output :
1.7e+308
inf
Python Programming 2–11 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

Que 2.12. Explain expression evaluation and float representation

with example. Write a Python program for how to check if a given

number is Fibonacci number. AKTU 2019-20, Marks 10

Answer

Expression evaluation : Refer Q. 2.10, Page 2–9T, Unit-2.

Float representation : Refer Q. 2.11, Page 2–10T, Unit-2.

Program :

import math
# A utility function that returns true if x is perfect square
def isPerfectSquare(x):
s = int(math.sqrt(x))
return s*s == x
# Returns true if n is a Fibonacci number, else false
def isFibonacci(n):
return isPerfe ctSquare(5*n*n + 4) or isPerfectSquare(5*n*n – 4)
# A utility function to test above functions
for i in range( 1,6):
if (isFibonacci(i) == True):
print i,“is a Fibonacci Number”
else:
print i,“is a not Fibonacci Number”
Output :
1 is a Fibonacci Number
2 is a Fibonacci Number
3 is a Fibonacci Number
4 is a not Fibonacci Number
5 is a Fibonacci Number

Purpose and Working of Loops, While Loop Including its Working.

Questions-Answers

Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions

Que 2.13. Define loop. Also, discuss the purpose and working of

loops.
Conditionals and Loops 2–12 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

Answer

1. A loop is a programming structure that repeats a sequence of instructions

until a specific condition is met.

2. A loop statement allows us to execute a statement or group of statements

multiple times.

3. Python programming language provides following types of loops to handle

looping requirements:

a. For

b. While

c. Nested

4. Purpose : The purpose of loops is to repeat the same, or similar, code a

number of times. This number of times could be specified to a certain
number, or the number of times could be dictated by a certain condition
being met.

5. Working : Consider the flow chart for a loop execution :

Loop Entry

Test False
condition
?
True

Execute
Loop

Out of Loop

a. In the flow chart if the test condition is true, then the loop is executed,
and if it is false then the execution breaks out of the loop.

b. After the loop is successfully executed the execution again starts

from the loop entry and again checks for the test condition, and this
keeps on repeating until the condition is false.

Que 2.14. Discuss while loop in brief.

Answer

1. While loop statements in Python are used to repeatedly execute a certain

statement as long as the condition provided in the while loop statement
is true.
Python Programming 2–13 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

2. While loops let the program control to iterate over a block of code.

3. Syntax :

while test_expression:

body of while

4. Flow chart :

Text False
Exit while loop
expression ?

True

Body of while loop

5. Working :

a. The program first evaluates the while loop condition.

b. If it is true, then the program enters the loop and executes the body
of the while loop.

c. It continues to execute the body of the while loop as long as the

condition is true.

d. When it is false, the program comes out of the loop and stops
repeating the body of the while loop.

For example :

>>>count = 0

while (count < 9) :

print ‘The count is :’, count

count = count + 1

Output :

The count is : 0

The count is : 1

The count is : 2

The count is : 3

The count is : 4

The count is : 5
Conditionals and Loops 2–14 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

The count is : 6
The count is : 7
The count is : 8

For Loop, Nested Loop, Break and Continue Statements.

Questions-Answers

Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions

Que 2.15. Explain for loop with the help of example.

Answer

1. For loop in python is used to execute a block of statements or code

several times until the given condition becomes false.

2. We use for loop when we know the number of times to iterate.

3. Syntax :

for variable in sequence:

Body of for loop

4. Flow chart :

Enter ing for loop for each item in

seque nce

Last
Yes
element
reached?

No

Exiting loop
Body of for lo op

Statement after the

for loop
Python Programming 2–15 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

For example :
i=1

for i in range(1, 8) :

print 2*i

Output :

10

12

14

Que 2.16. What is nested loop ? Explain.

Answer

1. Loop defined within another loop is known as nested loops.

2. Nested loops are the loops that are nested inside an existing loop, that is,
nested loops are the body of another loop.

3. Syntax :

for condition1 :

for condition2 :

Body of for loop

4. For example :

for i in range(1,9,2) :

for j in range(i) :

print( i, end = ‘ ’)

print()

Output :

333

55555

7777777

Que 2.17. What is break statement in Python ?

Conditionals and Loops 2–16 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

Answer

1. The break keyword terminates the loop and transfers the control to the
end of the loop.

2. While loops, for loops can also be prematurely terminated using the
break statement.

3. The break statement exits from the loop and transfers the execution
from the loop to the statement that is immediately following the loop.

For example :

>>> count = 2

>>> while True :

print count

count = count + 2

if count > = 12 :

break # breaks the loop

Output :

10

Que 2.18. Explain continue statement with example.

Answer

1. The continue statement causes execution to immediately continue at

the start of the loop, it skips the execution of the remaining body part of
the loop.

2. The continue keyword terminates the ongoing iteration and transfers

the control to the top of the loop and the loop condition is evaluated
again. If the condition is true, then the next iteration takes place.

3. Just as with while loops, the continue statement can also be used in
Python for loops

For example :

>>> for i in range (1, 10) :

if i % 2! = 0 :

continue # if condition becomes true, it skips the print part

print i
Python Programming 2–17 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

Output :
2

Que 2.19. Explain the purpose and working of loops. Discuss break

and continue with example. Write a Python program to convert

time from 12 hour to 24-hour format. AKTU 2019-20, Marks 10

Answer

Purpose and working of loops : Refer Q. 2.13, Page 2–11T, Unit- 2.

Break statement : Refer Q. 2.17, Page 2–15T, Unit-2.
Continue statement : Refer Q. 2.18, Page 2–16T, Unit-2.
Program :
# Functio n to conve rt the date format
def convert24(str1):
# Checking if last two elements of time # is AM and first two elements are
12
if str1[– 2:] == “ AM” and str1[:2] == “12”:
return “ 00” + str1[2:– 2]
# remo ve the AM
elif str1[-2:] == “AM”:
return str1[:– 2]
# Checking if last two elements of time is PM and first two elements are 12
elif str1[– 2:] == “PM” and str1[:2] == “12”:
return str1[:– 2]
else:
# add 12 to hours and remove PM
return str(int(str1[:2]) + 12) + str1[2:8]
# Driver Code
print(convert24(“08:05:45 PM”))

Que 2.20. Write a program to demonstrate while loop with else.

Answer

>>> count = 0

>>> while count < 3 :

print (“Inside the while loop”)

print (count)

counter = count + 1

else :
Conditionals and Loops 2–18 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

print (“Inside the else statement”)

Output :
Inside the while loop
0
Inside the while loop
1
Inside the while loop

2
Inside the else

Que 2.21. Write a python program to print the numbers for a user

provided range.

Answer

# Pythons program to print the prime numbers for a user provided

range
# input range is provided from the user
>>> low = int(input(“Enter lower range : ”))
>>> up = int (input(“Enter upper range : ”))
>>> for n in range (low, up + 1) :

if n > 1 :
for i in range (2, n) :
if (n % i) == 0 :
break
else :

print (n)
Output :

Enter lower range : 100

Enter upper range :

103

107

109

113

127

131

137

139

149

151
Python Programming 2–19 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

157

163

167

173

Que 2.22. Differentiate between for and while loop.

Answer

Properties For While

Format In i t i a li za t i o n , co nd i t io n On l y i n i t i al i z at i o n an d
checking, iteration statement condition checking is done at
are written at the the top of top of the loop.
the loop.

Use The ‘for’ loop is used only when The ‘while’ loop is used only
we already knew the number when the number of iteration
of iterations. are not exactly known.

Condition If the condition is not given in If the condition is not given in

‘for’ loop, then loop iterates ‘w h i le ’ loop, it provides
infinite times. compilation error.

Initialization In ‘for’ loop the initialization In while loop if initialization is

once done is never repeated. do ne during condition
checking, then initialization is
do ne e a c h t i me t he l o o p
iterate.

Que 2.23. What will be the output after the following statements ?

x, y = 0, 1
while y < 10:
print(y, end=‘ ’)
x, y = y, x + y

Answer

112358

Que 2.24. What will be the output after the following statements ?

x=1
while x < 4:
x += 1
y=1
while y < 3:
print(y, end=‘ ’)
Conditionals and Loops 2–20 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

y += 1

Answer

121212

Que 2.25. What will be the output after the following statements ?

x = 70
if x <= 30 or x >= 100:
print(‘true’)
elif x <= 50 and x == 50:
print(‘not true’)
elif x >= 150 or x <= 75:
print(‘false’)
else:
print(‘not false’)

Answer

false

Que 2.26. What will be the output after the following statements ?

x = 40
y = 25
if x + y >= 100:
print(‘true’)
elif x + y == 50:
print(‘not true’)
elif x + y <= 90:
print(‘false’)
else:
print(‘not false’)

Answer

false

Que 2.27. What will be the output after the following statements ?

x, y = 2, 5
while y – x < 5:
print(x*y, end=‘ ’)
x += 3
y += 4

Answer

10 45

Que 2.28. What will be the output after the following statements ?

for i in range(1, 25, 5):

Python Programming 2–21 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

print(i, end=‘ ’)

Answer

1 6 11 16 21

Que 2.29. What will be the output after the following statements ?

x = [‘P’, ‘y’, ‘t’, ‘h’, ‘o’, ‘n’]

for i in x:
print(i, end=‘ ’)

Answer

Python

Que 2.30. What will be the output after the following statements ?

x = [‘P’, ‘y’, ‘t’, ‘h’, ‘o’, ‘n’]

for i in enumerate(x):
print(i, end=‘ ’)

Answer

(0, ‘P’)(1, ‘y’)(2, ‘t’)(3, ‘h’)(4, ‘o’)(5, ‘n’)

Que 2.31. What will be the output after the following statements ?

for i in range(1, 5):

if i == 3:
continue
print(i, end=‘ ’)

Answer

124

Que 2.32. What will be the output after the following statements ?

x = 15
if x > 15:
print(0)
elif x == 15:
print(1)
else:
print(2)

Answer

Que 2.33. What will be the output after the following statements ?

x=5
if x > 15:
Conditionals and Loops 2–22 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

print(‘yes’)
elif x == 15:
print(‘equal’)
else:
print(‘no’)

Answer

no

Que 2.34. What will be the output after the following statements ?

x = 50
if x > 10 and x < 15:
print(‘true’)
elif x > 15 and x < 25:
print(‘not true’)
elif x > 25 and x < 35:
print(‘false’)
else:
print(‘not false’)

Answer

not false

Que 2.35. What will be the output after the following statements ?

x = 25
if x > 10 and x < 15:
print(‘true’)
elif x > 15 and x < 25:
print(‘not true’)
elif x > 25 and x < 35:
print(‘false’)
else:
print(‘not false’)

Answer

not false

Que 2.36. What will be the output after the following statements ?

x = 15
if x > 10 and x <= 15:
print(‘true’)
elif x > 15 and x < 25:
Python Programming 2–23 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

print(‘not true’)
elif x > 25 and x < 35:
print(‘false’)
else:
print(‘not false’)

Answer

true


Python Programming 3–1 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

3 Functions and Strings

CONTENTS
Pa rt -1 : Funct ion : Parts of a ................................... 3–2T to 3–7T
Function, Exe cution of a
Func tio n, Ke yword and
Default Ar gumen ts, Sc ope Rules

Pa rt -2 : Strings : Le ngth o f the ............................. 3–8T to 3–10T

String and Perform
Concatenatio n and Re pe at
Operations in It, Indexing
and Slicing of String s

Pa rt -3 : Pythons Data Structure : ...................... 3–11T to 3– 19T

Tuples, Unpacking
Seque nces, L ists

Pa rt -4 : Mut able Se quenc es, ............................... 3–19T to 3–26T

List Compr ehe nsio n,
Sets and Dictionarie s

Pa rt -5 : Higher Order Functio ns : ...................... 3–26T to 3– 31T

Treat Func tions as First Class
Obje cts, Lambda Ex pre ssions
Functions and Strings 3–2 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

Function : Parts of a Function, Execution of a Function, Keyword

and Default Arguments, Scope Rules.

Questions-Answers

Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions

Que 3.1. Define function and write its advantages.

Answer

1. Functions are self-contained programs that perform some particular

tasks.

2. Once a function is created by the programmer for a specific task, this

function can be called anytime to perform that task.

3. Each function is given a name, using which we call it. A function may or
may not return a value.

4. There are many built-in functions provided by Python such as dir (),
len ( ), abs ( ), etc.

5. Users can also build their own functions, which are called user-defined
functions.

Advantages of using functions :

1. They reduce duplication of code in a program.

2. They break the large complex problems into small parts.

3. They help in improving the clarity of code ( i.e., make the code easy to
understand).

4. A piece of code can be reused as many times as we want with the help of
functions.

Que 3.2. How to define and call function in Python ? Explain

different parts of a function.

Answer

Function is defined by “def ” keyword following by function name and

parentheses.

Syntax of function definition : def function_name ( ) :

Python Programming 3–3 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

Syntax of functional call : function_name ( )

For example :

def max (x, y) :

‘‘‘return maximum among x and y’’’

Keyword if (x > y) :
return x
else 2 arguments
Function name return y x and y
(formal args)

a = max(8, 6)

Body of the function

Documentation comment
Call to the function.
(docstring).
Actual args are 8 and 6.

1. Keyword : The keyword ‘def’ is used to define a function header.

2. Function name : We define the function name for identification or to

uniquely identify the function. In the given example, the function name
is max. Function naming follows the same rules of writing identifiers in
Python.

3. A colon (:) to mark the end of function header.

4. Arguments : Arguments are the values passed to the functions between

parentheses. In the given example, two arguments are used, x and y.
These are called formal arguments.

5. Body of the function : The body proc esses the arguments to do

something useful. In the given example, body of the function is intended
w.r.t. the def keyword.

6. Documentation comment (docstring) : A documentation string

(docstring) to describe what the function does. In the given example,
“return maximum among x and y” is the docstring.

7. An optional return statement to return a value from the function.

8. Function call : To execute a function, we have to call it. In the given

example, a = max (8, 6) is calling function with 8 and 6 as arguments.

Que 3.3. Discuss the execution of a function with the help of

example.
Functions and Strings 3–4 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

Answer

Let consider an example to understand the execution of function :

Step 1 : When function without “return” :

a. For example, we want the square of 4, and it should give answer “16”
when the code is executed.

b. Which it gives when we simply use “print x*x” code, but when we call
function “print square” it gives “None” as an output.

c. This is because when we call the function, recursion does not happen
and leads to end of the function.

d. Python returns “None” for failing off the end of the function.

For example :

def square(x) :

print(x*x)

print(square(4))

Output :

16

None

Step 2 : When we retrieve the output using “return” command :

When we use the “return” function and execute the code, it will give the
output “16”.

For example :

def square(x) :

ret urn(x*x)

print(square(4))

Output :

16

Step 3 : When function is treated as an object :

a. Functions in Python are themselves an object, and an object has some

value.

b. When we run the command “print square” it returns the value of the
object.

c. Since we have not passed any argument, we do not have any specific
function to run hence it returns a default value (0x021B2D30) which is
the location of the object.

For example :

def square(x) :

ret urn(x*x)
Python Programming 3–5 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

print(square)

Output :

<function square at 0x021B2D30>

Que 3.4. What do you mean by keyword and default arguments?

Answer

Keyword arguments :

1. Keyword arguments are related to the function calls.

2. When we use keyword arguments in a function call, the caller identifies

the arguments by the parameter name.

3. This allows us to skip arguments or place them out of order because the
Python interpreter is able to use the keywords provided to match the
values with parameters.

For example :

def printme( str ):

“This prints a passed string into this function”

print str

return;

# Now you can call printme function

printme( str = ‘My string’)

Output :

My string

Default arguments :
1. A default argument is an argument that assumes a default value if a
value is not provided in the function call for that argument.

For example :

# Function definition is here

def printinfo( name, age = 35 ):

“This prints a passed info into this function”

print “Name:”, name

print “Age”, age

return ;

# Now you can call printinfo function

printinfo( age = 50, name = “miki” )

printinfo( name = “miki”)

Output :

Name : miki
Functions and Strings 3–6 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

Age 50

Name : miki

Age 35

Que 3.5. Discuss the scope rules in Python.

Answer

1. Scope of a name is the part of the program in which the name can be
used.

2. Two variables can have the same name only if they are declared in
separate scopes.

3. A variable cannot be used outside its scopes.

4. Fig. 3.5.1 illustrates Python’s four scopes.

Built-in (Python)
Names preassigned in the built-in names module: open, range,
SyntaxError....

Global (module)
Names assigned at the top-level of module file, or declared
global in a def with in the file.

Enclosing function locals

Names in the local scope of any and all enclosing fu nctions
(def or lambda), from inner to outer.

Local (function)
Names assigned in any way within a function
(def or lambda), and not declared global in that function.

Fig. 3.5.1 . The LEGB scope.

5. The LEGB rule refers to local scope, enclosing scope, global scope, and
built-in scope.

6. Local scope extends for the body of a function and refers to anything
indented in the function definition.

7. Variables, including the parameter, that are defined in the body of a

function are local to that function and cannot be accessed outside the
function. They are local variables.

8. The enclosing scope refers to variables that are defined outside a function
definition.

9. If a function is defined within the scope of other variables, then those

variables are available inside the function definition. The variables in
the enclosing scope are available to statements within a function.
Python Programming 3–7 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

Que 3.6. Discuss function in Python with its parts and scope.

Explain with example. (Take simple calculator with add, subtract,

division and multiplication). AKTU 2019-20, Marks 10

Answer

Function : Refer Q. 3.1, Page 3–2T, Unit-3.

Parts of function : Refer Q. 3.2, Page 3–2T, Unit-3.

Scope : Refer Q. 3.5, Page 3–6T, Unit-3.

For example : Simple c alculator using python :

# This function adds two numbers

def add(x , y) :
return x + y
# This function subtracts two numbers
def subtract (x, y) :
return x – y
# This function multiplies two numbers
def multiply(x, y) :
return x * y
# This function divides two numbers
def divide(x, y) :
return x / y
print(“Select operation.”)
print(“1.Add”)
print(“2.Subtract”)
print(“3.Multiply”)
print(“4.Divide”)
# Take input from the user
choice = input(“Enter choic e(1/2/3/4) : ”)
num1 = float(input(“Enter first number: ”))
num2 = float(input(“Enter second number: ”))
if choice == ‘1’ :
print(num1,“+”,num2,“=”, add(num1,num2))
elif choice == ‘2’ :
print(num1,“–”,num2,“=”, subtract(num1,num2))
elif choice == ‘3’ :
print(num1,“*” ,num2,“=”, multiply(num1,num2))
elif choice == ‘4’:
print(num1,“/”,num2,“=”, divide(num1,num2))
else :
print(“Invalid input”)
Functions and Strings 3–8 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

Strings : Length of the String and Perform Concatenation and

Repeat Operations in it, Indexing and Slicing of Strings.

Questions-Answers

Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions

Que 3.7. What do you mean by the term strings ?

Answer

1. Strings are created by enclosing various characters within quotes. Python

does not distinguish between single quotes and double quotes.

2. Strings are of literal or scalar type. The Python interpreter treats them
as a single value.

3. Strings, in Python, can be used as a single data type, or, alternatively,

can be accessed in parts. This makes strings really useful and easier to
handle in Python.

For example :

>>> var1 = ‘Hello Python!’

>>> var2 = “Welcome to Python Programming!”

>>> print var1

Hello Python! # Output

>>> print var2

Welcome to Python Programming! # Output

Que 3.8. What is len( ) function ?

OR
Explain length of the string.

Answer

1. len ( ) is a built-in function in Python. When used with a string, len

returns the length or the number of character in the string.

2. Blank symbol and special characters are considered in the length of the
string.

For example :

>>> var = “Hello Python!”

Python Programming 3–9 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

>>> len(var)

13 # Output

Here, we took a string ‘Hello Python!’ and used the len function with it. The
len function returned the value 13 because not only characters, but also the
blank space and exclamation mark in our string will also be counted as
elements.

Que 3.9. Discuss the concatenation and repeat operation in

Python with example.

Answer

Concatenation :

1. Concatenation means joining two operands by linking them end-to-end.

2. In list concatenation, + operator concatenate two lists with each other

and produce a third list.

3. For example, to concatenate two lists :

>>> x = [1, 2, 3]

>>> y = [4, 5, 6]

>>> z = x + y # concatenate two lists

>>> print z

[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

Repeat / replicate :

1. Lists can be replicated or repeated or repeatedly concatenated with the

asterisk (*) operator.

2, For example,

>>> aList = [1, 2, 3]

>>> print aList*3 # list aList repeats three times

[1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3]

Here, the list aList multiplied by 3 and printed three times.

Que 3.10. What do you mean by string slices ?

Answer

1. A piece or subset of a string is known as slice.

2. Slice operator is applied to a string with the use of square braces ([]).

3. Operator [n : m] will give a substring which consists of letters between

n and m indices, including letter at index n but excluding that at m, i.e.,
letter from nth index to (m – 1)th index.

For example :

>>> var = ‘Hello Python’

Functions and Strings 3–10 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

>>> print var [0 : 4]

Hell # Output

In the above example, we can see that in the first case the slice is [0 : 4],
which means that it will take the 0th element and will extend to the 3rd
element, while excluding the 4th element.

4. Similarly, operator [n : m : s] will give a substring which consists of

letters from nth index to (m – 1)th index, where s is called the step value,
i.e., after letter at n, that at n + s will be included, then n + 2s, n + 3s, etc.

For example :

>>> alphabet = “abcdefghij”

>>> print alphabet [1 : 8 : 3]

beh # Output

In the given example, the slice is [1 : 8 : 3], which means it will take the
element at 1st index which is b and will extend till 7th element. Since step
is 3, it will will print 1st element, then 4th element and then 7th element
i.e., beh.

Que 3.11. Explain the term indexing in Python.

Answer

1. Indexing means referring to an element of an iterable by its position

within the iterable.

2. For example : Create a list using a list comprehension :

my_list = [_for_in ‘abcdefghi’]

my_list

[‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’, ‘d’, ‘e’, ‘f’, ‘g’, ‘h’, ‘i’]

3. Now to retrieve an element of the list, we use the index operator ([ ]).
For example :

my_list[0]

‘a’

4. In Python, lists are “zero indexed”, so [0] returns the zeroth (i.e., the
left-most) item in the list.

5. In the given example there are 9 elements in list ([0] through [8]) and if
we want to access my_list[9] then it throws an indexError : list index out
of range.

6. Python also allows to index from the end of the list using a negative
number. In negative indices, we start counting from the right instead
from the left.

7. Negative indices start from – 1.

Python Programming 3–11 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

Pythons Data Structure : Tuples, Unpacking Sequences, Lists.

Questions-Answers

Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions

Que 3.12. Define tuples. How are tuples created in Python ?

Answer

1. Tuples are the sequence or series values of different types separated by

commas (,).

2. Values in tuples can also be accessed by their index values, which are
integers starting from 0.

For example :

The names of the months in a year can be defined in a tuple :

>>> months = (‘January’, ‘February’, ‘March’, ‘April’, ‘May’, ‘June’, ‘July’,

‘August’, ‘September’, ‘October’, ‘November’, ‘December’)

Creating tuples in Python :

1. To create a tuple, all the items or elements are placed inside parentheses
separated by commas and assigned to a variable.
2. Tuples can have any number of different data items (that is, integer,
float, string, list, etc.).
For examples :
1. A tuple with integer data items :
>>> tuple = (4, 2, 9, 1)
>>> print tuple

(4, 2, 9, 1) # Output
2. A tuple with items of different data types :
>>>tuple_mix = (2, 30, “Python”, 5.8, “Program”)
>>>print tuple_mix
(2, 30, ‘Python’, 5.8, ‘Program’) # Output

3. Nested tuple :
>>>nested_tuple = (“Python”, [1, 4, 2], [“john”, 3.9])
>>> print nested_tuple
(‘Python’, [1, 4, 2], [‘john’, 3.9]) # Output
Functions and Strings 3–12 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

4. Tuple can also be created without parenthesis :

>>>tuple = 4.9, 6, ‘house’

>>>print tuple
(4.9, 6, ‘house’) # Output

Que 3.13. How are the values in a tuple accessed ?

Answer

Accessing values in tuples :

1. In order to access the values in a tuple, it is necessary to use the index
number enclosed in square brackets along with the name of the tuple.

For example : Using square brackets

>>>tup1 = (‘Physics’, ‘Chemistry’, ‘Mathematics’)
>>>tup2 = (10, 20, 30, 40, 50)
>>>print tup1 [1]

Chemistry # Output
>>>print tup2 [4]
50 # Output

2. We can also use slicing in order to print the continuous values in a tuple.

For example :

>>>tup1 = (‘Physics’, ‘Chemistry’, ‘Mathematics’)

>>>tup2 = (10, 20, 30, 40, 50)

>>>tup2 [1 : 4]
(20, 30, 40) # Output
>>>tup1[ : 1]
(‘Physics’,) # Output

Que 3.14. Explain tuples as return values and variable-length

arguments tuples with the help of example.

Answer

Tuple as return values :

1. Tuples can also be returned by the function as return values.

2. Generally, the function returns only one value but by returning tuple, a
function can return more than one value.

For example : If we want to compute a division with two integers and

want to know the quotient and the remainder, both the quotient and
the remainder can be computed at the same time. Two values will be
returned, i.e., quotient and remainder, by using the tuple as the return
value of the function.

>>>def div_mod(a, b) : # defining function

Python Programming 3–13 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

quotient = a/b

remainder = a%b

return quotient, remainder # function returning two values

# function calling

>>>x = 10

>>>y = 3

>>>t = div_mod(x, y)

>>>print t

(3, 1) # Output

>>>type(t)

<type ‘tuple’> # Output

Variable length argument tuples :

1. Variable number of arguments can also be passed to a function.

2. A variable name that is preceded by an asterisk (*) collects the arguments

into a tuple.

For example : In the given example, we have defined a function traverse

with argument t, which means it can take any number of arguments
and will print each of them one by one.

>>>def traverse (* t) :

... i=0

... while i<len(t) :

... print t[i]

... i=i+1

>>>traverse(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)

Output :

Que 3.15. Explain the basic operation of tuples with example.

Answer

Basic operations of tuples are :

1. Concatenation : The concatenation in tuples in used to concatenates

two tuples. This is done by using + operator in Python.
Functions and Strings 3–14 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

For example :
>>>t1 = (1, 2, 3, 4)

>>>t2 = (5, 6, 7, 8)
>>>t3 = tl + t2
>>>print t3
(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8) # Output
2. Repetition : The repetition operator repeats the tuples a given number
of times. Repetition is performed by the * operator in Python.
For example :
>>>tuple = (‘ok’,)
>>>tuple * 5
(‘ok’, ‘ok’, ‘ok’, ‘ok’, ‘ok’) # Output

3. In operator :
i. The in operator also works on tuples. It tells user that the given
element exists in the tuple or not.
ii. It gives a Boolean output, that is, true or false.

iii. If the given input exists in the tuple, it gives the true as output,
otherwise false.
For example :
>>>tuple = (10, 20, 30, 40)
>>>20 in tuple

True # Output
>>>50 in tuple
False # Output
4. Interation : It can be done in tuples using for loop. It helps in traversing
the tuple.

For example :
>>>tuple = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
>>> for x in tuple :
... print x

Output :
1
2
3
4
5
6

Que 3.16. What do you mean by unpacking sequences ? Give

example to explain.
Python Programming 3–15 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

Answer

1. Unpacking allows to e xtract t he components of the sequence into

individual variable.
2. Several different assignments can be performed simultaneously.
3. We have multiple assignments in Python where we can have multiple
LHS assigned from corresponding values at the RHS. This is an example
of unpacking sequence.
4. There is one restriction, the LHS and RHS must have equal length. That
is, every value that is created at RHS should be assigned to LHS.
5. Strings and tuples are example of sequences. Operations applicable on
sequences are: Indexing, repetition, concatenation.
For example :
>>> student
(‘Aditya’, 27, (‘Python’, ‘Abha’, 303))
>>> name, roll, regdcourse = student

>>> name
Output : Aditya
>>> roll
27
>>> regdcourse

(‘Python’, ‘Abha’, 303)

6. Since strings are also sequences, we can also get individual characters
in the string using unpacking operation.
For example :
>>> x1, x2, x3, x4 = ‘abha’

>>> print (x1, x2, x3, x4)

abha

Que 3.17. Write short note on list.

Answer

1. A list is also a series of values in Python.

2. In a list, all the values are of any type.

3. The values in a list are called elements or items.

4. A list is a collection of items or elements.

5. The sequence of data in a list is ordered and can be accessed by their

positions, i.e., indices.

For example :
>>> list = [1, 2, 3, 4]
>>> list [1]
Functions and Strings 3–16 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

2 # Output
>>> list [3]
4 # Output

Que 3.18. Explain the copying method in list.

Answer

We can make a duplicate or copy of an existing list.

There are two ways to make copy of a list.

1. Using [ : ] Operator :
>>> list_original = [1, 2, 3, 4]
>>> list_copy = list_original [:] # Using [:] operator
>>> print list_copy
[1, 2, 3, 4]
2. Using built-in function : Python has a built-in copy function which
can be used to make copy of an existing list. In order to use the copy
function, first we have to import it.
For example :
>>> from copy import copy # Import library
>>> list_original = [1, 2, 3, 4]

>>> list_copy = copy(list_original) # Copying list

>>> print list_copy
[1, 2, 3, 4]

Que 3.19. How elements are deleted from a list ?

Answer

1. Python provides many ways in which the elements in a list can be

deleted.
Methods of deleting element from a list :
1. pop operator :
a. If we know the index of the element that we want to delete, then
we can use the pop operator.

For example :
>>> list = [10, 20, 30, 40,]
>>> a = list.pop (2)
>>> print list
[10, 20, 40] # Output
b. The pop operator deletes the element on the provided index and
stores that element in a variable for further use.
2. del operator : The del operator deletes the value on the provided index,
but it does not store the value for further use.
Python Programming 3–17 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

For example :
>>> list = [‘w’, ‘x’, ‘y’, ‘z’,]
>>> del list (1)
>>> print list
[‘w’, ‘y’, ‘z’] # Output

3. Remove operator :
a. We use the remove operator if we know the item that we want to
remove or delete from the list.
For example :
>>> list = [10, 20, 30, 40,]
>>> list.remove (10)
>>> print list
[20, 30, 40] # Output
b. In order to delete more than one value from a list, del operator with
slicing is used.
For example :
>>>list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]

>>>del list [1 : 3]
>>>print list
[1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8] # Output

Que 3.20. Discuss built-in list operators in detail.

Answer

Built-in list operators are as follows :

1. Concatenation : The concatenation operator is used to concatenate
two lists. This is done by the + operator in Python.
For example :
>>>list1 = [10, 20, 30, 40]
>>>list2 = [50, 60, 70]

>>>list3 = list1 + list2

>>>print list3
[10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70] # Output
2. Repetition : The repetition operator repeats the list for a given number
of times. Repetition is performed by the * operator.
For example :
>>>list1 = [1, 2, 3]
>>>list 1 * 4
[1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3] # Output

3. In operator :
a. The in operator tells the user whether the given string exists in the
list or not.
Functions and Strings 3–18 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

b. It gives a Boolean output i.e., true or false.

c. If the given input exists in the string, it given true as output,
otherwise, false.
For example :
>>>list = [‘Hello’, ‘Python’, ‘Program’]
>>> ‘Hello’ in list

True # Output
>>>‘World’ in list
False # Output

Que 3.21. Write various built-in list methods. Explain any three

with example.

Answer

Pyt hon includes many built-in methods for use with list as shown in
Table 3.21.1.

Table 3.21.1. List of built-in list methods.

S. No. Method Description

1. cmp (list1, list2) It compares the elements of both lists, list1

and list2.

2. max (list) It returns the item that has the maximum

value in a list.

3. min (list) It returns the item that has the minimum

value in a list.

4. list (seq) It converts a tuple into a list.

5. list.append (item) It adds the item to the end of the list.

6. list.count (item) It returns number of times the item occurs

in the list.

7. list.extend (seq) It adds the elements of the sequence at the

end of the list.

8. list.remove (item) It deletes the given item from the list.

9. list.reverse ( ) It reverses the position (index number) of

the items in the list.

10. list.sort ([func]) It sorts the elements inside the list and uses
compare function if provided.

1. Append method : This method can add a new element or item to an

existing list.
Python Programming 3–19 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

For example :
>>>list = [1, 2, 3, 4]

>>>list.append (0)

[1, 2, 3, 4, 0] # Output

2. Extend method : This method works like concatenation. It takes a list

as an argument and adds it to the end of another list.

For example :

>>>list1 = [‘x’, ‘y’, ‘z’]

>>>list2 = [1, 2, 3]

>>>list1.extend (list2)

>>>print list1

[‘x’, ‘y’, ‘z’, 1, 2, 3] # Output

3. Sort method : This method arranges the list in ascending order.

For example :

>>>list = [4, 2, 5, 8, 1, 9]

>>>list.sort ( )

>>>print list

[1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 9] # Output

Python Data Structure : Mutable Sequences, List

Comprehension, Sets and Dictionaries.

Questions-Answers

Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions

Que 3.22. What are mutable sequences ? Discuss with example.

Answer

1. Python represents all its data as objects. Mutability of object is determined

by its type.

2. Some of these objects like lists and dictionaries are mutable, meaning
we can change their content without changing their identity.

3. Other objects like integers, floats, strings and tuples are immutable,
meaning we cannot change their contents.
Functions and Strings 3–20 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

4. Dictionaries are mutable in Python :

a. Dictionaries in Python are mutable.

b. The values in a dictionary can be changed, added or deleted.

c. If the key is present in the dictionary, then the associated value

with that key is updated or changed; otherwise a new key : value
pair is added.

For example :

>>> dict1 = {‘name’ : ‘Akash’, ‘age’ : 27}

>>> dict1[‘age’] = 30 # updating a value

>>> print dict

{‘age’ : 30, ‘name’: ‘Akash’} # Output

>>> dict1[‘address’] = ‘Alaska’ # adding a key : value

>>>print dict1
{‘age’: 30, ‘name’: ‘Akash’, ‘address’: ‘Alaska’} # Output

In the given example, we tried to reassign the value ‘30’ to the key ‘age’,
Python interpreter first searches the key in the dictionary and then
update it. Hence, the value of ‘age’ is updated to 30. However, in the next
statement, it does not find the key ‘address’; hence, the key: value
‘address’ : ‘Alaska’ is added to the dictionary.

5. Strings are immutable :

a. String are immutable which means that we cannot change any

element of a string.

b. If we want to change an element of a string, we have to create a

new string.

For example :

>>> var = ‘hello Python’

>>> var [0] = ‘p’

Output :

Type error : ‘str’ object does not support item assignment

Here, we try to change the 0th index of the string to a character p, but
the python interpreter generates an error.

Now, the solution to this problem is to generator a new string rather

than change the old string.

For example :

>>> var = ‘hello Python’

>>> new_var = ‘p’ + var[1 :]

>>> print new_var

pello Python # Output

Python Programming 3–21 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

In the given example, we cut the slice from the original string and
concatenate it with the character we want to insert in the string. It does
not have any effect on the original string.

6. Lists are mutable :

a. Lists are mutable means that the value of any element inside the
list can be changed at any point of time.

b. The elements of the list are accessible with their index value.

c. The index always starts with 0 and ends with n – 1, if the list
contains n elements.

d. The syntax for accessing the elements of a list is the same as in the
case of a string. We use square brackets around the variable and
index number.

For example :

>>> list = [10, 20, 30, 40]

>>> list [1]

20 # Output

In the given example, we access the 2nd element of the list that has 1 as
index number and the interpreter prints 20.

Now, if we want to change a value in the list given in the example :

For example :

>>> list [3] = 50

>>> print list

[10, 20, 30, 50] # Output

Note that the value of the 4th element is changed to 50.

Que 3.23. Define the term list comprehension.

Answer

1. List comprehension is used to create a new list from existing sequences.

2. It is a tool for transforming a given list into another list.

3. Using list comprehe nsio n, we can replace the loop with a single
expression that produces the same result.

4. The syntax of list comprehension is based on set builder notation in

mathematics.

5. Set builder notation is a notation is a mathematical notation for describing

a set by stating the property that its members should satisfy. The syntax
is

[<expression> for <element> in <sequence> if <conditional>]

The syntax is read as “Compute the expression for each element in the
sequence, if the conditional is true”.
Functions and Strings 3–22 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

For example :

>>> List1 = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50] >>> List1 = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]
>>> List1 >>> List1= [x + 10 for x in List1]
[10, 20, 30, 40, 50] >>> List1

>>> for i in range (0, len(List1)) : [20, 30, 40, 50, 60]

List1 [i] = L ist1[i] + 10

>>> List1
[20, 30, 40, 50, 60]

Without list comprehension Using list comprehension

5. In the given example, the output for both without list comprehension
and using list comprehension is the same.

6. The use of list comprehension requires lesser code and also runs faster.

7. From above example we can say that list comprehension contains :

a. An input sequence

b. A variable referencing the input sequence

c. An optional expression

d. An output expression or output variable

Que 3.24. What do you mean by sets ? Explain the operations

performed on sets.

Answer

1. In Python we also have one data type which is an unordered collection

of data known as set.

2. A set does not contain any duplicate values or elements.

3. Operations performed on sets are :

i. Union : Union operation performed on two sets returns all the

elements from both the sets. It is performed by using and operator.

ii. Intersection : Inter sectio n oper atio n perf ormed on two sets
returns all the element which are common or in both the sets. It is
performed by using ‘|’ operator.

iii. Difference : Difference operation performed on two sets set1 and

set2 returns the elements which are present on set1 but not in
set2. It is performed by using ‘–’ operator.

iv. Symmet ric di f fer enc e : Sy mme t r ic dif fe r e nc e o p er at io n

performed on two sets returns the element which are present in
e i t h e r s e t 1 or s e t 2 bu t no t in b o t h . I t is p e r f o r me d b y
using ^ operator.
Python Programming 3–23 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

For example :
# Defining sets
>>> set1 = set([1, 2, 4, 1, 2, 8, 5, 4])
>>> set2 = set ([1, 9, 3, 2, 5])
>>> print set1 # Printing set
set([8, 1, 2, 4, 5])
>>> print set2
set([1, 2, 3, 5, 9]) # Output
>>> intersection = set1 & set2 # intersection of set1 and set2
>>> print intersection
set([1, 2, 5]) # Output
>>> union = set1 | set2 # Union of set1 and set2
>>> print union
set ([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9]) # Output
>>> difference = set1 – set2 # Difference of set 1 and set2
>>> print difference
set ([8, 4]) # Output
>>> symm_diff = set1 ^ set2 # symmetric difference of set1 and set2
>>> print symm_diff
set ([3, 4, 8, 9]) # Output

Que 3.25. What is dictionary in Python ?

Answer

1. The Python dictionary is an unordered collection of items or elements.

2. All other compound data types in Python have only values as their
elements or items whereas the dictionary has a key : value pair. Each
value is associated with a key.

3. In dictionary, we have keys and they can be of any type.

4. Dictionary is said to be a mapping between some set of keys and values.

5. The mapping of a key and value is called as a key-value pair and together
they are called one item or element.

6. A key and its value are separated by a colon ( : ) between them.

7. The items or elements in a dictionary are separated by commas and all

the elements must be enclosed in curly braces.

8. A pair of curly braces with no values in between is known as an empty

dictionary.

9. The values in a dictionary can be duplicated, but the keys in the dictionary
are unique.

Que 3.26. How do we create a dictionary in Python ?

Functions and Strings 3–24 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

Answer

1. Creating a dictionary is simple in Python.

2. The values in a dictionary can be of any data type, but the keys must be
of immutable data types (such as string, number or tuple).
For example :
1. Empty dictionary :
>>> dict1 = {}
>>>print dict1
{} # Output
2. Dictionary with integer keys :
>>> dict1 = {1 : ‘red’, 2 : ‘yellow’, 3 : ‘green’}
>>>print dict1
{1 : ‘red’, 2 : ‘yellow’, 3 : ‘green’} # Output
3. Dictionary with mixed keys :
>>> dict1 = {‘name’ : ‘Rahul’, 3 : [‘Hello’, 2, 3]}
>>>print dict1
{3 : [‘Hello’, 2, 3], ‘name’ : ‘Rahul’} # Output

Que 3.27. Explain the operations performed on dictionary with

example.

Answer

Operations in dictionary :

1. Traversing :

a. Traversing in dictionary is done on the basis of keys.

b. For traversing, for loop is used, which iterates over the keys in the
dictionary and prints the corresponding values using keys.

For example :
>>>defprint_dict(d):
... for c in d:
... print c,d[c]
>>> dictl = {1 : ‘a’, 2 : ‘b’, 3 : ‘c’ 4 : ‘d’}
>>> print_dict(dict1)
Output :
1a
2b
3c
4d
This example prints the key: value pairs in the dictionary dict.

2. Membership :

i. Using the membership operator (in and not in), we can test whether
a key is in the dictionary or not.

ii. In operator takes an input key and finds the key in the dictionary.
Python Programming 3–25 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

iii. If the key is found, then it returns true, otherwise, false.

For example :
>>>cubes = {1 : 1, 2 : 8, 3 : 27, 4 : 64, 5 : 125, 6 : 216}
>>> 3 in cubes
True # Output
>>> 17 not in cubes
True # Output

Que 3.28. Write some built in dictionary methods used in Python

with example.

Answer

There are some built-in dictionary methods which are included in Python
given in Table 3.28.1.

Table 3.28.1. Built-in dictionary methods.

S. No. Function Description

1. all (dict) It is a Boolean type function, which returns

true if all keys of dictionary are true (or
the dictionary is empty).

2. any (dict) It is also a Boolean type function, which

returns true if any key of the dictionary is
true. It returns false if the dictionary is
empty.

3. len (dict) It returns the number of items (length) in

the dictionary.

4. cmp (dict1, dict2) It compares the items of two dictionaries.

5. sorted (dict) It returns the sorted list of keys.

6. dict.clear ( ) It deletes all the items in a dictionary at

once.

7. dict. copy ( ) It returns a copy of the dictionary.

8. dict.get (key, For key key, returns value or default if

default = None) key not in dictionary.

9. dict.items ( ) It returns a list of entire key : value pair of

dictionary.

10. dict.keys ( ) It returns the list of all the keys in dictionary.

11. dict.update (dict2) It adds the items from dict2 to dict.

12. dict.values ( ) It returns all the values in the dictionary.

Functions and Strings 3– 26 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

For example :
>>>cubes = {1 : 1, 2 : 8, 3 : 27, 4 : 64, 5 : 125, 6 : 216}
>>>all (cubes)
True # Output
>>>any (cubes)
True # Output
>>>len (cubes)
6 # Output
>>>sorted (cubes)
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] # Output
>>>str (cubes)
‘{1 : 1, 2 : 8, 3 : 27, 4 : 64, 5 : 125, 6 : 216}’ # Output

Higher Order Functions : Treat Functions as First-Class Objects,

Lambda Expressions.

Questions-Answers

Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions

Que 3.29. Explain treat functions as first-class objects in detail.

Answer

1. In Python both functions and classes are treated as objects which are
called as first class objects, allowing them to be manipulated in the same
ways as built-in data types.

2. By definition, first class objects are the following which is :

a. Created at runtime

b. Assigned as a variable or in a data structure

c. Passed as an argument to a function

d. Returned as the result of a function

3. For example, let create and test a function, then read its__doc__and
check its type.

>>> def factorial(n):

. . . ’”returns n! ’”

... return 1 if n < 2 else n * factorial(n – 1)

...
>>> factorial (42)
Python Programming 3–27 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

140500611775287989854314260$244511569936384000000000

>>> factorial. __doc _ _

‘returns n!’

>>> type(factorial)

<class ‘function’>

4. The console session in example shows that Python functions are objects.
Here we create a function, call it, read its__doc__attribute, and check
that the function object itself is an instance of the function class.

Que 3.30. Explain Lambda expression.

Answer

1. Lambda expressions is used to create the anonymous function.

2. The anonymous functions are the functions created using a lambda

keyword.

3. They are not defined by using def keyword. For this reason, they are
called anonymous functions.

4. We can pass any number of arguments to a lambda form functions, but

still they return only one value in the form of expression.

5. An anonymous function cannot directly call print command as the lambda

needs an expression.

6. It c annot acce ss the parameter s that ar e no t defined in its own

namespace.

7. An anonymous function is a single line statement function.

8. Syntax :

lambda [arg1 [,arg2, ......., argn]] : expression

The syntax of the lambda function is a single statement

For example :

# function definition here

>>>mult = lambda val1, val2 : val1*val2 ;

# function call here

>>> print “value :”, mult(20,40)

Value : 800 # Output

In the given example, the lambda function is defined with two arguments
val1 and val2. The expression val1*va12 does the multiplication of the
two values. Now, in function call, we can directly call the mult function
with two valid values as arguments and produce the output as shown in
given example.
Functions and Strings 3– 28 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

Que 3.31. Explain higher order function with respect to lamb da

expression. Write a Python code to count occurrences of an element

in a list. AKTU 2019-20, Marks 10

Answer

1. Reduce() , filte r(), map() are higher order functions used in Python.

2. Lambda definition does not include a “return” statement, it always

contains an expre ssion which is returned.

3. We can also put a lambda definition anywhere a function is e xpected,

and we do not have to assign it to a variable at all.

4. Lambda funct ions can be use d along with built- in highe r or de r

functions like filter(), map() and r educe().

Use of lambda with filter() :

1. The filter() function in Python takes in a function and a list as arguments.

2. This function helps to filter out all the elements of a sequence “sequence”,
for which the function returns true.

For example : Python program that returns the odd numbers from an
input list :

# Python code to illustrate filter () with lambda

li = [5, 7, 22, 97, 54, 62, 77, 23, 73, 61]

final_list = list(filter(lambdax: (x%2!=0), li))

print(final_list)

Output :

[5, 7, 97, 77, 23, 73, 61]

Use of lambda() with reduce() :

1. The re duce () function in Python takes in a f unctio n and a list as

argument.

2. The function is called with a lambda function and a list and a new
reduced result is returned. This performs a repetitive operation over
the pairs of the list.

3. This is a part of functools module.

For example :

# Python code to illustrate reduce() with lambda() to get sum of a list

from functo ols import reduce
li = [5, 8, 10, 20, 50, 100]
sum = reduce ((lambda x, y : x + y), li)
print (sum)
Output :
193
Python Programming 3–29 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

Here the results of previous two elements are added to the next element
and this goes on till the end of the list like (((((5+8)+10)+20)+50)+100).

Program to count occurrences of an element in a list :

# vowels list
vowels = [‘a’, ‘e’, ‘i’, ‘o’, ‘i’, ‘u’]
# count element ‘i’
count = vowels.count(‘i’)
# print count
print(‘The count of i is:’, count)
# count element ‘p’
count = vowels.count(‘p’)
# print count
print(‘The count of p is:’, count)

Output :

The count of i is: 2

The count of p is: 0

Que 3.32. Explain unpacking sequences, mutable sequences, and

list comprehension with example. Write a program to sort list of

dictionaries by values in Python – Using lambda function.

AKTU 2019-20, Marks 10

Answer

Unpacking sequences : Refer Q. 3.16, Page 3–14T, Unit-3.

Mutable sequences : Refer Q. 3.22, Page 3–19T, Unit-3.

List comprehension : Refe r Q. 3.23, Page 3–21T, Unit- 3.

Program :

# Initializing list of dictionaries

lis = [{“name” : “Nandini”, “age” : 20},
{“name” : “Manjeet”, “age” : 20 },
{“name” : “Nikhil” , “age” : 19 }]
# using sorted and lambda to pr int list sort ed by age
print “The list printed sorting by age :”
print sorted(lis, key = lambda i: i[‘age’])
print (“\r”)
# using sorted and lambda t o print list sorted by both age and name
print “The list printed sorting by age and name:”
print sorted(lis, key = lambda i: (i[‘age’], i[‘name’]))
print (“\r”)
# using sorted and lambda to print list sorted
# by age in descending order
print “The list printed sorting by age in descending orde r:”
print sorted(lis, key = lambda i: i[‘age’] ,reverse =True)
Functions and Strings 3– 30 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

Output :
The list printed sorting by age:
[{‘age’: 19, ‘name’: ‘Nikhil’}, {‘age’: 20, ‘name’: ‘Nandini’}, { ‘age’: 20, ‘name’:
‘Manjeet’}]
The list printed sorting by age and name :
[{‘age’: 19, ‘name’: ‘Nikhil’}, {‘age’: 20, ‘name’: ‘Manjeet’}, {‘age’: 20, ‘name’:
‘Nandini’}]
The list printed sorting by age in descending order:
[{‘age’: 20, ‘name’: ‘Nandini’}, {‘age’: 20, ‘name’: ‘Manjeet’}, { ‘age’: 19, ‘name’:
‘Nikhil’}]

Que 3.33. Write a function in find the HCF of some given numbers.

Answer

>>>def hcf (a, b) :

if a > b :

small = b

else :

small = a

for i in range (1, small + 1) :

if (a % i == 0) and (b % i == 0)) :

hcf = i

return hcf

>>> hcf (20, 40)

20 #Output

>>>hcf (529, 456)

1 #Output

Que 3.34. Write a function to find the ASCII value of the character.

Answer

>>>def ascii_val_of (a) :

print (“The ASCII value of ‘“ + a + ”’ is”, ord (a))

>>>ascii_val_of (‘A’)

(“The ASCII value of ‘A’ is”, 65) #Output

>>>ascii_val_of (‘ ’) #Finding ASCII value of space

(“The ASCII value of ‘ ’ is”, 32) #Output

Que 3.35. Write a function to convert a decimal number to its

binary, octal and hexadecimal equivalents.

Python Programming 3–31 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

Answer

>>>def bin_oct_hex (a) :

print (bin (a), “binary equivalent”)

print (oct (a), “octal equivalent”)

print (hex (a), “hexadecimal equivalent”)

>>>bin_oct_hex (10) #Finding binary, octal, hex value of 10

(‘0b1010’, ‘binary equivalent’) #Output

(‘012’, ‘octal equivalent’)

(‘0xa’, ‘hexadecimal equivalent’)


Python Programming 4–1 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

4 Sieve of Eratosthenes
and File I/O

CONTENTS
Pa rt -1 : Sie ve of Erat osthe nes ................................ 4–2T to 4–4T

Pa rt -2 : File I/O : File Input and .............................. 4–4T to 4–7T

Output Ope rations in
Py thon Prog ramming

Pa rt -3 : Exceptions and Asse rtio ns ...................... 4–7T to 4–13T

Pa rt -4 : Mo dules : Introduction, .......................... 4–13T to 4–17T

Importing Modules, Abstract
Data Type s : Abstract D ata
Types and A DT Interface
in Pyt hon Pro gr amming

Pa rt -5 : Classe s : Class Definition ...................... 4–17T to 4–22T

and other Operatio ns in the
Classes, Special Me thods
(S uch as_ _init __ , _ _ str __,
Compariso n Met hods,
Arithmetic Me thods,
etc.), Class Example

Pa rt -6 : Inheritance : ............................................. 4–22T to 4–32T

Inheritance and OOPS
Sieve of Eratosthenes and File I/O 4–2 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

Sieve of Eratosthenes.

Questions-Answers

Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions

Que 4.1. What is Sieve of Eratosthenes ?

Answer

1. Sieve of Eratosthenes is a simple and ingenious ancient algorithm for

finding all prime numbers up to any given limit.
2. It does so by iteratively marking as composite ( i.e., not prime) the
multiples of each prime, starting with the first prime number, 2.
3. The multiples of a given prime are generated as a sequence of numbers
starting from that prime, with constant difference between them that is
equal to that prime.
4. Following is the algorithm to find all the prime numbers less than or
equal to a given integer n by Eratosthenes’ method :
a. Create a list of consecutive integers from 2 to n : (2, 3, 4, …, n).
b. Initially, let p equal 2, the first prime number.
c. Starting from p2, count up in increments of p and mark each of
these numbers greater than or equal to p2 itself in the list. These
numbers will be p(p+1), p(p+2), p(p+3), etc.

d. Find the first number greater than p in the list that is not marked.
If there was no such number, stop. Otherwise, let p now equal this
number (which is the next prime), and repeat from step c.

Que 4.2. Explain Sieve of Eratosthenes with example.

Answer

1. Let us take an example when n = 50. So, we need to print all print
numbers smaller than or equal to 50.

2. We create a list of all numbers from 2 to 50.

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
Python Programming 4–3 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

3. According to the algorithm we will mark all the numbers which are
divisible by 2 and are greater than or equal to the square of it.

2 3 4* 5 6* 7 8* 9 10*

11 12* 13 14* 15 16* 17 18* 19 20*

21 22* 23 24* 25 26* 27 28* 29 30*

31 32* 33 34* 35 36* 37 38* 39 40*

41 42* 43 44* 45 46* 47 48* 49 50*

4. Now we move to our next unmarked number 3 and mark all the numbers
which are multiples of 3 and are greater than or equal to the square of
it.

2 3 4* 5 6* 7 8* 9* 10*

11 12* 13 14* 15* 16* 17 18* 19 20*

21* 22* 23 24* 25 26* 27* 28* 29 30*

31 32* 33* 34* 35 36* 37 38* 39* 40*

41 42* 43 44* 45* 46* 47 48* 49 50*

5. We move to our next unmarked number 5 and mark all multiples of 5

and are greater than or equal to the square of it.

2 3 4* 5 6* 7 8* 9* 10*

11 12* 13 14* 15* 16* 17* 18* 19 20*

21* 22* 23 24* 25* 26* 27* 28* 29 30*

31 32* 33* 34* 35* 36* 37* 38* 39* 40*

41 42* 43 44* 45* 46* 47* 48* 49 50*

We continue this process and our final table will :

2 3 4* 5 6* 7 8* 9* 10*

11 12* 13 14* 15* 16* 17 18* 19 20*

21* 22* 23 24* 25* 26* 27* 28* 29 30*

31 32* 33* 34* 35* 36* 37 38* 39* 40*

41 42* 43 44* 45* 46* 47 48* 49* 50*

So the prime numbers are the unmarked ones : 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29,
31, 37, 41, 43, 47

Que 4.3. Write a Python program to print all primes smaller

than or equal to n using Sieve of Eratosthenes.

Answer

def SieveOf Eratosthenes ( n) :

# Create a boolean array “prime[0. . n]” and initialize
# all entries it as true. A value in prime[i] will
Sieve of Eratosthenes and File I/O 4–4 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

# finally be false if i is Not a prime, else true.

prime = [True for i in range(n+1)]
p=2
while (p * p <= n):
# If prime[ p] is not changed, then it is a prime
if (prime[ p] == True):
# Update all multiples of p
for i in range(p * p, n+1, p):
prime[i] = False
p+=1
# Print all prime numbers
for p in range(2, n):
if prime[p]:
print p,
# driver program
if__name__‘==’__main__’:
n = 30
print “Following are the prime numbers smaller”,
print “than or equal to”, n
SieveOfEratosthenes(n)

File I/O : File Input and Output Operations

in Python Programming.

Questions-Answers

Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions

Que 4.4. What are files ? How are they useful ?

Answer

1. A file in a computer is a location for storing some related data.

2. It has a specific name.

3. The files are used to store data permanently on to a non-volatile memory

(such as hard disks).

4. As we know, the Random Access Memory (RAM) is a volatile memory

type because the data in it is lost when we turn off the computer. Hence,
we use files for storing of useful information or data for future reference.

Que 4.5. Describe the opening a file function in Python.

Python Programming 4–5 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

Answer

1. Python has a built-in open () function to open files from the directory.

2. Two arguments that are mainly needed by the open () function are :

a. File name : It contains a string type value containing the name of

the file which we want to access.

b. Access_mode : The value of access_mode specifies the mode in

which we want to open the file, i.e ., read, write, append etc.

3. Syntax :

file_object = open(file_name [, access_mode])

For example :

>>>f = open (“test.txt”) #Opening file current directory

>>>f = open (“C:/Python27/README.txt”)

#Specifying full path #Output

>>>f

<open file ‘C:/Python27/README.txt’, mode ‘r’ at 0x02BC5128>

#Output

Que 4.6. Explain the closing a file method in Python.

Answer

1. When the operations that are to be performed on an opened file are

finished, we have to close the file in order to release the resources.

2. Python comes with a garbage collector responsible for cleaning up the

unreferenced objects from the memory, we must not rely on it to close
a file.

3. Proper closing of a file frees up the resources held with the file.

4. The closing of file is done with a built-in function close ().

5. Syntax :

fileObject. close ()

For example :

# open a file

>>> f = open (“test. txt”, “wb”)

# perform file operations

>>> f. close() # close the file

Que 4.7. Discuss writing to a file operation.

Sieve of Eratosthenes and File I/O 4–6 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

Answer

1. After opening a file, we have to perform some operations on the file.

Here we will perform the write operation.

2. In order to write into a file, we have to open it with w mode or a mode,

on any writing-enabling mode.

3. We should be careful when using the w mode because in this mode

overwriting persists in case the file already exists.

For example :

# open the file with w mode

>>> f = open (“C :/Python27/test.txt”, “w”)

# perform write operation

>>>f. write (‘writing to the file line 1/n’)

>>>f. write (‘writing to the file line 2/n’)

>>>f. write (‘writing to the file line 3/n’)

>>>f. write (‘writing to the file line 4’)

# clos the file after writing

>>> f.close ()

The given example creates a file named test.txt if it does not exist, and
overwrites into it if it exists. If we open the file, we will find the following
content in it.

Output :

Writing to the file line 1

Writing to the file line 2

Writing to the file line 3
Writing to the file line 4

Que 4.8. Explain reading from a file operation with example.

Answer

1. In order to read from a file, we must open the file in the reading mode
(r mode).

2. We can use read (size) method to read the data specified by size.

3. If no size is provided, it will end up reading to the end of the file.

4. The read() method enables us to read the strings from an opened file.

5. Syntax :

file object. read ([size])

For example :
# open the file
Python Programming 4–7 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

>>> f = open (“C :/Python27/test.txt”, “r”)

>>>f . read (7) # read from starting 7 bytes of data

‘writing’ # Output

>>>f. read (6) # read next 6 bytes of data

‘to the’ # Output

Que 4.9. Discuss file I/O in Python. How to perform open, read,

write, and close into a file ? Write a Python program to read a file

line-by-line s tore it into a variable. AKTU 2019-20, Marks 10

Answer

File I/O : Refer Q. 4.4, Page 4–4T, Unit- 4.

Open, read, write and close into a file : Refer Q. 4.5, Page 4–4T,
Re fer Q. 4.8, Page 4–6T, Refe r Q. 4.7, Page 4–5T, and Refer Q. 4.6,
Page 4–5T; Unit-4.
Program :
L = [ “Quantum\n”, “for\n”, “Students\n”]
# writing to file
file1 = open(‘myfile .txt’, ‘w’)
file1.writelines(L)
file1.close()
# Using readlines()
file1 = open(‘myfile.txt’, ‘r’)
Lines = file1.readlines()
count = 0
# Strips the newline character
for line in Lines:
print(line.strip())
print(“Line{}: {}”.format(count, line.strip()))
Output :
Line1: Quantum
Line2: for
Line3: Students

Exception and Assertions.

Questions-Answers

Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions

Sieve of Eratosthenes and File I/O 4–8 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

Que 4.10. Describe assertions.

Answer

1. An assertion is a sanity-check that we can turn on or turn off when we

are done with our testing of the program. An expression is tested, and if
the result is false, an exception is raised.

2. Assertions are carried out by the assert statement.

3. Programmers often place assertions at the start of a function to check

for valid input, and after a function call to check for valid output.

4. An AssertionError exception is raised if the condition evaluates to false.

5. The syntax for assert is : assert Expression [, Arguments]

6. If the assertion fails, Python uses ArgumentExpression as the argument

for the AssertionError.

For example :

Consider a function that converts a temperature from degrees Kelvin to

degrees Fahrenheit. Since zero degrees Kelvin is as cold as it gets, the
function fails if it sees a negative temperature :

#!/user/bip/python

def KelvinToFahrenheit(Temperature) :

assert (Temperature >= 0),“Colder than absolute zero!”

return ((Temperature – 273)*1.8) + 32

print KelvinToFahrenheit (273)

print int(KelvinToFahrenheit (505.78))

print KelvinToFahrenheit (– 5)

When the above code is executed, it produces the following result :

32.0

451

Traceback (most recent call last) :

File “test.py”, line 9, in<module>

print KelvinToFahrenheit (– 5)

File “test.py”, line 4, in KelvinToFahrenheit

assert (Temperature >= 0),“Colder than absolute zero!”
AssertionError : Colder than absolute zero!

Que 4.11. What do you mean by exceptions ?

Answer

1. While writing a program, we often end up making some errors. There

are many types of error that can occur in a program.
Python Programming 4–9 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

2. The error caused by writing an improper syntax is termed syntax error

or parsing error; these are also called compile time errors.

3. Errors can also occur at runtime and these runtime errors are known
as exceptions.

4. There are various types of runtime error in Python.

5. For example, when a file we t ry to open does not exist, we get a

FileNotFoundError . When a division by zero happens, we get a
ZeroDivisionError. When the module we are trying to import does not
exist, we get an ImportError.

6. Python creates an exception object for every occurrence of these run-

time errors.

7. The user must write a piece of code that can handle the error.

8. If it is not capable of handling the error, the program prints a trace back
to that error along with the details of why the error has occurred.

For example :

Compile time error (syntax error)

>>> a = 3

>>> if (a < 4) # semicolon is not included

SyntaxError : invalid syntax # Output

ZeroDivisionError :

>>>5/0

Output :

Traceback (most recent call last) :

File “<pyshell#71>”, line 1, in <module>

5/0

ZeroDivisionError : Integer division or modulo by zero

Que 4.12. Explain exceptions handling with syntax.

Answer

1. Whenever an exception occurs in Python, it stops the current process

and passes it to the calling process until it is handled.

2. If there is no piece of code in our program that can handle the exception,
then the program will crash.

3. For example, assume that a function X calls the function Y, which in

turn calls the function Z, and an exception occurs in Z. If this exception
is not handled in Z itself, then the exception is passed to Y and then to X.
If this exception is not handled, then an error message will be displayed
and our program will suddenly halt.
Sieve of Eratosthenes and File I/O 4–10 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

i. Try...except :
a. Python provides a try statement for handling exceptions.

b. An operation in the program that can cause the exception is

placed in the try clause while the block of code that handles
the exception is placed in the except clause.

c. The block of code for handling the exception is written by the

user and it is for him to decide which operation he wants to
perform after the exception has been identified.

Syntax :
try :
the operation which can cause exception here,
.........................

except Exceptionl1 :
if there is exception1, execute this.
except Exception2 :
if there is exception2, execute this.

.........................
else :
if no exception occurs, execute this.

ii. try finally :

a. The try statement in Python has optional finally clause that

can be associated with it.

b. The statements written in finally clause will always be executed

by the interpr eter, whether the try state ment r aises an
exception or not.

c. With the try clause, we can use either except or finally, but not
both.

d. We cannot use the else clause along with a finally clause.

Que 4.13. Give example of try….except.

Answer

>>>try:

... file = open(“C:/Python27/test.txt”,“w”)

... file write(“hello python”)

... exceptIOError :
... print “Error: cannot find file or read data
... else :
... print “content written successfully”
>>> file. close ( )
Python Programming 4–11 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

1. In the given example, we are trying to open a file test.txt with write
access mode, and want to write to that file. We have added try and
except blocks.
2. If the required file is not found or we do not have the permission to write
to the file, an exception is raised.
3. The exception is handled by the except block and the following statement
printed :
Error : cannot find file or read data
4. On the other hand, if the data is written to the file then the else block
will be executed and it will print the following.
Output :
Content written successfully

Que 4.14. Give example of try….finally.

Answer

>> > try :

... file = open(“testfile”,“w”)
... try :
... file.write(“Write this to the file”)
... finally :
... print “Closing file”
... file.close()
... exceptIOError:
print “Error Occurred”
1. In the given example, when an exception is raised by the statements of
try block, the execution is immediately passed to the finally block.
2. After all the state ments inside the finally block are executed, the
exception is, raised again and is handled by the except block that is
associated with the next higher layer try block.

Que 4.15. Discuss exceptions and assertions in Python. How to

handle exceptions with try-finally ? Explain five built-in exceptions

with example. AKTU 2019-20, Marks 10

Answer

Exception : Refe r Q. 4.11, Page 4–8T, Unit-4.

Assertions : Refer Q. 4.10, Page 4–8T, Unit-4.
Handle exceptions : Refer Q. 4.12, Page 4–9T, Unit-4.
Five built-in exceptions :
1. exception LookupError : This is the base class for t hose exceptions
that are raised when a key or index used on a mapping or sequence is
invalid or not found. The exceptions raised are :
a. KeyErro r
b. IndexError
Sieve of Eratosthenes and File I/O 4–12 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

For example :
try:
a = [1, 2, 3]
print a[3]
except LookupError :
print “Index out o f bound error.”
else:
print “Success”
Output :
Index out of bound erro r.
2. TypeError : TypeError is t hrown when an operation or function is
applied to an object of an inappropriate type.
For example :
>>> ‘2’+2
Traceback (most rec ent call last):
File “<pyshell#23>”, line 1, in <module>
‘2’+2
TypeError: must be str , no t int
3. exception ArithmeticError : This class is the base class for those
built-in exceptions that are raised for various arit hmetic err ors such
as :
a. Overflo wErr or
b. ZeroDivisionError
c. FloatingPointError
For example :
>>> x=100/0
Traceback (most rec ent call last):
File “<pyshell#8>”, line 1, in <module>
x=100/0
ZeroDivisionError: division by zero
4. exception AssertionError : An AssertionError is raised when an
assert state ment fails.
For example :
assert False, ‘The assertion failed’
Output :
Traceback (most rec ent call last):
File “exceptions_AssertionError.py”, line 12, in
assert False, ‘The assertion failed’
Assertio nError: The assertio n failed
5. exception AttributeError :
An AttributeError is raised when an attribute reference or assignment
fails such as when a non-existent attribute is referenced.
For example :
class Attributes(object):
pass
object = Attributes()
print object.attribute
Python Programming 4–13 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

Output :
Traceback (most rec ent call last):
File “d912bae549a2b42953bc62da114ae7a7.py”, line 5, in
print object.attribute
AttributeError: ‘Attributes’ object has no attribute ‘attribute’

Modules : Introduction, Importing Modules, Abstract Data Types :

Abstract Data Types and ADT Interface in Python Programming.

Questions-Answers

Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions

Que 4.16. Define the term modules.

Answer

1. A module is a file containing Python definitions and statements. A module

can define functions, classes and variables.
2. It allows us to logically organize our Python code.
3. The file name is the module name with the suffix .py appended.
4. A module can also include runnable code. Grouping related code into a
module makes the code easier to understand and use.
5. Definitions from a module can be imported into other modules or into
the main module.
For example :
Here is an example of a simple module named as support.py
def print_func( par ):
print “Hello : ”, par
return

Que 4.17. Explain the import statement with the help of example.

Answer

1. The import statement is the most common way of invoking the import
machinery.

2. An import statement is made up of the import keyword along with the

name of the module.

3. The import statement combines two operations; it searches for the named
module, then it binds the results of that search to a name in the local
scope.
Sieve of Eratosthenes and File I/O 4–14 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

For example :
# to import standard module math

import math

print(“The value of pi is”, math.pi)

When we run the program, the output will be :

The value of pi is 3.141592653589793

Que 4.18. Explain abstract data types with its types.

Answer

1. Abstract Data type (ADT) is a type for objects whose behaviour is defined
by a set of value and a set of operations.

2. There are three types of ADTs :

a. List ADT : The data is stored in key sequence in a list which has a
head structure consisting of count, pointers and address of compare
function needed to compare the data in the list.
b. Stack ADT :
i. In stack ADT Implementation instead of data being stored in
each node, the pointer to data is stored.
ii. The program allocates memory for the data and address is
passed to the stack ADT.
iii. The head node and the data nodes are encapsulated in the
ADT.
iv. The calling function can only see the pointer to the stack.

v. The stack head structure also contains a pointer to top and

count of number of entries currently in stack.

c. Queue ADT :
i. The queue abstract data type (ADT) follows the basic design of
the stack abstract data type.
ii. Each node contains a void pointer to the data and the link
pointer to the next element in the queue.
iii. The program allocates the memory for storing the data.

Que 4.19. Explain ADT interface in Python programming.

Answer

1. ADT only defines as what operations are to be performed but not how
these operations will be implemented.

2. It does not specify how data will be organized in memory and what
algorithms will be used for implementing the operations.

3. It is called “abstract” because it gives an implementation-independent

view.
Python Programming 4–15 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

4. The process of providing only the essentials and hiding the details is
known as abstraction.

Abstract Data Type

Public Private
Application Interface
Functions Functions
Program

Data Structures
Array Linked List

Memory

Fig. 4.19.1.

5. The user of data type does not need to know how that data type is
implemented, for example, we have been using primitive values like int,
float, char data types only with the knowledge that these data type can
operate and be pe rfor med on without any idea of how the y ar e
implemented.

6. So, a user only needs to know what a data type can do, but not how it will
be implemented.

Que 4.20. Discuss ADT in Python. How to define ADT ? Write code

for a student information. AKTU 2019-20, Marks 10

Answer

ADT in python : Refer Q. 4.18, Page 4–14T, Unit-4.

The Queue and Stack are used to define Abstract Data Types (ADT) in
Python.
Code for student information :
class Student :
# Constructor
def __init_ _(self, name, rollno, m1, m2):
self.name = name
self.rollno = r ollno
self.m1 = m1
self.m2 = m2
# Functio n to create and append new student
def accept(self, Name, Rollno, marks1, marks2 ):
# use ‘int(input())’ method to take input from user
ob = Student(Name, Rollno, mark s1, marks2 )
ls.append(ob)
Sieve of Eratosthenes and File I/O 4–16 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

# Function to display student details

def display(self, ob):
print(“Name :”, ob.name)
print(“ RollNo :”, ob.rollno)
print(“Marks1 :”, ob.m1)
print(“Marks2 :”, ob.m2)
print(“\n”)
# Search Function
def search(self, rn):
for i in range(ls.__len__() ):
if(ls[i].rollno == rn):
return i
# Delete Function
def delet e(self, rn):
i = obj.search(r n)
del ls[i]
# Update Function
def update( self, rn, No):
i = obj.search(r n)
roll = No
ls[i].rollno = roll;
# Create a list to add Students
ls =[ ]
# an object of Student class
obj = Student(‘ ’, 0, 0, 0)
print(“\nOperations used, ”)
print(“\n1.Accept Student details\n2.Display Student Details\n”/
/“3.Search Details of a Student\n4.Delete Details of Student” /
/“\n5.Update Student Details\n6.Exit”)
ch = int(input(“ Enter choice:”))
if(ch == 1):
obj.accept(“A”, 1, 100, 100)
obj.accept(“B”, 2, 90, 90)
obj.accept(“C”, 3, 80, 80)
elif(ch == 2):
print(“\n”)
print(“\nList of Students\n”)
for i in range(ls.__len__() ):
obj.display(ls[i])
elif(ch == 3):
print(“\n Student Found,”)
s = obj.search(2)
Python Programming 4–17 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

obj.display(ls[s])
elif(ch == 4):

obj.delete(2)
print(ls._ _len__())
print(“List after deletion”)
for i in range(ls.__len__() ):
obj.display(ls[i])

elif(ch == 5):
obj.update(3, 2)
print(ls._ _len__())
print(“List after updation”)
for i in range(ls.__len__() ):

obj.display(ls[i])
else:
print(“Thank You !”)

Classes : Class Definition and other Operations in the Classes,

Special Methods (Such as__init__, __str__, Comparison
Methods, Arithmetic Methods, etc.), Class Example.

Questions-Answers

Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions

Que 4.21. Define class.

Answer

1. A class can be defined as a blue print or a previously defined structure

from which objects are made.

2. Classes are defined by the user; the class provides the basic structure
for an object.

3. It consists of data members and method members that are used by the
instances of the class.

4. In Python, a class is defined by a keyword Class.

5. Syntax : class class_name;

For example : Fruit is a class, and apple, mango and banana are its
objects. Attribute of these objects are color, taste, etc.
Sieve of Eratosthenes and File I/O 4–18 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

Que 4.22. What do you mean by objects ?

Answer

1. An object is an instance of a class that has some attributes and behaviour.

2. The object behaves according to the class of which it is an object.

3. Objects can be used to access the attributes of the class.

4. The syntax of creating an object in Python is similar to that for calling a

function.

5. Syntax :

obj_name = class_name ( )

For example :
s1 = Student ()
In the given example, Python will create an object s1 of the class student.

Que 4.23. Give an example of class.

Answer

>>>class Student :
... ‘student details’
... def fill_details(self, name, branch, year):
... self.name = name
... self.branch = branch

... self.year = year

... print(“A Student detail object is created”)
... def print details (self) :
... print(‘Name: ’, self.name)

... print(‘Branch: ’,self.branch)

... print(‘Year: ’,self.year)
In the given example, we have created a class Student that contains two
methods: fill_details and print_details. The first method fill_details takes
four arguments: self, name, branch and year. The second method print_details
takes exactly one argument: self.

Que 4.24. Explain object creation with the help of example.

Answer

>>>class Student :
... ‘student details’
... def fill_details(self, name, branch, year):
... self.name = name
Python Programming 4–19 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

... self.branch = branch

... self.year = year

... print(“A Student detail object is created”)

... def print details (self) :
... print(‘Name: ’, self.name)
... print(‘Branch: ’,self.branch)
... print(‘Year: ’,self.year)

# creating an object of Student class

>>>s1 = Student ()

# creating another object of Student class

>>>s2 = Student ()

# using the method fill_details with proper attributes

>>> s1.fill_details(‘John’,‘CSE’,‘2002’)

A Student detail object is created

>>>s2.fill_details(‘Jack’,‘ECE’,‘2004’)

A Student detail object is created

# using the print_details method with proper attributes

>>>s1.print_details ()

Name : John # Output

Branch : CSE # Output

Year : 2002 # Output

>>>s2.print_details()

Name : Jack # Output

Branch : ECE # Output

Year : 2004 # Output

Que 4.25. Discuss the __init__ function in detail with example.

Answer

1. The __init__ function is a reserved function in classes in Python which

is automatically called whenever a new object of the class is instantiated.

2. As a regular function, the init function is also defined using the def
keyword. As per the object-oriented programming paradigm, these types
of functions are called constructors.

3. We use constructors to initialize variables.

4. We can pass any number of arguments while creating the class object as
per the definition of the init function.
Sieve of Eratosthenes and File I/O 4–20 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

For example :
class IntellipaatClass :

def__init__(self, course) :

self.course = course

def display(self) :

print(self.course)object1 = IntellipaatClass(“Python”)

object1.display( )

Output :

Python

4. In the above example, the init function behaves as a constructor and is

called automatically as soon as the ‘object1 = IntellipaatClass(“Python”)’
statement is executed.

5. Since it is a function inside a class, the first argument passed in it is the

object itself which is caught in the ‘self’ parameter.

6. The second parameter, i.e., course, is used to catch the second argument
passed through the object that is ‘Python’. And then, we have initialized
the variable course inside the init function.

7. Further, we have defined another function named ‘display’ to print the

value of the variable. This function is called using object1.

Que 4.26. What is __str__ method in class ?

Answer

1. __str__method is the “informal” or nicely printable string representation

of an object. This is for the end user.

2. It is called by str(object) and the built-in functions such as format() and

print().

3. The return value of this method is a string object.

For example :

Class Account :

def __str__(self) :

return ‘Account of { } with starting amount : { }’ format

(self.owner, self.amount)

Now we can query the object in various ways and always get a nice
string representation :

>>> str(acc)

‘Account of bob with starting amount : 10’

Que 4.27. Define the comparison method.

Python Programming 4–21 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

Answer

1. The comparison methods are used whenever <, >, <=, >=, !=, == are
used with the object.

2. The comparison methods are also called ‘rich comparison methods’ or

‘comparison magic methods’.

3. Following are the comparison methods : _it_, _le_, _eq_, _ne_, _gt_,
_ge _.

object.__it__(self, other) # For x < y

object.__le__(self, other) # For x < = y

object.__eq__(self, other) # For x == y

object.__ne__(self, other) # For x ! = y OR x <> y

object.__gt__(self, other) # For x > y

object.__ge__(self, other) # For x > = Y

4. The most common usage is to return False or True when using one of
the comparison methods, but we can actually return any value.

5. If x == y it does not mean that x != y. The best practice is always to define

__ne__() if __eq__() is defined.

Que 4.28. Explain various arithmetic methods in detail.

Answer

Method : Description

__add__(self, other) To get called on add operation using + operator

__sub__(self, other) To get called on subtraction operation using –

operator.

__mut__(self, other) To get called on multiplication operation using *

operator.

__floordiv__(self, To get called on floor division operation using //

other) operator.

__div__(self, other) To get called on division operation using /

operator.

For example :

class IntervalMath(object) :
def __init__(self, lower, upper) :
self. to = float (lower)
self. up = float (upper)
def __add__(self, other) :
Sieve of Eratosthenes and File I/O 4–22 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

a, b, c, d = self.lo, self.up, other.lo, other.up

return IntervalMath (a + c, b + d)

def __sub__(self, other) :

a, b, c, d = self. lo, self. up, other. lo, other. up

return IntervalMath (a – d, b – c )

def __mul__(self, other) :

a, b, c, d = self.lo, self.up, other.lo, other.up

return IntervalMath(min(a*c, a*d, b*c, b*d),

max(a*c, a*d, b*c, b*d))

def __div__(self, other):

a, b, c, d = self.lo, self.up, other.lo, other.up

# [c,d] cannot contain zero:

if c*d <= 0:

raise ValueError\

(‘Interval %s cannot be denominator because ‘\’

it contains zero’ % other)

return IntervalMath(min(a/c, a/d, b/c, b/d), max(a/c, a/d, b/c, b/d))

The code of this class is found in the file IntervalMath.py.

I = IntervalMath

a = I(– 3, – 2)

b = I(4, 5)

expr = ‘a + b’, ‘a – b’, ‘a*b’, ‘a/b’

for e in expr :

print ‘%s =’ % e, eval(e)

Output :

a + b = [1, 3]

a – b = [– 8, – 6]

a * b = [– 15, – 8]

a / b = [– 0.75, – 0.4]

Inheritance : Inheritance and OOPS.

Questions-Answers

Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions

Python Programming 4–23 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

Que 4.29. What is object-oriented programming ?

Answer

1. The object-oriented programming approach mainly focuses on the object

and classes while procedural programming focuses on the function and
methods.

2. The object is an instance of class.

3. It is a collection of data (variables) and methods (functions).

4. A class can also be called the basic structure of object.

5. Class is set of attributes, which can be data members and methods

members.

Que 4.30. Define the term inheritance.

Answer

1. A class ‘A’ that can use the characteristics of another class ‘B’ is said to be
a derived class, i.e ., a class inherited from ‘B’. The process is called
inheritance.

2. In OOP, it means that reusability of code.

3. It is the capability of a class to derive the properties of another class that

has already been created.

For example : Vehicle is a class that is furt her divided into two
subclasses, automobiles (driven by motors) and pulled vehicles (driven
by men). Therefore, vehicle is the base class and automobiles and pulled
vehicles ar e it s subclasses. These subclasses inhe rit some of the
properties of the base class vehicle.

Que 4.31. Give syntax of inheritance and explain with the help of

example.

Answer

Syntax :

Class sub_classname(Parent_classname):

‘Optional Docstring’

Class_suite

For example :

#Define a parent class Person

>>>class Person(object) :

‘returns a Person object with given name’

def get_name (self ,name) :

Sieve of Eratosthenes and File I/O 4–24 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

self.name = name

def get_details (self) :

‘returns a string containing name of person’

return self.name

#Define a subclass Student

>>>class Student (Person) :

‘return a Student object, takes 2 arguments’

def fill_details (self, name, branch) :

Person.get_name(self, name)

self.branch = branch

def get_details(self):

‘returns student details’

print(“Name:”, self.name)

print(“Branch: ”, self.branch)

#Define a subclass Teacher

>>>class Teacher(Person) :

‘returns a Teacher object, takes 1 arguments’

def fill_details(self, name, branch) :

Person.get_name(self, name)

def get_details(self) :

print(“Name:”, self.name)

#Define one object for each class

>>>person 1 = Person ()

>>>student 1 = Student ()

>>>teacher 1 = Teacher ()

#Fill details in the objects

>>> person1.get_name(‘John’)

>>> student1.fill_details(‘Jinnie’, ‘CSE’)

>>> teacher1.fill_details(‘Jack’)

#Print the details using parent class function

>>>print(personl.get_details())

John # Output

>>>print(studentl.get_details())

Name: Jinnie # Output

Branch: CSE # Output

>>>print(teacherl.get_details())
Python Programming 4–25 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

Name: Jack # Output

Que 4.32. What do you mean by multiple inheritance ? Explain in

detail.

Answer

1. In multiple inheritance, a subclass is derived from more than one base

class.

2. The subclass inherits the properties of all the base classes.

3. In Fig. 4.32.1, subclass C inherits the properties of two base classes A

and B.

A B

Fig. 4.32.1 . Multiple inheritance.

4 Syntax :

# Define your first parent class

class A

...................... class_suite ..................

# Define your second parent class

class B

.......................class-suite......................

# Define the subclass inheriting both A and B

class C(A, B)

.......................class-suite......................

For example :

>>> class A : # Defining class A

def x(self):

print(“method of A”)

>>> class B : # Defining Class B

def x(self):

print(“method of B”)

>>> class C(A, B) : # Defining class C

pass

>>> y = c ()

>>> B.x(y)
Sieve of Eratosthenes and File I/O 4–26 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

method of B # Output

>>> A.x(Y)

method of A # Output.

Que 4.33. Define method overriding with the help of example.

Answer

1. Method overriding is allowed in Python.

2. Method overriding means that the method of parent class can be used in
the subclass with different or special functionality.

For example :

>>>class Parent :

def ovr_method (self) :

print ‘This is in Parent Class’

>>>class Child (Parent) :

def ovr_method (self) :

print ‘This is in Child Class’

>>>c = Child ()

>>>c.ovr_method()

This is in Child Class # Output

Que 4.34. Describe the term polymorphism.

Answer

1. The word ‘Poly’ means ‘many’.

2. The term ‘polymorphism’ means that the object of a class can have many
different forms to respond in different ways to any message or action.

3. Polymorphism is the capability for a message or data to be processed in

one or more ways.

For example :

1. If a base class is mammals, then horse, human, and cat are its subclasses.
All the mammals can see in the daytime.

2. Therefore, if the message ‘see in the daytime’ is passed to mammals, all

the mammals including the human, the horse and the cat will respond
to it.

3. Whereas, if the message ‘see during the night time’ is passed to the
mammals, then only the cat will respond to the message as it can see
during the night as well as in daytime.

4. Hence, the cat, which is a mammal, can behave differently from the
other mammals.
Python Programming 4–27 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

Class shape

Draw ()

Class Triangle Class Circle Class Square

Draw () Draw () Draw ()

Fig. 4.34.1. Pythomorphism.

Que 4.35. Explain data encapsulation with example.

Answer

1. In Python programming language, encapsulation is a process to restrict

the access of data members. This means that the internal details of an
object may not be visible from outside of the object definition.

2. The members in a class can be assigned in three ways i.e., public,

protected and private.

3. If the name of a member is preceded by single underscore, it is assigned

as a protected member.

4. If the name of a member is preceded by double underscore, it is assigned

as a private member.

5. If the name is not preceded by anything then it is a public member.

Name Notation Behaviour

varname Public Can be accessed from anywhere

_varname Protected They are like the public members but they
cannot be directly accessed from outside

__v arname Private They cannot be seen and accessed from outside
the class

For example :

>>>class MyClass (object) : #Defining class

def __init__ (self, x, y, z) :

self.var1 = x #public data member

self_var2 = y #projected data member

self__var3 = z #private data member

>>>obj = MyClass (3, 4, 5)

Sieve of Eratosthenes and File I/O 4–28 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

>>>obj.var1

3 #Output

>>>obj.var1 = 10

>>>obj.var1

10 #Output

>>>obj._var2

4 #Output

>>>obj._var2 = 12

>>>obj.var2

12 #Output

>>>obj.__var3 #Private member is not

accessible

Traceback (most recent call last) :

File “<pyshell#71>”, line 1, in<module>

obj.__var3

AttributeError : ‘MyClass’ object has no attribute ‘__var3’

Que 4.36. Discuss data hiding in detail.

Answer

1. In Python programming, there might be some cases when we intend to

hide the attributes of objects outside the class definition.

2. To accomplish this, use double score (__) before the name of the attributes
and these attributes will not be visible directly outside the class definition.

For example :

>>> class MyClass : # defining class

__ a = 0 ;
def sum (self, increment) :
self.__a += increment
self print.__ a
>>>b = MyClass() # creating instance of class
>>>b.sum(2)
2 #Output
>>> b.sum(5)
7 #Output
>>> print b. __a
Traceback (most recent call last) :
File “<pyshell#24>”, line 1, in <module>
print b.__a
Python Programming 4–29 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

AttributeError : MyClass instance has no attribute ‘__a’

3. In the given example, the variable a is not accessible as we tried to

access it; the Python interpreter generates an error immediately.

4. In such a case, the Python secures the members by internally changing

the names, to incorporate the name of the class.

5. In the given code, if we use the aforementioned syntax to access the

attributes, then the following changes are seen in the output:

>>> class MyClass : # Defining class

__a = 0;
def sum (self, increment):
self. __a += increment
print self. __a
>>> b = MyClass() # Creating instance of class
>>> b.sum(2)
2 #Output
>>> b.sum(5)
7 #Output
>>> print b._ MyClass_a # Accessing the hidden variable
7 #Output

Que 4.37. What will be the output after the following statements ?

class Furniture:
def legs():
print(‘is made of wood’)
Furniture.legs()

Answer

is made of wood

Que 4.38. What will be the output after the following statements ?

class Furniture:
def chair(x):
print(‘It has %s legs’ % x)
def table(x):
print(‘It has %s legs’ % x)
Furniture.table(6)

Answer

It has 6 legs

Que 4.39. What will be the output after the following statements ?

class Furniture:
def chair():
print(‘It has 4 legs’)
Sieve of Eratosthenes and File I/O 4–30 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

def table():
print(‘It has 6 legs’)
Furniture.chair()

Answer

It has 4 legs

Que 4.40. What will be the output after the following statements ?

import random
x = [3, 8, 6, 5, 0]
print(random.choice(x))

Answer

A random element from the list x.

Que 4.41. What will be the output after the following statements ?

import random
x = [3, 8, 6, 5, 0]
random.shuffle(x)
print(x)

Answer

The shuffled list x with the elements mixed up.

Que 4.42. What will be the output after the following statements ?

import re
x = re.compile(r‘(Sun)+day’)
y = x.search(‘Today is a nice day and a Sunday’)
print(y.group())

Answer

Sunday

Que 4.43. What will be the output after the following statements ?

import re
x = re.compile(r‘(Python){2}’)
y = x.search(‘PythonPythonPython’)
print(y.group())

Answer

PythonPython

Que 4.44. What will be the output after the following statements ?

import re
x = re.compile(r‘(Python){2,3}’)
Python Programming 4–31 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

y = x.search(‘PythonPythonPython’)
print(y.group())

Answer

PythonPythonPython

Que 4.45. What will be the output after the following statements ?

import re
x = re.compile(r‘(Python){1,3}?’)
y = x.search(‘PythonPythonPython’)
print(y.group())

Answer

Python

Que 4.46. What will be the output after the following statements ?

import re
x = re.compile(r‘day’)
y = x.findall(‘Today is a nice day and a Sunday’)
print(y)

Answer

[‘day’, ‘day’, ‘day’]

Que 4.47. What will be the output after the following statements ?

import re
x = re.compile(r‘(Sun)?day’)
y = x.findall(‘Today is a nice day and a Sunday’)
print(y)

Answer

[‘ ’, ‘ ’, ‘Sun’]

Que 4.48. What will be the output after the following statements ?

import os
x = os.getcwd()
print(x)

Answer

The current working directory

Que 4.49. What do the following statements do ?

import webbrowser
webbrowser.open(‘http://google.com’)
Sieve of Eratosthenes and File I/O 4–32 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

Answer

Launch a browser window to http://google.com

Que 4.50. What will be the output after the following statements ?

import sys
print(sys.argv)

Answer

A list of the program’s filename and command line arguments


Python Programming 5–1 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

Iterators and
Recursion

CONTENTS
Pa rt -1 : Ite rato rs and Recursio n : .......................... 5–2T to 5–7T
Recursive Fibonac ci,
To wer of Hano i

Pa rt -2 : Search : Simple Search and .................... 5–7T to 5–10T

Estimating Search Time ,
Binary Search and Estimating
Binary Sear ch Time

Pa rt -3 : Sorting and Merging : ............................ 5–10T to 5–18T

Selection Sort, Merge List,
Me rge Sort, Highe r
Order Sort
Iterators and Recursion 5–2 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

Iterators and Recursion : Recursive Fibonacci, Tower of Hanoi.

Questions-Answers

Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions

Que 5.1. What do you mean by iterator ?

Answer

1. An iterator is an object that contains a countable number of values.

2. An iterator is an object that can be iterated upon, meaning that we can

traverse through all the values.

3. Python iterator, implicitly implemented in constructs like for-loops,

comprehensions, and python generators.

4. Python lists, tuples, dictionary and sets are all examples of in-built
iterators.

5. These types are iterators because they implement following methods :

a. __iter__ : This method is called on initialization of an iterator. This

should return an object that has a next() method.

b. next() (or __next__) : The iterator next method should return the
next value for the iterable. When an iterator is used with a ‘for in’
loop, the for loop implicitly calls next() on the iterator object. This
method should raise a StopIteration to signal the end of the iteration.

For example :
# An iterable user defined type
class Test:
# Constructor
def __init__(self, limit):
self.limit = limit
# Called when iteration is initialized
def __iter__(self):
self.x = 10
return self
# To move to next element.
def next(self):
# Store current value of x
x = self.x
Python Programming 5–3 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

# Stop iteration if limit is reached

if x > self.limit:
raise StopIteration
# Else increment and return old value
self.x = x + 1;
return x
# Prints numbers from 10 to 15
for i in Test(15):
print(i)
# Prints nothing
for i in Test(5):
print(i)
Output :
10
11
12
13
14
15

Que 5.2. Define recursion. Also, give example.

Answer

1. In Python, recursion occurs when a function is defined by itself.

2. When a function calls itself, directly or indirectly, then it is called a

recursive function and this phenomenon is known as recursion.

3. Recursion is the property how we write a function. A function which

performs the same task can be written either in a recursive form or in
an iterative form.

4. Recursion is the process of repeating something self-similar way.

For example :
def fact (n) :
if n == 0:
return 1
else :
return n * fact(n – 1)
print(fact(0))
print(fact(5))

Output :

1
120

Que 5.3. Explain Fibonacci series using Python.

Iterators and Recursion 5–4 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

Answer

1. Fibonacci series is a series of numbers formed by the addition of the

preceding two numbers in the series.

2. It is simply the series of numbers which starts from 0 and 1 and then
continued by the addition of the preceding two numbers.

3. Example of Fibonacci series: 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5.

4. Python code for recursive Fibonacci :

def FibRecursion(n) :
if n <= 1 :
return n
else :
return(FibRecursion(n – 1) + FibRecursion(n – 2))
nterms = int(input(“Enter the term : ”)) # take input from the user
if nterms < = 0: # check if the number is valid
print (“Please enter a positive integer”)
else :
print (“Fibonacci sequence :”)
for i in range (nterms) :
print(FibRecursion(i))
Output : Enter the term : 5
Fibonacci sequence :

01123

1. In the given Python program, we use recursion to generate the Fibonacci

sequence.

2. The function FibRecursion is called recursively until we get the output.

3. In the function, we first check if the number n is zero or one. If yes, it

returns the value of n. If not, we recursively call FibRecursion with the
values n – 1 and n – 2.

Que 5.4. Explain Tower of Hanoi problem in detail.

OR
Explain iterator. Write a program to demonstrate the Tower of

Hanoi using function. AKTU 2019-20, Marks 10

Answer

Iterator : Refer Q. 5.1, Page 5–2T, Unit-5.

Tower of Hanoi problem :

1. Tower of Hanoi is a mathematical puzzle which consists of three rods

and a number of disks of different sizes, which can slide onto any rod.

2. The puzzle starts with the disks in a neat stack in ascending order of size
on one rod, the smallest at the top, thus making a conical shape.
Python Programming 5–5 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

3. The objective of the puzzle is to move the entire stack to another rod,
obeying the following simple rules :

a. Only one disk can be moved at a time.

b. Each move consists of taking the upper disk from one of the stacks
and placing it on top of another stack.

c. A disk can only be moved if it is the uppermost disk on a stack.

d. No disk may be placed on top of a smaller disk.

3 Disk 1

A B C A B C
2 3 4

A B C A B C A B C

5 6 7

A B C A B C A B C

Fig. 5.4.1 .

4. Recursive Python function to solve Tower of Hanoi

def TowerOfHanoi(n, from_rod, to_rod, aux_rod):
if n==1:
print “Move disk 1 from rod”,from_rod,“to rod”,to_rod
return
TowerOfHanoi(n – 1, from_rod, aux_rod, to_rod)
print “Move disk”,n,“from_rod”,from_rod,“to rod”,to_rod
TowerOfHanoi(n – 1, aux_rod, to_rod, from_rod)
n=4
TowerOfHanoi(n, \‘A\’, \‘C\’, \‘B\’)
# A, C, B are the name of rods
Output :
Move disk 1 from rod A to rod B
Move disk 2 from rod A to rod C
Move disk 1 from rod B to rod C
Move disk 3 from rod A to rod B
Move disk 1 from rod C to rod A
Move disk 2 from rod C to rod B
Move disk 1 from rod A to rod B
Move disk 4 from rod A to rod C
Iterators and Recursion 5–6 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

Move disk 1 from rod B to rod C

Move disk 2 from rod B to rod A
Move disk 1 from rod C to rod A
Move disk 3 from rod B to rod C
Move disk 1 from rod A to rod B
Move disk 2 from rod A to rod C
Move disk 1 from rod B to rod C

Que 5.5. Differentiate between recursion and iteration.

OR
Discuss and differentiate iterators and recursion. Write a program

for recursive Fibonacci series. AKTU 2019-20, Marks 10

Answer

Property Recursion Iteration

Definition Function calls itself. A set of in s t r u c t i o n

repeatedly executed.

Application For functions. For loops.

Termination Th ro u gh ba se c as e , Wh e n t he te r mi na t i o n
where there will be no condition for the iterator
function call. ceases to be satisfied.

Usage Used when code size Used when time

need to be small, and c ompl ex it y ne ed s to be
time complexity is not balanced against an
an issue. expanded code size.

Code size Smaller code size. Larger code size.

Time Very high (generally Relatively lower time

Complexity exponential) time complexity (generally
complexity. polynomial logarithmic).

Stack The stack is used to Does not use stack.

store t he set o f new
lo c al v ar ia b le s and
parameters each time
the function is called.

Overhead Re cursi on po sses se s No overhead of repeated

the overhead of function call.
repeated function calls.

Speed Slow in execution. Fast in execution.

Python Programming 5–7 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

Program for recursive Fibonacci series : Refer Q. 5.3, Page 5–3T,

Unit-5.

Search : Simple Search and Estimating Search Time,

Binary Search and Estimating Binary Search Time.

Questions-Answers

Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions

Que 5.6. What is simple (linear) search ? Explain with the help of

example.

Answer

1. Linear search is a method for finding a particular value in a list.

2. Linear search is good to use when we need to find the first occurrence
of an item in an unsorted collection.

3. Linear (Simple) search is one of the simplest searching algorithms, and

the easiest to understand.

4. It starts searching the value from the beginning of the list and continues
till the end of the list until the value is found.

5. Code :

def seach(arr, n, x) :

i=0

for i in range(i, n) :

if (arr[i] == x) :

return – i

return – 1

For example :

arr = [3, 10, 30, 45]

x = 10

n = len(arr)

print(x, “is present at index”, search(arr, n, x))

Output : 10 is present at index 1

Que 5.7. Explain the time complexity for linear search.

Iterators and Recursion 5–8 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

Answer

1. Let T(n) denote the time taken by a search on a sequence of size n.

2. Therefore, recurrence relation is : T(n) = T(n – 1) + C

3. Solution to the recurrence relation is: T(n)= Cn

4. We have three cases to analyse an algorithm:

a. Worst case :

i. In the worst case analysis, we calculate upper bound on running

time of an algorithm.

ii. For linear search, the worst case happens when the element
to be searched is not present in the array.

iii. When x is not present, the search() functions compares it with

all the elements of arr[] one by one.

iv. Therefore, the worst case time complexity of linear search

would be (n).
b. Average case :

i. In average case analysis, we take all possible inputs and calculate

computing time for all of the inputs.

ii. For the linear search problem, let us assume that all cases are
uniformly distributed (including the case of x not being present
in array). So, we sum all the cases and divide the sum by
(n + 1).

iii. Therefore, the average case time complexity of linear search

would be (n).
c. Best case :

i. In the best case analysis, we calculate lower bound on running

time of an algorithm.

ii. In the linear search problem, the best case occurs when x is
present at the first location.

iii. So, time complexity in the best case would be (1).

Que 5.8. Discuss binary search in Python.

Answer

1. Binary search follows a divide and conquer approach. It is faster than

linear search but requires that the array be sorted before the algorithm
is executed.

2. Binary search looks for a particular item by comparing the middle most
item of the collection. If a match occurs, then the index of item is returned.

3. If the middle item is greater than the item, then the item is searched in
the sub-array to the left of the middle item.
Python Programming 5–9 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

4. Otherwise, the item is searched for in the sub-array to the right of the
middle item.

5. This process continues on the sub-array as well until the size of the
sub-array reduces to zero.

6. Code :

def binarysearch(arr, 1, r, x) :

while 1 <= r :

mid = 1 + (r – 1)/2;

# Check if x is present at mid

if arr[mid] == x:

return mid

# If x is greater, ignore left half

elif arr[mid] < x :

l = mid + 1

# If x is smaller, ignore right half

else :

r = mid – 1

# If we reach here, then the element was not present

return – 1
# Test array
arr = [2, 3, 4, 10, 40]
x = 10

# Function call
result = binarySearch(arr, 0, len(arr) – 1, x)
if result ! = – 1:
print “Element is present at index % d” % result

else :
print “Element is not present in array”
Output :
Element is present at index 3

Que 5.9. Explain the time complexity for binary search.

Answer

1. Let T(n) denote the time taken by a search on a sequence of size n.

2. Therefore, recurrence relation is : T(n) <= T(n/2) + C

3. Solution to the recurrence relation is : T(n) = log(n)

Iterators and Recursion 5–10 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

Recursive function of binary search :

T(n) = T(n/2) + 1

T(n/2) = T(n/4) + 1 + 1

Put the value of T(n/2) in above so

T(n) = T(n/4) + 1 + 1... T(n/2k) + 1 + 1

= T(2k/2k) + 1 + 1...+ 1 upto k

= T(1) + k

As we taken 2k = n

k = log n

So time complexity is O(log n)

4. We have three cases to analyse an algorithm :

a. Best case :

i. In the best case, the item x is the middle in the array A. A

constant number of comparisons (actually just 1) are required.

ii. Time complexity in best case is O(1).

b. Worst case :

i. In the worst case, the item x does not exist in the array A at all.
Through each recursion or iteration of binary search, the size
of the admissible range is halved.

ii. Time complexity in worst case is O(log n).

c. Average case :

i. To find the average case, take the sum over all elements of the
product of number of comparisons required to find each element
and the probability of searching for that element.

ii. Time complexity in average case is O(log n).

Sorting and Merging : Selection Sort, Merge List, Merge Sort,

Higher Order Sort.

Questions-Answers

Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions

Que 5.10. What do you mean by selection sort ? Discuss in detail.

Python Programming 5–11 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

Answer

1. The selection sort algorithm sorts an array by repeatedly finding the

smallest element (considering ascending order) from unsorted list and
swapping it with the first element of the list.

2. The algorithm maintains two sub-arrays in a given array:

i. The sub-array which is already sorted.

ii. Remaining sub-array which is unsorted.

3. In e very iteration of selection sort, the smallest element from the

unsorted sub-array is picked and moved to the sorted sub-array.

4. Code :

def slectionSort(nlist) :

for fillslot in range(len(nlist) – 1, 0, – 1) :

maxpos = 0

for location in range(1, fillslot + 1) :

if nlist[location]>nlist[maxpos] :

maxpos = location

temp = nlist[fillslot]

nlist[fillslot] = nlist[maxpos]

nlist[maxpos] = temp

nlist = [14, 46, 43, 27, 57, 41, 45, 21, 70]

selectionSort(nlist)

print(nlist)

Output :

[14, 21, 27, 41, 43, 45, 46, 57, 70]

5. Time complexity :

i. Best case : O(n2)

ii. Worst case : O(n2)
iii. Average case : O(n2)

Que 5.11. Explain merge list.

Answer

1. Merging is defined as the process of creating a sorted list/array of data

items from two other sorted array/list of data items.

2. Merge list means to merge two sorted list into one list.

Code for merging two lists and sort it :

a=[ ]

c=[ ]
Iterators and Recursion 5–12 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

n1=int(input(“Enter number of elements:”))

for i in range(1, n1+1):

b=int(input(“Enter element:”))

a.append(b)

n2=int(input(“Enter number of elements:”))

for i in range(1, n2+1):

d=int(input(“Enter element:”))

c.append(d)

new=a+c

new.sort( )

print(“Sorted list is:”, new)

Que 5.12. Explain merge sort with the help of example.

Answer

1. Merge sort is a divide and conquer algorithm. It divides input array in

two halves, calls itself for the two halves and then merges the two
sorted halves.

2. The merge() function is used for merging two halves.

3. The merge(arr, l, m, r) is key process that assumes that arr[l..m] and

arr[m + 1 ..r] are sorted and merges the two sorted sub-arrays into one.

4. Code :

def mergeSort(arr)

if len(arr) >1:

mid = len(arr)//2 #Finding the mid of the array

L = arr[:mid] # Dividing the array elements

R = arr[mid:] # into 2 halves

mergeSort(L) # Sorting the first half

mergeSort(R) # Sorting the second half

i=j=k=0

# Copy data to temp arrays L[] and R[]

while i < len(L) and j < len(R):

if L[i] < R[j]:

arr[k] = L[i]

i+=1

else :

arr[k] = R[j]
Python Programming 5–13 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

j+=1

k+ =1

# Checking if any element was left

while i < len(L):

arr[k] = L[i]

i+=1

k+ =1

while j < len(R):

arr[k] = R[j]

j+=1

k+ =1

# Code to print the list

def printList(arr):

for i in range(len(arr)):

print(arr[i],end=“ ”)

print()

# driver code to test the above code

if __name__ == ‘__main__ ’ :

arr = [12, 11, 13, 5, 6, 7 ]

print (“Given array is”, end = “\n”)

printList(arr)

mergeSort(arr)

print(“Sorted array is: ”, end = “\n”)

printList(arr)

Output :

Given array is

12, 11, 13, 5, 6, 7

Sorted array is

5, 6, 7, 11, 12, 13

5. Time complexity : Recurrence relation of merge sort is given by

T(n) = 2T(n/2) + Cn

= 2(2T(n/4) + Cn/2) + Cn = 22T(n/4) + 2Cn

= 22(2T(n/8) + Cn/4) + Cn = 23T(n/8) + 3Cn

= ... // keep going for k steps

= 2kT(n/2k) + k*Cn
Iterators and Recursion 5–14 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

k
Assume n = 2 for some k.

k = log2 n

Then, T(n) = n*T(1) + Cn*log2n

i. Time complexity of Merge sort is O(n log n) in all three cases (worst,
average and best) as merge sort always divides the array into two halves
and take linear time to merge two halves.

Que 5.13. Discuss higher order sort.

Answer

1. Python also supports higher order functions, meaning that functions

can accept other functions as arguments and return functions to the
caller.

2. Sorting of higher order functions :

a. In order to defined non-default sorting in Python, both the sorted()

function and .sort() method accept a key argument.

b. The value passed to this argument needs to be a function object

that returns the sorting key for any item in the list or iterable.

3. For example : Consider the given list of tuples, Python will sort by
default on the first value in each tuple. In order to sort on a different
element from each tuple, a function can be passed that return that
element.

>>> def second_element (t) :

... return t[1]

...

>>> zepp = [(‘Guitar’, ‘Jimmy’), (‘Vocals’, ‘Robert’), (‘Bass’, ‘John Paul’),

(‘Drums’, ‘John’)]

>>> sorted(zepp)

[(‘Bass’, ‘John Paul’), (‘Drums’, ‘John’), (‘Guitar’, ‘Jimmy’), (‘Vocals’,

‘Robert’)]

>>> sorted(zepp, key = second_element)

[(‘Guitar’, ‘Jimmy’), (‘Drums’, ‘John’), (‘Bass’, ‘John Paul’), (‘Vocals’,

‘Robert’)]

Que 5.14. Discuss sorting and merging. Explain different types of

s or ti ng wit h ex ampl e. Writ e a P yt hon progr am f or Sie ve of

Eratosthenes. AKTU 2019-20, Marks 10

Answer
Python Programming 5–15 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

Sorting :
1. Sorting refers to arranging data in a particular orde r.

2. Most common orders are in numerical or lexicographical order.

3. The importance of sorting lies in the fact t hat data searching can be
optimized to a very high level, if data is stored in a sorte d manner.

4. Sorting is also used to represent data in more readable formats.

Merging : Refer 5.11, Page 5–11T, Unit-5.

Different types of sorting are :

1. Bubble sort : It is a comparison-based algorithm in which each pair of

adjacent elements is compared and the elements are swapped if they
are not in order.

For example :

def bubblesort(list):

# Swap the elements to arrange in order

for iter_num in range(len(list) – 1,0, – 1):

for idx in range(iter_num):

if list[idx]>list[idx+1]:

temp = list[idx]

list[idx] = list[idx+1]

list[idx+1] = temp

list = [19,2,31,45,6,11,121,27]

bubblesort(list)

print(list)

Output :

[2, 6, 11, 19, 27, 31, 45, 121]

2. Merge sort : Refer 5.12, Page 5–12T, Unit-5.

3. Selection sort : Refe r 5.10, Page 5–10T, Unit-5.

4. Higher order sort : Refer 5.13, Page 5–14T, Unit-5.

5. Insertion sort :

a. Insertion sort involves finding the right place for a give n element
in a sorted list. So in beginning we compare the first two elements
and sort them by comparing them.

b. Then we pick the third element and find its proper position among
the previous two sorted elements.

c. This way we gradually go on adding more elements to the already

sorted list by putt ing them in their pro per position.
Iterators and Recursion 5–16 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

For example :
def insertion_sort(InputList):

for i in range(1, len(InputList)):

j=i–1

nxt_e lement = InputList[i]

# Compare the curr ent ele ment with next one

while (InputList[j] > nxt_e lement) and (j >= 0):

InputList[j+1] = InputList[j]

j=j – 1

InputList[j+1] = nxt_e lement

list = [19,2,30,42,28,11,135,26]

insertion_sort(list)

print(list)

Output :

[2, 11, 19, 26, 28, 30, 42, 135]

Program : Refer Q. 4.3, Page 4–3T, Unit- 4.

Que 5.15. Wh at wi l l be the ou tput after the f o l l o wi n g

statements ?
x = [25, 14, 53, 62, 11]
x.sort()
print( x)

Answer

[11, 14, 25, 53, 62]

Que 5.16. Wh at wi l l be the ou tput after the f o l l o wi n g

statements ?
x = [‘25’, ‘Today’, ‘53’, ‘Sunday’, ‘15’]
x.sort()
print( x)

Answer

[‘15’, ‘25’, ‘53’, ‘Sunday’, ‘Today’]

Que 5.17. Wh at wi l l be the ou tput after the f o l l o wi n g

statements ?
x = {5:4, 8:8, 3:16, 9:32}
print(sorted(x.items()))
Python Programming 5–17 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

Answer

[(3, 16), (5, 4), (8, 8), (9, 32)]

Que 5.18. Wh at wi l l be the ou tput after the f o l l o wi n g

statements ?
x = [‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’, ‘A’, ‘B’, ‘C’]
x.sort()
print( x)

Answer

[‘A’, ‘B’, ‘C’, ‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’]

Que 5.19. Wh at wi l l be the ou tput after the f o l l o wi n g

statements ?
x = [‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’, ‘A’, ‘B’, ‘C’]
x.sort(key=str.lower)
print( x)

Answer

[‘a’, ‘A’, ‘b’, ‘B’, ‘c’, ‘C’]

Que 5.20. Wh at wi l l be the ou tput after the f o l l o wi n g

statements ?
x = [‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’, ‘A’, ‘B’, ‘C’]
x.sort(key=str.s wapcase)
print( x)

Answer

[‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’, ‘A’, ‘B’, ‘C’]

Que 5.21. Wh at wi l l be the ou tput after the f o l l o wi n g

statements ?
x = [‘a’, ‘b’, 1, 2, ‘A’, ‘B’]
x.sort()
print( x)

Answer

TypeError

Que 5.22. What will be the data type of the output after the

following statements ?
x = ‘Python’
y = list(x)
print( y)
Iterators and Recursion 5–18 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

Answer

List

Que 5.23. What will be the data type of the output after the

following statements ?
x = ‘Python’
y = tuple(x)
print( y)

Answer

Tuple


Python Programming SQ–1 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

1 Introduction and

(2 Marks Questions)
Basics

1.1. What is Python ?

Ans. Python is a high-level, interpreted, interactive and object-oriented
scripting language. It is a highly readable language. Unlike other
prog ramming languages, Python provides an interactive mode
similar to that of a calculator.

1.2. What are the difference between Java and Python ?

Ans.

Features Java Python

Syntax Th e sy nt ax o f Ja v a i s The syntax o f Python is

complex than Python. easier than Java.

Speed Java is st at ic ally t yped Python is manually typed,

pr o gr amming, makes it makes it slower.
faster.

Code Longer lines of code than Shorter lines of code than

Python. Java.

1.3. What are the features of Python ?

Ans. Features of Python :
1. The code written in Python is automatically compiled to byte code
and executed.
2. Python can be used as a scripting language, as a language for
implementing web applications, etc.
3. Pyt hon suppo rts many features such as neste d code blo cks,
functions, classes, modules and packages.
4. Python makes use of an object oriented programming approach.
5. It has many built-in data types such as str ings, lists, tuples,
dictionaries, etc.

1.4. What are the different ways of starting Python ?

Ans. There are three different ways of starting Python :
1. Running a sc ript writte n in Python.
2 Marks Questions SQ–2 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

2. Using a graph ical use r inter face (GUI ) f ro m an Int egr ate d
Development Enviro nment (IDE),
3. Employing an interactive approach.

1.5. Which character is used for commenting in Python ?

Ans. Hash mark (#) is used for commenting in Python.

1.6. How is Python an interpreted language ?

AKTU 2019-20, Marks 02

Ans. Python is called an interpreted language because it goes through

an interpreter, which turns the Python code into the language
under stood by proc essor of the computer.

1.7. What type of language is python ?

AKTU 2019-20, Marks 02

Ans. Python is an interpreted, object-oriented, high-level programming

language with dynamic semantics.

1.8. Define the type () f unction.

Ans. Type () function in Python programming language is a built-in
function which return the datatype of any arbitrary object. The
object is passed as an argument to the ty pe() f unctio n. Type()
function can take anything as an argument and return its datatype,
such as integers, strings, dictionaries, lists, classes, module, tuple,
functions, etc.

1.9. Define the unary operator.

Ans. Unary oper ators are operators with only one operand. These
operators are basically used to provide sign to t he operand.
+, –, ~ are some unary operators.

1.10. What do you mean by binary operator ?

Ans. Binary oper ator s are o per ator s with two o per ands that are
manipulated to get the result. They are also used to compare numeric
values and string values.
**, %, <<, >>, &, |, ^, <, >, <=, >=, ==, !=, <> are some binary
operators.

1.11. Wh at i s th e pu rpo s e o f P YTHONP AT H e nv ir on men t

variable ?
Ans. Pythonpath has a role similar to PATH. This variable tells Python
Interpreter where to locate the module f iles import ed into a
progr am. It should include Python source library directory and
the director ies containing Python sourc e code. PYTHONPATH is
sometimes preset by Python Installer.
Python Programming SQ–3 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

1.12. What is the difference between list and tuples in Python ?

AKTU 2019-20, Marks 02

Ans.

S. No. List Tuples

1. Lists are mutable, i.e., they Tuples are immutable (they are
can be edited. lists that cannot be edited).

2. Lists are usually slower than Tuples are faster than lists.
tuples.

3. Syntax : Syntax :
list_ 1 = [10, ‘Quantum’, 20] tup_ 1 = (10, ‘Quantum’, 20)

1.13. What is the difference between Python arrays and lists.

AKTU 2019-20, Marks 02

Ans.

S. No. Arrays Lists

1. Arrays can only store Lists can store heterogeneous

homogeneous data (data of and arbitrary data.
the same type).

2. Arrays use less memory to Lists require more memory to

store data. store data.

3. The length of an array is The length of a list is not fixed,

pre-fixed while creating it, so so more elements can be added.
more elements cannot be
added.

1.14. Can we make multiline comments in Python ?

Ans. Python does not have a specific syntax for including multiline
c o mme n t s l i ke ot he r p r o g r a mmi ng l ang u ag e s . Ho w e ve r ,
programmers can use triple-quoted strings (docstrings) for making
multiline comments as when a docstring is not used as the first
statement inside a method, it is ignored by Python parser.

1.15. Do we need to declare variables with data types in Python ?

Ans. No. Py t ho n i s a dy namic all y t y pe d l ang uag e , i .e . , P yt ho n
Interpre ter automatically identifies the data type of a variable
based on the type of value assigned to the variable.
2 Marks Questions SQ–4 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

1.16. In some languages, every statement ends with a semi-colon

(;). What happens if you put a semi-colon at the end of a

Python statement ? AKTU 2019-20, Marks 02

Ans. Python allows semicolon to use as a line terminator. So no err or

will occur if we put a semi-colon; at the end of python state ment.

1.17. Mention five benefits of using Python.

AKTU 2019-20, Marks 02

Ans. Benef its of Python :

1. Python is easy to learn.
2. Most automation, data mining, and big data platforms depend on
Python. This is because it is the ideal language to work with for
gener al purpose tasks.
3. Python provides productive coding environment.
4. It supports extensive libraries.
5. Python uses differ ent framewor ks to simplify the development
proc ess.

1.18. Define f loor division with example.

AKTU 2019-20, Marks 02

Ans. Floor division returns the quotient in which the digits after the
decimal point are removed. But if one of the operands (dividend
and divisor) is negative , then the result is floored, i.e., rounded
away from zero (means, towards the negative o f infinity). It is
denoted by “//”.
For example :
5.0 // 2
2.0

1.19. List some Python IDEs.

Ans. Some Python IDEs are :
1. PyCharm
2. Spyder
3. PyDev

1.20. Mention some of the reserved keyword in Python.

Ans.
1. and
2. false
3. is
4. pass
5. return
6. def
Python Programming SQ–5 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

1.21. Give an example of assigning one variable value to another.

Ans. >>> name1 = ‘Alber t’
>>> name2 = name1
>>> name2
‘Albert’ # Output
>> >

1.22. Give an example of different types of values to the same

variable.
Ans. >>> amount = 50
>>> amount
50 # Output
>>> amount = ‘Fift y’
>>> amount
‘Fifty’ # Output
>> >

1.23. What are the types of type conversion ?

Ans. Two types of type conversion are :
1. Implicit type conversion
2. Explicit type conversion

1.24. What are types of assignment statements ?

Ans. Three type of ass ignment statements are :
1. Value-based expression on RHS
2. Current variable on RHS
3. Operation on RHS

1.25. List the categories of operators.

Ans. Following are the seven categories of operators :
1. Arithmetic operators.
2. Assignment operators.
3. Bitwise operators.
4. Comparison operato rs.
5. Identity operators.
6. Logical operators.
7. Membership operators.

1.26. Name the tools that are used for static analysis.
Ans.
1. Pychecke r
2. Pylint

1.27. What are the different data types used in Python ?

Ans. Python has six basic data types which are as follows :
1. Numeric
2 Marks Questions SQ–6 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

2. String
3. List
4. Tuple
5. Dictionary
6. Boolean

1.28. Define operator associativity with its type.

Ans.
1. Assoc iativit y decides the order in which the operators with same
precedence are execute d.

2. There are two types o f associativity :

a. Left to right : In left to right associativity, the operator of

same precedence are exec uted from the left side first.

b. Right to left : In right to left associativity, the operator of

same precede nce are executed from the right side first.


Python Programming SQ–7 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

2 Conditionals and Loops

(2 Marks Questions)

2.1. What are the factors for expression evaluation ?

Ans.
1. Precedence : It is applied to two different class of operators. That
is, + and*, – and *, AND & OR, etc.
2. Associativity : It is applied to operators of same class. That is, *
and *, + and –, * and /, etc.
3. Order : Precedence and associativity identify the operands for each
operator. While evaluating an assignment, the RHS is evaluated
before LHS.

2.2. What is range () function ?

Ans. The range () function is a built-in function in Python that helps us
to iterate over a sequence of numbers. It produces an iterator that
follows arithmetic progression.

2.3. Give an example of range () function.

Ans. >>> range (8)
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]
range (8) provides a sequence of number 0-7. That is to say range
(n) generates a sequence of number that starts with 0 and end with
(n – 1).

2.4. Exp lain begin and end a rguments passe d by range ()

function.
Ans. >>> range (3, 9)
[3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]
We provided the begin index with 3 and the end index with 9.
Hence, the range function generates a sequence iterator of number
that starts from 3 and ends at 8.

2.5. Define the term alternative execution.

Ans. The alternative execution provides two possibilities and the condition
determines which one is to be executed. This is the second form of
the if statement.
2 Marks Questions SQ–8 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

2.6. What do you mean by block ?

Ans. The intended statements that follow the conditional statements
are called block. The first unintended statement marks the end of
the block.

2.7. What will be the output of the following code :

Str [0 : 4] if str=“Hello”
Ans. ‘Hello’

2.8. What are control statements ?

Ans. A control statement is a statement that determines the control flow
of a set of instructions. There are three fundamental forms of
control that programming languages provide: sequential control,
selection control, and iterative control.

2.9. What is short-circuit evaluation ?

Ans. In short-circuit (lazy) evaluation, the second operand of Boolean
operators AND and OR is not evaluated if the value of the Boolean
expression can be determined from the first operand alone.

2.10. Define the terms : header, suite and clause.

Ans. A header in Python starts with a keyword and ends with a colon.
The group of statements following a header is called a suite. A
header and its associated suite are together referred to as a clause.

2.11. What do you mean by iterative control ?

Ans. An iterative control statement is a control statement providing the
repeated execution of a set of instructions. An iterative control
st ruc ture is a set of inst ruct io ns and the it erat iv e co nt ro l
statement(s) controlling their execution.

2.12. What do you mean by definite loop ?

Ans. A definite loop is a program loop in which the number of times the
loop will iterate can be determined before the loop is executed.

2.13. What do you mean by indefinite loop ?

Ans. An indefinite loop is a program loop in which the number of times
that the loop will iterate cannot be determined before the loop is
executed.

2.14. Is indentation optional in Python ?

Ans. No indentation in Python is compulsory and is part of its syntax.
Indentation is a way of defining the scope and extent of the block of
codes. Indentation provides better readability to the code.
Python Programming SQ–9 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

2.15. What happen if break statement is used in for loop ?

Ans. If the break statement in a for loop is executed then the else part of
that for loop is skipped.

2.16. What is raw_input ( ) function ?

Ans. Raw_input ( ) takes the input from the user but it does not interpret
the input and also it returns the input of the user without doing any
changes.

2.17. Differentiate fruitful functions and void functions.

AKTU 2019-20, Marks 02

Ans. The main difference between vo id and fruitful function in python

is :
1. Void does not return any value
2. Fruitful function returns some value


2 Marks Questions SQ–10 T (CC-Sem- 3 & 4)

3 Functions and Strings

(2 Marks Questions)

3.1. Define traversing of string. Give an example.

Ans. Traversal is a process in which we access all the elements of the
string one by one using some conditional statements such as for
loop, while loop, etc.
For example :
>>> var = ‘jack john’
>>> i = 0
>>> while i < len (var) :
... x = var [i]
... print x
... i=i +1
Output :
j
a
c
k
j
o
h
n

3.2. What are escape characters ?

Ans. The backslash character (/) is used to escape characters. It converts
difficult-to-type characters into a string. For example, we need the
escaping character concept when we want to print a string with
double quotes or single quotes. When single or double quotes are
used with the string, Python normally neglects them and prints
only the string.

3.3. What do you mean by tuple assignment ?

Ans. Tuple assignment allows the assignment of values to a tuple of
variables on the left side of assignment from the tuple of values on
the right side of the assignment.
Python Progr amming SQ–11 T (CC-Sem- 3 & 4)

3.4. What do you mean by “Lists are mutable” ?

Ans. Lists are mutable means that we can change the value of any
elements inside the list at any point of time. The element inside the
list are accessible with their index value. The index will always start
with 0 and end with n – 1, if the list contains n elements.

3.5. What do you understand by traversing a list ?

Ans. Traversing of the list refers to accessing all the elements or items of
the list. Traversing can be done using any conditional statement of
Python, but it is preferable to use for loop.

3.6. What are the different methods used in deleting elements

from dictionary ?
Ans. Methods used in deleting elements from dictionary are :
1. pop( ) : pop() method removes that item from the dictionary for
which the key is provided. It also returns the value of the item.
2. popitem( ) : popitem() method is used to remove or delete and
return an arbitrary item from the dictionary.
3. clear( ) : clear() method removes all the items or elements from a
dictionary at the same time.

3.7. What are the two properties of key in the dictionary ?

Ans. Properties of key :
1. One key in a dictionary cannot have two values, i.e., duplicate keys
are not allowed in the dictionary; they must be unique.
2. Keys are immutable, i.e ., we can use string, integers or tuples for
dictionary keys, but cannot use something like [‘key’].

3.8. Why we use functions ?

Ans.
1. Break up complex problem into small sub-programs.
2. Solve each of the sub-problems separately as a function, and combine
them together in another function.
3. Hide the details and shows the functionality.

3.9. What are mathematical functions ? How are they used in

Python ?
Ans. Python provides us a math module containing most of the familiar
and important mathematical functions. A module is a file that
contain some prede fin e Python codes . A mo dule can define
functions, classes and variables. It is a collection of related functions
grouped together.
Before using a module in Python, we have to import it
For example, to import the math module, we use :
>>> import math

3.10. What are user-defined functions ? Give the syntax.

2 Marks Questions SQ–12 T (CC-Sem- 3 & 4)

Ans. Python also allows users to define their own functions. To use their
own functions in Python, users have to define the functions first;
this is known as function definition. In a function definition, users
have to define a name for the new function and also the list of the
statements that will execute when the function will be called.
Syntax :
def functionname (parameters) :
“function_docstring”
statement (s)
return (expression)

3.11. Define the return statement in a function. Give the syntax.

Ans. The return statement is used to exit a function. A function may or
may not return a value. If a function returns a value, it is passed
back by the return statement as argument to the caller. If it does
not return a value, we simply write return with no arguments.
Syntax :
return [expression]

3.12. Define anonymous function.

Ans. The anonymous functions are the functions created using a lambda
keyword.

3.13. You have been given a string ‘I live in Cochin. I love pets.’
Divide this string in such a very that the two sentences in
it are separated and stored in different variables. Print them.
Ans. >>> var = ‘I live in Cochin, I love pets.’
>>> var1 = var[: 17]
>>> var2 = var[18 : 30]
>>> print var1
I live in Cochin, # Output
>>> print var2
I love pets, # Output

3.14. An email address is provided : hello@python. org. Using

tuple assignment, split the username and domain from the
email address.
Ans. >>> addr = ‘hello@python. org’
>>> usrname, domain = addr. split (‘@’)
>>> print usrname
Hello # Output
>>> print domain
python. org # Output

3.15. Write a function called sumall that takes any number of

arguments and returns their sum.
Python Progr amming SQ–13 T (CC-Sem- 3 & 4)

Ans. >>> def suma11 (*t) :

i=0
sum = 0
whilei < len(t) :
sum = sum + t[i]
i=i+1
return sum
>>>suma11(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7)
28 # Output

3.16. Write a function called circleinfo which takes the radius of

circle as argument and returns the area and circumference
of the circle.
Ans. >>>def circleinfo(r) :
c = 2 * 3.14159 * r
a = 3.14159 * r * r
return (c, a)
>>> circleinfo(10)
(62.8318, 314.159) # Output

3.17. Give examples for len, max and min methods.

Ans. >>> list = [789, ‘abcd’, ‘jinnie’, 1234]
>>> len(list)
4 # Output
>>> max(list)
‘jinnie’ # Output
>>>min(list)
789 # Output

3.18. Give examples for all, any, len and sorted methods in
dictionary.
Ans. >>> dict1 = {8 : ‘a’, 3 : ‘b’, 5 : ‘c’, 7 : ‘d’}
>>> all (dict1)
True # Output
>>> any(dict1)
True # Output
>>> len (dict1)
4 # Output
>>> sorted(dict1)
[3, 5, 7, 8] # Output

3.19. Give the syntax required to convert an integer number into

string and a float to an integer.
Ans. # integer to string
>>>str (5)
‘5’ # Output
# float to integer
2 Marks Questions SQ–14 T (CC-Sem- 3 & 4)

>>>float (5.50)
5 # Output

3.20. Write a program to print the calendar for the month of

March 1991.
Ans. >>> import calendar
>>> c = calender.month(1991, 3)
>>> print c
March 1991
Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su
1 2 3
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14 15 16 17
18 19 20 21 22 23 24
25 26 27 28 29 30 31

3.21. Write a function which accepts two numbers and returns

their sum.
Ans. >>> def sum (arg1, arg2) :
sum = arg1 + arg2
return sum
# Now calling the function here
>>> a = 4
>>> b = 3
>>> total = sum(a, b) # calling the sum function
>>> print(total)
7 # Output

3.22. What are the types of arguments used for calling a function ?
Ans. Four types of arguments used for calling a function :
i. Required argument
ii. Keyword argument
iii. Default argument
iv. Variable length argument

3.23. Give one-one example for zip, max and min methods.
Ans. >>> tuple1 = (‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’)
>>> tuple1 = (1, 2, 3)
>>> max (tuple 2)
3 # Output
>>>min(tuple 1)
‘a’ # Output
>>>zip(tuple 1, tuple 2)
{(‘a’, 1), (‘b’, 2), (‘c’, 3)} # Output

3.23. What is the output of print list[2] when list = [‘abcd’, 2.23,
‘john’] ?
Python Progr amming SQ–15 T (CC-Sem- 3 & 4)

Ans. john

3.24. What is slicing ?

Ans. In Python, we can ext ract a substring by using a colon inside the
square bracket [:]. The resultant substring is a part of the lo ng
string.

3.25. What is the use of docstring ?

Ans. Docstring command is use to know about a function using triple-
quoted string.

3.26. What are local variables and global variables in Python ?

AKTU 2019-20, Marks 02

Ans.
i. Global variables :

1. Global variables are the variables that are defined outside a

function body.

2. Global variables can be accessed throughout the program body

by all functions.

ii. Local variables :

1. Local variables are the variables that are defined inside a
function body.
2. Local variables can be accessed only inside the function in
which they are declared.
3. When we call a function, the variables declared inside it are
brought into scope.


2 Marks Questions SQ–16 T (CC-Sem- 3 & 4)

4 Sieve of Eratosthenes
and File I/O
(2 Marks Questions)

4.1. What is class variable ?

Ans. A variable that is defined in the class and can be used by all the
instances of that class is called class variable.

4.2. Define instance variable.

Ans. A variable that is defined in the method; its scope is only within the
object that defines it.

4.3. Define the term instance.

Ans. An object is an instance of the class.

4.4. What do you mean by instantiation ?

Ans. The process of creating an object is called instantiation.

4.5. Define function overloading.

Ans. A function defined more than one time with different behaviours is
called function overloading.

4.6. What do you mean by methods ?

Ans. Methods are the functions defined in the definition of class and are
used by various instances of the class.

4.7. How are the objects created in Python ? Give an example.

Ans. Objects can be used to access the attributes of the class. The syntax
for creating an object in Python is similar to that for calling a
function.
Syntax :
obj_name = class_name ()
For example :
# define a class
>>>class A :
def print_det (self) :
print ‘This is a class’
Python Progr amming SQ–17 T (CC-Sem- 3 & 4)

# create object of class A

>>> object = A()
>>> object. print_det()
This is a class # Output

4.8. What do you understand by “Objects are mutable” ?

Ans. Objects are mutable means that the state of an object can be changed
at any point in time by making changes to its attributes.

4.9. What do you understand by arguments “Instances as return

values” ?
Ans. The instances of a class can also be returned by a function i.e.,
function can return the instances or objects.

4.10. Define__dict__, __bases__, __name__ built-in class attributes.

Give example.
Ans. __dict__ : It displays the dictionary in which the namespace of class
is stored.
__name__ : It displays the name of the class.
__bases__ : It displays the tuple that contains the base classes,
possibly empty. It displays them in the order in which they occur in
the base class list.
For example :
>>> print “__name__ :”, PrintStatement.__name__
__name__ : PrintStatement
>>> print “__bases__ :”, PrintStatement __bases__
__bases__ : ()
>>>print “PrintStatement”.__dict__: “PrintStatment” __dict__
PrintStatement.__dict__ : {‘__module__’ : ‘__main__’, ‘__doc__’ :
None, ‘print_method’ : < function print_method at 0x.2CE3130>}

4.11. Give the advantage of inheritance.

Ans. The main advantage of inheritance is that the code can be written
once in the base class and then reused repeatedly in the subclasses.

4.12. Define subclass.

Ans. The class which inherits the feature of another class is called
subclass.

4.13. List the order of file operations in Python.

Ans. The order is as follows :
1. Opening a file
2. Perform read or write operation
3. Closing a file

4.14. Explain any four modes of opening the file.

2 Marks Questions SQ–18 T (CC-Sem- 3 & 4)

Ans. Modes of opening the file :

i. r : It opens a file in reading mode. The file pointer is placed at the
starting of the file.
ii. r + : It opens the file in both reading and writing mode. The file
pointer is placed at the starting of the file.
iii. w : It opens the file in writing mode. If a file exists, it overwrites the
existing file; otherwise, it creates a new file.
iv. w + : It opens the file in both reading and writing mode. If a file
exists, it overwrites the existing file; otherwise, it creates a new
file.

4.15. Explain the file object attributes in detail.

Ans.

Attribute Description

file.closed It will return true if the file is closed ; it will

otherwise return false.

file.mode It will return the access mode with which the

file is opened.

file.name It will return name of the file

file.softspace It will return false if space explicitly required

with print; otherwise it will return true.

4.16. Give the syntax for reading from a file. What is the work of
the readline() function ?
Ans. Syntax :
fileobject.read([size])
The count parameter size gives the number of bytes to be read
from an opened file. It starts reading from the beginning of the file
until the size given. If no size is provided, it ends up reading until
the end of the file.

4.17. How are renaming and deleting performed on a file ? Give

the syntax for each.
Ans. Renaming a file : Renaming a file in Python is done with the help
of the rename() method. The rename() method is passed with two
argument, the current filename and the new filename.
Syntax :
os.rename(current_filename, new_filename)
Deleting a file : Deleting a file in Python is done with the help of
the remove() method. The remove() method takes the filename as
an argument to be deleted.
Syntax :
os.remove(filename)
Python Progr amming SQ–19 T (CC-Sem- 3 & 4)

4.18. What are the various file positions methods ?

Ans. In Python, the tell() method tells us about the current position of
the pointer. The current position tells us where reading will starts
from at present.
We can also change the position of the pointer with the help of the
seek() method. We pass the number of bytes to be moved by the
pointer as arguments to the seek() method.

4.19. What are directories ?

Ans. If there is a large number of file, then related files are placed in
different directories. Directory can be said to be a collection of files
and sub directories. The module os in Python enables us to use
various methods to work with directories.

4.20. What are the basic methods performed on directories ?

Ans. Following are the four basic methods that are perf ormed on
directories :
i. mkdir () method (Creating a directory)
ii. chdir() method (Changing the current directory)
iii. getcwd () method (Displaying the current directory)
iv. rmdir () method (Deleting the directory).

4.21. What are user-defined exceptions ? Give one example.

Ans. Python allows users to define their own exceptions by creating a
new class. Exception needs to be derived, directly or indirectly from
exception class.
For example :
>>> class error(Exception)
pass

4.22. Write some built-in exception in Python.

Ans.
i. AssertionError
ii. FloatingPointError
iii. SystemError
iv. RunTimeError
v. ZeroDivisionError

4.23. Define ADT interface. AKTU 2019-20, Marks 02

Ans. ADT interface only define as what operations are to be perfo rmed
but not how these ope rations will be implemented. It does not
specify how data will be organized in memory and what algorithms
will be used for implementing the operations. It is called “abstract”
because it gives an implementation-independent view.


2 Marks Questions SQ–20 T (CC-Sem- 3 & 4)

5 Iterators and

(2 Marks Questions)
Recursion

5.1. What are properties of recursive functions ?

Ans. Properties of recursive function :
1. The arguments of function change between the recursive calls.
2. The change in arguments should be toward a case for which the
solution is known and we call it as a base case. There can be more
than one base case.

5.2. What are the advantages of recursion ?

Ans.
1. It requires few variables.
2. The programs are easy to implement if the problem has a recursive
definition.

5.3. Give some disadvantages of recursion.

Ans.
1. Debugging is difficult.
2. It is not easy to write the program in a recursive form.
3. It can be inefficient as it requires more time and space.

5.4. What are the applications of Tower of Hanoi problem ?

Ans.
1. The Tower of Hanoi is frequently used in psychological research on
problem solving.
2. There also exists a variant of this task called Tower of London for
neuropsychological diagnosis and treatment of executive functions.
3. The Tower of Hanoi is also used as a Backup rotation scheme when
performing computer data Backups where multiple tapes/media
are involved.
4. The Tower of Hanoi is also used as a test by neuropsychologists
trying to evaluate frontal lobe deficits.

5.5. What are the advantages and drawbacks of simple search ?

Ans. Advantages :
1. It is a very simple search and easy to program.
2. In the best-case scenario, the item we are searching for may be at
the start of the list in which case we get it on the very first try.
Python Progr amming SQ–21 T (CC-Sem- 3 & 4)

Drawbacks :
1. Its drawback is that if our list is large, it may take time to go
through the list.
2. In the worst-case scenario, the item we are searching for may not
be in the list, or it may be at the opposite end of the list.

5.6. Write algorithm of simple search.

Ans. if start > end:

return False

if a[start]==key:

return True

return search(a, start + 1, end, key)

5.7. Give the algorithm for binary search.

Ans. if start > end :
return False

mid = (start + end) //2

if a [mid] = = key:

return True

if (a[mid] > key):

return binsearch(a, start, mid – 1, key)

else :

return binsearch(a, mid + 1, end, key)

5.8. Define the term sorting.

Ans.
1. Sorting is the arrangement of a given list in ascending order or
descending order.
2. In sorting, searching for an element is very fast.
3. Example of sorting in real world are : Contact list in mobile phones,
ordering marks before assignment of grades, etc.

5.9. Write the complexity of sorting algorithm.

Ans.
1. Merge sort : O(n log n)
2. Selection sort : O(n2)
3. Bouble sort : O(n2)

5.9. Which operation is used to implement merge sort ?

Ans. Merge operation is used to implement merge sort.

5.11. List some sorting algorithm.

2 Marks Questions SQ–22 T (CC-Sem- 3 & 4)

Ans.
1. Insertion sort
2. Selection sort
3. Bubble sort
4. Merge sort

5.12. What is binary search ?

Ans. Binary search is a search algorithm that finds the position of a
target value within a sorted list.

5.13. Which method is used to sort a list ?

Ans. Sort( ) method is used to sort a list.

5.14. What are the possibilities while sorting a list of string ?

Ans. Possibilities while sorting a list of string are :
1. Sorting in alphabetical/reverse order.
2. Based on length of string character.
3. Sorting the integer values in list of string.


Python Programming SP–1 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

B.Tech.
(SEM. III) ODD SEMESTER THEORY
EXAMINATION, 2019-20
PYTHON PROGRAMMING

Time : 3 Hours Max. Marks : 100

Note : 1. Attempt all Section.

Section-A

1. Answer all questions in brief. (2 × 10 = 20)

a. What is the difference between list and tuples in Python ?

b. In some languages, every statement ends with a semi-colon

(;). What happens if you put a semi-colon at the end of a
Python statement ?

c. Mention five benefits of using Python.

d. How is Python an interpreted language ?

e. What type of language is python ?

f. What are local variables and global variables in Python ?

g. What is the difference between Python Arrays and lists ?

h. Define ADT interface.

i. Define floor division with example.

j. Differentiate fruitful functions and void functions.

Section- B

2. Answer any three of the follo wing : (3 × 10 = 30)

a. Explain iterator. Write a program to demons trate the
Tower of Hanoi using function.

b. Di scus s fu nct ion in P yth on with its parts and scope.

Explain with example. (Take simple calculator with add,
subtract, division and multiplication).
Solved Paper (2019-20) SP–2 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

c. Discuss ADT in Python. How to define ADT ? Write code for

a student information.

d. E xplain all the conditional s tatement in Python using

small code example.

e. What is Python? How Python is interpreted? What are the

tools that help to find b ugs or perform static analysis?
What are Python decorators?

Section- C

3. Answer any one part of the following : (1 × 10 = 10)

a. Write short notes with example : The programming cycle
for Python, elements of Python, type conversion in Python,
operator precedence, and Boolean expression.

b. How memory is managed in Python? Explain PEP 8. Write

a Python program to print even length words in a string.

4. Answer any one part of the following : (1 × 10 = 10)

a. Explain expression evaluation and float repres entation
with example. Write a Python program for how to check if
a given number is Fibonacci number.

b. Explain the purpose and working of loops. Discuss break

and continue with example. Write a Python program to
convert time from 12 hour to 24-hour format.

5. Answer any one part of the following : (10 × 1 = 10)

a. Explain higher order function with respect to lambda
expression. Write a Python code to count occurrences of
an element in a lis t.

b. Explain unpacking sequences, mutable sequences, and list

comprehension with example. Write a program to sort list
of dic ti on ar ie s b y va lu es in P yth on – Us i ng lambd a
function.

6. Answer any one part of the following : (1 × 10 = 10)

a. Discuss File I/O in Python. How to perf orm open, read,
write, and close into a file ? Write a Python program to
read a file line-b y-line store it into a variable.

b. Dis cus s exceptions an d as serti ons in Python. How to

handle exceptions with try-finally ? Explain five built-in
exceptions with example.
Python Programming SP–3 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

7. Answer any one part of the following : (1 × 10 = 10)

a. Discuss and differentiate iterators and recurs ion. Write a
program for recurs ive Fibonacci series.

b. Discuss sorting and merging. Explain different types of

sorting with example. Write a Python program for Sieve of
Eratosthenes.


Solved Paper (2019-20) SP–4 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

SOLUTION OF PAPER (2019-20)

Note : 1. Attempt all Section.

Section-A

1. Answer all questions in brief. (2 × 10 = 20)

a. What is the difference between list and tuples in Python ?
Ans.

S. No. List Tuples

1. Lists are mutable, i.e., they Tuples are immutable (they are
can be edited. lists that cannot be edited).

2. Lists are usually slower than Tuples are faster than lists.
tuples.

3. Syntax : Syntax :
list_ 1 = [10, ‘Quantum’, 20] tup_ 1 = (10, ‘Quantum’, 20)

b. In some languages, every statement ends with a semi-colon

(;). What happens if you put a semi-colon at the end of a
Python statement ?
Ans. Python allows semicolon to use as a line terminator. So no err or
will occur if we put a semi-colon; at the end of python state ment.

c. Mention five benefits of using Python.

Ans. Benef its of Python :
1. Python is easy to learn.
2. Most automation, data mining, and big data platforms depend on
Python. This is because it is the ideal language to work with for
gener al purpose tasks.
3. Python provides productive coding environment.
4. It supports extensive libraries.
5. Python uses differ ent framewor ks to simplify the development
proc ess.

d. How is Python an interpreted language ?

Ans. Python is called an interpreted language because it goes through
an interpreter, which turns the Python code into the language
under stood by proc essor of the computer.

e. What type of language is python ?

Ans. Python is an interpreted, object-oriented, high-level programming
language with dynamic semantics.

f. What are local variables and global variables in Python ?

Python Programming SP–5 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

Ans.
i. Global variables :
1. Global variables are the variables that are defined outside a
function body.

2. Global variables can be accessed throughout the program body

by all functions.

ii. Local variables :

1. Local variables are the variables that are defined inside a
function body.
2. Local variables can be accessed only inside the function in
which they are declared.
3. When we call a function, the variables declared inside it are
brought into scope.

g. What is the difference between Python Arrays and lists ?

Ans.

S. No. Arrays Lists

1. Arrays can only store Lists can store heterogeneous

homogeneous data (data of and arbitrary data.
the same type).

2. Arrays use less memory to Lists require more memory to

store data. store data.

3. The length of an array is The length of a list is not fixed,

pre-fixed while creating it, so so more elements can be added.
more elements cannot be
added.

h. Define ADT interface.

Ans. ADT interface only define as what operations are to be perfo rmed
but not how these ope rations will be implemented. It does not
specify how data will be organized in memory and what algorithms
will be used for implementing the operations. It is called “abstract”
because it gives an implementation-independent view.

i. Define floor division with example.

Ans. Floor division returns the quotient in which the digits after the
decimal point are removed. But if one of the operands (dividend
and divisor) is negative , then the result is floored, i.e., rounded
away from zero (means, towards the negative o f infinity). It is
denoted by “//”.
For example :
5.0 // 2
2.0
Solved Paper (2019-20) SP–6 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

j. Differentiate fruitful functions and void functions.

Ans. The main difference between vo id and fruitful function in python
is :
1. Void does not return any value
2. Fruitful function returns some value

Section- B

2. Answer any three of the follo wing : (3 × 10 = 30)

a. Explain iterator. Write a program to demons trate the
Tower of Hanoi using function.
Ans.
1. An iterator is an object that contains a countable number of values.

2. An iterator is an object that can be iterated upon, meaning that we

can traverse through all the values.

3. Python iterator, implicitly implemented in constructs like for-loops,

comprehensions, and python generators.

4. Python lists, tuples, dictionary and sets are all examples of in-built
iterators.

5. These types ar e ite rators bec ause they imple ment fo llowing
methods :

a. __iter__ : This method is called on initialization of an iterator.

This should return an object that has a next() method.

b. next() (or __next__) : The iterator next method should return

the next value for the iterable. When an iterator is used with
a ‘for in’ loop, the for loop implicitly calls next() on the iterator
object. This method should raise a StopIteration to signal the
end of the iteration.

Recursive Python function to solve Tower of Hanoi :

def TowerOfHanoi(n, from_rod, to_rod, aux_rod):

if n==1:

print “Move disk 1 from rod”,from_rod,“to rod”,to_rod

return

TowerOfHanoi(n – 1, from_rod, aux_rod, to_rod)

print “Move disk”,n,“from_rod”,from_rod,“to rod”,to_rod

TowerOfHanoi(n – 1, aux_rod, to_rod, from_rod)

n=4

TowerOfHanoi(n, \‘A\’, \‘C\’, \‘B\’)

# A, C, B are the name of rods

Python Programming SP–7 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

Output :

Move disk 1 from rod A to rod B

Move disk 2 from rod A to rod C

Move disk 1 from rod B to rod C

Move disk 3 from rod A to rod B

Move disk 1 from rod C to rod A

Move disk 2 from rod C to rod B

Move disk 1 from rod A to rod B

Move disk 4 from rod A to rod C

Move disk 1 from rod B to rod C

Move disk 2 from rod B to rod A

Move disk 1 from rod C to rod A

Move disk 3 from rod B to rod C

Move disk 1 from rod A to rod B

Move disk 2 from rod A to rod C

Move disk 1 from rod B to rod C

b. Di scus s fu nct ion in P yth on with its parts and scope.

Explain with example. (Take simple calculator with add,
subtract, division and multiplication).
Ans. Function :

1. Functions are self-contained programs that perform some particular

tasks.

2. Once a function is created by the programmer for a specific task,

this function can be called anytime to perform that task.

3. Each function is given a name, using which we call it. A function

may or may not return a value.

4. There are many built-in functions provided by Python such as dir

(), len ( ), abs ( ), etc.

5. Users can also build their own functions, which are called user-
defined functions.

Parts of function : Function is defined by “def” keyword following

by function name and parentheses.

Syntax of function definition : def function_name ( ) :

Syntax of functional call : function_name ( )

Solved Paper (2019-20) SP–8 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

For example :

def max (x, y) :

‘‘‘return maximum among x and y’’’

Keyword if (x > y) :
return x
else 2 arguments
Function name return y x and y
(formal args)

a = max(8, 6)

Body of th e function

Documentation comment
Call to the fu nction.
(docstring).
Actual args are 8 and 6.

Fig. 2.

1. Keyword : The keyword ‘def’ is used to define a function header.

2. Function name : We define the function name for identification

or to uniquely identify the function. In the given example, the
function name is max. Function naming follows the same rules of
writing identifiers in Python.

3. A colon (:) to mark the end of function header.

4. Arguments : Arguments are the values passed to the functions

between parentheses. In the given example, two arguments are
used, x and y. These are called formal arguments.

5. Body of the function : The body processes the arguments to do

something useful. In the given example, body of the function is
intended w.r.t. the def keyword.

6. Documentation comment (docstring) : A documentation string

(docstring) to describe what the function does. In the given example,
“return maximum among x and y” is the docstring.

7. An optional return statement to return a value from the function.

8. Function call : To execute a function, we have to call it. In the

given example, a = max (8, 6) is calling function with 8 and 6 as
arguments.

Scope :

1. Scope of a name is the part of the program in which the name can
be used.
Python Programming SP–9 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

2. Two variables can have the same name only if they are declared in
separate scopes.

3. A variable cannot be used outside its scopes.

4. Fig. 3 illustrates Python’s four scopes.

Built-in (Python)
Names preassigned in the built-in n ames m odule: open, ran ge,
SyntaxError....

Global (module)
Names assigned at the top-level of module file, or declared
global in a def with in the file.

Enclosing function locals

Names in the local scope of any and all enclosing fu nctions
(def or lambda), from inner to outer.

Local (function)
Names assigned in any way within a function
(def or lambda), and not declared global in that function.

Fig. 3. The LEGB scope.

5. The LEGB rule refers to local scope, enclosing scope, global scope,
and built-in scope.

6. Local scope extends for the body of a function and refers to anything
indented in the function definition.

7. Variables, including the parameter, that are defined in the body of

a function are local to that function and cannot be accessed outside
the function. They are local variables.

8. The enclosing scope refers to variables that are defined outside a

function definition.

9. If a function is defined within the scope of other variables, then

those variables are available inside the function definition. The
variables in the enclosing scope are available to statements within
a function.

For example : Simple c alculator using python :

# This function adds two numbers

def add(x , y) :
return x + y
# This function subtracts two numbers
def subtract (x, y) :
return x – y
# This function multiplies two numbers
def multiply(x, y) :
Solved Paper (2019-20) SP–10 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

return x * y
# This function divides two numbers
def divide(x, y) :
return x / y
print(“Select operation.”)
print(“1.Add”)
print(“2.Subtract”)
print(“3.Multiply”)
print(“4.Divide”)
# Take input from the user
choice = input(“Enter choic e(1/2/3/4) : ”)
num1 = float(input(“Enter first number: ”))
num2 = float(input(“Enter second number: ”))
if choice == ‘1’ :
print(num1,“+”,num2,“=”, add(num1,num2))
elif choice == ‘2’ :
print(num1,“–”,num2,“=”, subtract(num1,num2))
elif choice == ‘3’ :
print(num1,“*” ,num2,“=”, multiply(num1,num2))
elif choice == ‘4’:
print(num1,“/”,num2,“=”, divide(num1,num2))
else :
print(“Invalid input”)

c. Discuss ADT in Python. How to define ADT ? Write code for

a student information.
Ans. ADT in python :

1. Abstract Data type (ADT) is a type for objects whose behaviour is

defined by a set of value and a set of operations.

2. There are three types of ADTs :

a. List ADT : The data is stored in key sequence in a list which

has a head structure consisting of count, pointers and address
of compare function needed to compare the data in the list.

b. Stack ADT :

i. In stack ADT Implementation instead of data being stored

in each node, the pointer to data is stored.

ii. The program allocates memory for the data and address
is passed to the stack ADT.

iii. The head node and the data nodes are encapsulated in
the ADT.

iv. The calling function can only see the pointer to the stack.

v. The stack head structure also contains a pointer to top

and count of number of entries currently in stack.
Python Programming SP–11 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

c. Queue ADT :
i. The queue abstract data type (ADT) follows the basic
design of the stack abstract data type.

ii. Each node contains a void pointer to the data and the link
pointer to the next element in the queue.

iii. The program allocates the memory for storing the data.

The Queue and Stack are used to de fine Abstract Data Types
(ADT) in Python.

Code for student information :

class Student :
# Constructor
def __init_ _(self, name, rollno, m1, m2):
self.name = name
self.rollno = r ollno
self.m1 = m1
self.m2 = m2
# Functio n to create and append new student
def accept(self, Name, Rollno, marks1, marks2 ):
# use ‘int(input())’ method to take input from user
ob = Student(Name, Rollno, mark s1, marks2 )
ls.append(ob)
# Function to display student details
def display(self, ob):
print(“Name :”, ob.name)
print(“ RollNo :”, ob.rollno)
print(“Marks1 :”, ob.m1)
print(“Marks2 :”, ob.m2)
print(“\n”)
# Search Function
def search(self, rn):
for i in range(ls.__len__() ):
if(ls[i].rollno == rn):
return i
# Delete Function
def delet e(self, rn):
i = obj.search(r n)
del ls[i]
# Update Function
def update( self, rn, No):
i = obj.search(r n)
roll = No
ls[i].rollno = roll;
Solved Paper (2019-20) SP–12 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

# Create a list to add Students

ls =[ ]

# an object of Student class

obj = Student(‘ ’, 0, 0, 0)
print(“\nOperations used, ”)
print(“\n1.Accept Student details\n2.Display Student Details\n”/
/“3.Search Details of a Student\n4.Delete Details of Student” /

/“\n5.Update Student Details\n6.Exit”)

ch = int(input(“ Enter choice:”))
if(ch == 1):
obj.accept(“A”, 1, 100, 100)
obj.accept(“B”, 2, 90, 90)

obj.accept(“C”, 3, 80, 80)

elif(ch == 2):
print(“\n”)
print(“\nList of Students\n”)
for i in range(ls.__len__() ):

obj.display(ls[i])
elif(ch == 3):
print(“\n Student Found,”)
s = obj.search(2)

obj.display(ls[s])
elif(ch == 4):
obj.delete(2)
print(ls._ _len__())
print(“List after deletion”)

for i in range(ls.__len__() ):
obj.display(ls[i])
elif(ch == 5):
obj.update(3, 2)
print(ls._ _len__())
print(“List after updation”)

for i in range(ls.__len__() ):
obj.display(ls[i])
else:
print(“Thank You !”)

d. E xplain all the conditional s tatement in Python using

small code example.
Python Programming SP–13 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

Ans. Different types of conditional statement are :

1. If statement :

i. An if statement consists of a Boolean expression followed by

one or more statements.

ii. With an if clause, a condition is provided; if the condition is

true then the block of statement written in the if clause will be
executed, otherwise not.

Syntax :

If (Boolean expression) : Block of code #Set of statements to execute

if
the condition is true

For example :

var = 100

if ( var == 100 ) : print “value of expression is 100”

print “Good bye !”

Output :
value of expression is 100

Good bye!
2. If else statement :
i. An if statement can be followed by an optional else statement,
which executes when the Boolean expression is False.

ii. The else condition is used when we have to judge one statement
on the basis of other.

Syntax :

If (Boolean expression): Block of code #Set of statements to

execute if
condition is true

else : Block of code #Set of statements to execute if condition

is false

For example :
num = 5
if (num > 10) :
print (“Number is greater than 10”)
else :
print (“Number is less than 10”)
print (“This statement will always be executed”)
Output :
Number is less than 10.
3. Nested-if statement :
i. Nested-if statements are nested inside other if statements.
That is, a nested-if statement is the body of another if statement.
Solved Paper (2019-20) SP–14 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

ii. We use nested if statements when we need to check secondary

conditions only if the fist condition executes as true.
Syntax :
if test expression 1 :
# executes when condition 1 is true
body of if statement
if test expression 2 :
# executes when condition 2 is true
Body of nested-if
else :
body of nested-if :
else :
body of if-else statement
For example :
a = 20
if (a == 20) :
# First if statement
if (a < 25) :
print (“a is smaller than 25”)
else :
print (“a is greater than 25”)
else :
print (“a is not equal to 20”)
Output :
a is smaller than 25
4. Elif statement :
i. Elif stands for else if in Python.

ii. We use elif statements whe n we nee d to check multiple

conditions only if the given if condition executes as false.
For example :

a = 50
if (a == 29) :
print (“value of variable a is 20”)
elif (a == 30) :
print (“value of variable a is 30”)
elif (a == 40) :
print (“value of variable a is 40”)
else :
print (“value of variable a is greater than 40”)

Output :

value of variable a is greater than 40

e. What is Python ? How Python is interpreted ? What are

the tools that help to f ind bugs or perform static analysis ?
What are Python decorators ?
Python Programming SP–15 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

Ans. Python : Python is a high-level, inter prete d, interactive and

object-oriented scripting language. It is a highly readable language.
Unli ke o t her pro gr ammi ng la nguag es, P yt hon pr ov ide s an
interactive mode similar to that of a calculator.
Interpretation of Python :
1. An interpreter is a kind of program that executes other programs.
2. When we write Python programs, it converts source c ode written
by the develo per into int ermediate language which is again
translated into the machine language that is executed.
3. The python code we write is compiled into python bytecode, which
creates file with extension .pyc.
4. Th e byt e co de co mpil at io n hap pe ne d int e rnall y and al mo st
completely hidden from developer.
5. Compilation is simply a translation step, and byte code is a lower-
level, and platform-independent, representation of source code.
6. Each of the source statements is translated into a group of bytecode
instructions. This bytecode translation is perfo rmed to speed
execution. Bytecode can be run much quicker than the original
source code statements.
7. The .pyc file, create d in compilatio n step, is then exe cuted by
appropriate virtual machines.

8. The Virtual Machine iterates through bytecode instructions, one

by one, to carry out their operations.
9. The Virtual Machine is the runtime engine of Python and it is
always present as part of the Python system, and is the component
that actually runs the Python scripts.

10. It is the last st ep of Python interprete r.

Following tools are the static analysis tools that help to
find bugs in python :
1. Pychecker : Pychecke r is an open source tool for static analysis
that detects the bugs from source code and warns about the style
and complexity of the bug.

2. Pylint :
a. Pylint is highly configurable and it acts like special programs
to control warnings and errors, it is an extensive configuration
file.
b. It is an open source tool for static code analysis and it loo ks
for programming errors and is used for coding standard.
c. It also integrates with Python IDEs such as Pycharm, Spyder,
Eclipse, and Jupyter.

Python decorators :
1. Decorators are ver y powerful and useful tool in Python since it
allows programmers to modify the behavior of functio n or class.
Solved Paper (2019-20) SP–16 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

2. Decorators allow us to wrap another function in order to extend

the behavior of wrapped function, without permanently modifying
it.

3. In decorators, functions are take n as the arg ument into another

function and then called inside the wrapper function.

4. Syntax :

@gfg_decorator

def hello_decorator():

print(“Gfg”)

5. gfg_decorator is a callable function, will add some code on the top

of so me another callable function, hello_decorato r functio n and
return the wrappe r functio n.

Section- C

3. Answer any one part of the following : (1 × 10 = 10)

a. Write short notes with example : The programming cycle
for Python, elements of Python, type conversion in Python,
operator precedence, and Boolean expression.
Ans. Programming cycle for Python :
1. Python’s programming cycle is dramatically shorter than that of
traditional programming cycle.

2. In Python, there are no compile or link steps.

3. Python programs simply import modules at runtime and use the

objec ts they contain. Because of this, Pytho n pr ograms run
immediately after changes are made.

4. In cases where dynamic module reloading can be used, it is even

possible to change and reload parts of a running program without
stopping it at all.

5. Fig. 7 shows Python’s impact on the programming cycle.

Start the app lication

Start the app lication

Test behavior

Test behavior

Stop the application

Edit program code

Edit program code

(b) Python’s programming cycle
(a) Python’s programming cycle with module reloading

Fig. 7.
Python Programming SP–17 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

6. Since Python is interpreted, there is a rapid turnaround after

program changes. And because Python’s parser is embedded in
Python-based systems, it is easy to modify programs at runtime.

Elements of Python :

Data types :

i. The data stored in the memory can be of many types. For example,
a person’s name is stored as an alphabetic value and his address is
stored as an alphanumeric value.

ii. Python has six basic data types which are as follows :

1. Numeric

2. String

3. List

4. Tuple

5. Dictionary

6. Boolean

Numeric :
1. Numeric data can be broadly divided into integers and real numbers
(i.e., fractional numbers). Integers can be positive or negative.

2. The real numbers or fractional numbers are called, floating point

numbers in programming languages. Such floating point numbers
contain a decimal and a fractional part.

For example :

>>> num1 = 2 # integer number

>>>num2 = 2.5 # real number (float)

>>>num1

2 # Output

>>>num2

2.5 # Output

>> >

String :

1. Single quotes or double quotes are used to represent strings.

2. A string in Python can be a series or a sequence of alphabets,

numerals and special characters.

For example :

>>> sample_string = “Hello” # store string value

>>> sample_string # display string value

‘Hello’ # Output
Solved Paper (2019-20) SP–18 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

List :
1. A list can contain the same type of items.

2. Alternatively, a list can also contain different types of items.

3. A list is an ordered and indexable sequence.

4. To declare a list in Python, we need to separate the ite ms using

commas and enclose them within square brackets ([ ]).

5. Operations such as concatenation, repetition and sub-list are done

on list using plus (+), asterisk (*) and slicing (:) operato r.

For example :

>>>first = [1, “two”, 3.0, “four” ] # 1st list

>>>second = [“five ”, 6] # 2nd list

>>>fir st # display 1st list

[1, ‘two’, 3.0, ‘four’] # Output

Tuple :

1. A tuple is also used to sto re sequence of items.

2. Like a list, a tuple consists of items separate d by commas.

3. Tuples are enclosed within parentheses rather than within square

brackets.
For example :
>>>third = (7, “eight”, 9, 10.0)
>>>third
(7, ‘eight’, 9, 10.0) # Output

Dictionary :

1. A Pyt hon dictionary is an unordered collec tion of ke y-value pairs.

2. When we have the large amount of data, the dictionary data type
is used.

3. Keys and values can be of any type in a dictionary.

4. Items in dictionary are enclosed in the curly-braces {} and separated
by the comma (,).
5. A colon (:) is used to separate ke y from value. A ke y inside the
square bracket [ ] is used for accessing the dictionary items.

For example :
>>> dict1 = {1:“first line”, “second” : 2} # declare dictionary
>>> dict1[3] = “third line” # add new item
>>> dict1 # display dictionary
{1 : ‘first line’, ‘second’ : 2, 3: ‘third line’} # Output

Boolean :
1. In a programming language, mostly data is stored in the form of
alphanumeric but sometime s we need to store the data in the
form of ‘Yes’ or ‘No’.
Python Programming SP–19 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

2. In terms of programming language, Yes is similar to True and No

is similar to False.

3. This True and False data is known as Boolean data and the data
types which stores this Boolean data are known as Boolean data
types.

For example :

>>> a = True

>>> type ( a)

<type ‘bool’>

Type convers ion in Python :

1. The process of converting one data type into another data type is
known as type conver sion.

2. There are mainly two types of type conversion methods in Python :

a. Implicit type conversion :

i. When t he data t ype conversion t akes place during

compilation or during the run time, then it called an
implicit data type conversion.

ii. Python handles the implicit data type conversion, so we

do not have to explicitly convert the data type into another
data type.

For example :

a=5

b = 5.5

sum = a + b

print (sum)

print (type (sum)) # type() is used to display the datatype

o f a variable

Output :

10.5

<class ‘float’>

iii. In the given example, we have take n two variables of

integer and float data types and added them.

iv. Further, we have declared another variable named ‘sum’

and stor ed the result of the additio n in it.

v. When we c hecked the data type of the sum variable, we

can see that the data type of the sum variable has been
automatically converted into the float data type by the
Python compiler. This is called implicit type conversion.

b. Explicit type conversion:

i Explic it type conver sion is also known as type casting.

Solved Paper (2019-20) SP–20 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

ii. Explic it t ype conv e rsion tak es plac e when the

programmer clearly and explic itly defines the variables
in the program.

For example :

# adding string and integer data types using explicit type

conversion

a = 100

b = “ 200”

result1 = a + b

b = int(b)

result2 = a + b

print (result2)

Output :

Traceback (most rec ent call last):

File “”, line 1, in

TypeError : unsupported operand type (s) for +: ‘int’ and

‘str’ 300

iii. In the given example, the variable a is of the number

data type and variable b is of the string data type.

iv. When we try to add these two inte gers and store the
value in a variable named result1, a TypeError occurs.
So, in orde r to perform this o peration, we have to use
explicit type casting.
v. We have converted the variable b into integer type and
then adde d variable a and b. The sum is store d in the
variable named result2, and when printed it displays 300
as output.

Operator precedence :
1. When an expression has two or more operator, we need to identify
the correct sequence to e valuate these operators. This is because
result of the expression changes depending on the precedence.
For example : Consider a mathematical expression :

10 + 5 / 5
When the given expressio n is evaluated left to right, the final
answer becomes 3.
2. However, if the expression is evaluated rig ht to left, the final
answer becomes 11. This shows that changing the sequence in
which the operators are evaluated in the given expression also
changes the solution.
3. Precedence is the condition that spec ifies the importance of each
operator relative to the other.
Python Programming SP–21 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

Table 1. Operator precedence from lower precedence to higher.

Operator Description

NOT, OR AND Logical operators

in , not in Membership operator

is, not is Identity operator

=, %=, /=, //=, –=, +=, *=, **== Assignment operators.

<>, ==, != Equality comparison operator

<=, <, >, >= Comparison operators

^, | Bitwise XOR and OR operator

& Bitwise AND operator

<<, >> Bitwise left shift and right shift

+, – Addition and subtraction

*, /, %, ?? Multiplication, Division, Modulus and

floor division

** Exponential operator

Boolean expression : A boolean expression may have only one of

two values : True or False.
For example : In the given example comparison operator (==) is
used which compares two operands and prints true if they are
equal otherwise print false :
>>> 5 == 5
True # Output
>>> 5 == 6
False # Output

b. How memory is managed in Python ? Explain PEP 8. Write

a Python program to print even length words in a string.
Ans. Memory management :
1. Memory management in Python involves a private heap containing
all Python objects and data structures.

2. The management of this private heap is ensured internally by the

Python memory manage r.

3. The Python memory manager has diff erent components which

deal with various dynamic st orage management aspec ts, like
sharing, segme ntation, preallocation or caching.

4. At the lowest leve l, a raw memory allocator ensures that there is

enough room in the private heap fo r storing all Python-related
Solved Paper (2019-20) SP–22 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

data by interacting with the memo ry manager of the o perating

system.

5. On top of the raw memo ry allocator , sever al objec t- specif ic

allocators operate on the same heap and impleme nt distinct
memory management policies adapted to the peculiarities of every
object type.

PEP 8 :

1. A PEP is a design document prov iding information to t he Python

community, or describing a new feature for Python or its processes
or enviro nment.

2. The PEP should pro vide a concise technical specificatio n o f the

feature.

3. PEP is actually an acronym that stands for Python Enhancement

Proposal.

4. PEP 8 is Python’s style guide. It is a set of rules for how to for mat
the Python code to maximize its readability.

5. A PEP is a design document prov iding information to t he Python

community, or describing a new feature for Python or its processes
or enviro nment.

Program to print even length words in a string :

def pr intWords(s) :
# split the string
s = s.split(‘ ’)
# iterate in words of string
for word in s:
# if length is even
if len(word)%2==0:
print(word)
# Driver Code
s = “i am muskan”
printWords(s)
Output :
am
muskan

4. Answer any one part of the following : (1 × 10 = 10)

a. Explain expression evaluation and float repres entation
with example. Write a Python program for how to check if
a given number is Fibonacci number.
Ans. Expression evaluation :
1. In Python actions are performed in two forms :
a. Expression evaluation,

b. Statement execution.
Python Programming SP–23 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

2. The key difference between these two forms is that expression

evaluation returns a value whereas statement execution does not
return any value.
3. A Python program contains one or more statements. A statement
contains zero or more expressions.
4. Python executes a statement by evaluating its expressions to values
one by one.
5. Python evaluates an expression by evaluating the sub-expressions
and substituting their values.

For example :
>>> program = “Hello Python”
>>> program
‘Hello Python’ #Output
>>> print program
Hello Python #Output

6. An expression is not always a mathematical expression in Python.

A value by itself is a simple expression, and so is a variable.

7. In the given example, we assigned a value “Hello Python” to the

variable program. Now, when we type only program, we get the
output ‘Hello Python’. This is the term we typed when we assigned
a value to the variable. When we use a print statement with program
it gives the value of the variable i.e., the value after removing
quotes.

Float representation :

1. Floating point representations vary from machine to machine.

2. The float type in Python represents the floating-point number.

3. Float is used to represent real numbers and is written with a decimal

point dividing the integer and fractional parts.

4. For example: 97.98, 32.3 + e18, – 32.54e100 all are floating point
numbers.

5. Python float values are represented as 64-bit double-precision

values.

6. The maximum value any floating-point number can be is approx

1.8 × 10308.

7. Any number greater than this will be indicated by the string inf in
Python.

8. Floating-point numbers are represented in computer hardware as

base 2 (binary) fractions.

9. For example, the decimal fraction 0.125 has value 1/10 + 2/100 + 5/
1000, and in the same way the binary fraction 0.001 has value
0/2 + 0/4 + 1/8.
Solved Paper (2019-20) SP–24 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

For example : # Python code to demonstrate float values.

Print(1.7e308)
# greater than 1.8 * 10^308
# will print ‘inf ’
print(1.82e308)
Output :
1.7e+308
inf
Program to check if a given number is Fibonacci number :

import math
# A utility function that returns true if x is perfect square
def isPerfectSquare(x):
s = int(math.sqrt(x))
return s*s == x
# Returns true if n is a Fibonacci number, else false
def isFibonacci(n):
return isPer fectSquare(5*n*n + 4) or isPerfectSquare(5*n*n – 4)
# A utility function to test above functions
for i in range( 1,6):
if (isFibonacci(i) == True):
print i,“is a Fibonacci Number”
else:
print i,“is a not Fibonacci Number”
Output :
1 is a Fibonacci Number
2 is a Fibonacci Number
3 is a Fibonacci Number
4 is a not Fibonacci Number
5 is a Fibonacci Number

b. Explain the purpose and working of loops. Discuss break

and continue with example. Write a Python program to
convert time from 12 hour to 24-hour format.
Ans. Purpose and working of loops :
1. A loop is a programming structure that repeats a sequence of
instructions until a specific condition is met.
2. A loop statement allows us to execute a statement or group of
statements multiple times.
3. Python programming language provides following types of loops to
handle looping requirements:
a. For
b. While
c. Nested
4. Purpose : The purpose of loops is to repeat the same, or similar,
code a number of times. This number of times could be specified to
Python Programming SP–25 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

a certain number, or the number of times could be dictated by a

certain condition being met.
5. Working : Consider the flow chart for a loop execution :

Loop Entry

Test False
condition
?
True

Execute
Loop

Out of Loop
Fig. 8.
a. In the flow chart if the test condition is true, then the loop is
executed, and if it is false then the execution breaks out of the
loop.

b. After the loop is successfully executed the execution again

starts fro m the loop e ntry and again che cks for the test
condition, and this keeps on repeating until the condition is
false.

Break statement :
1. The break keyword terminates the loop and transfers the control
to the end of the loop.

2. While loops, for loops can also be prematurely terminated using the
break statement.

3. The break statement exits from the loop and transfers the execution
from the loop to the statement that is immediately following the
loop.

For example :

>>> count = 2

>>> while True :

print count

count = count + 2

if count > = 12 :

break # breaks the loop

Output :

4
Solved Paper (2019-20) SP–26 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

10

Continue statement :
1. The continue statement causes execution to immediately continue
at the start of the loop, it skips the execution of the remaining body
part of the loop.

2. The continue ke ywo rd t erminates the ongoing iter ation and

transfers the control to the top of the loop and the loop condition is
evaluated again. If the condition is true, then the next iteration
takes place.

3. Just as with while loops, the continue statement can also be used in
Python for loops.

For example :

>>> for i in range (1, 10) :

if i % 2! = 0 :

continue # if condition becomes true, it skips the print part

print i

Output :

Program to convert time format :

# Functio n to conve rt the time format
def convert24(str1):
# Checking if last two elements of time # is AM and first two
elements are 12
if str1[– 2:] == “ AM” and str1[:2] == “12”:
return “ 00” + str1[2:– 2]
# remo ve the AM
elif str1[-2:] == “AM”:
return str1[:– 2]
# Checking if last two elements of time is PM and first two elements
are 12
elif str1[– 2:] == “PM” and str1[:2] == “12”:
return str1[:– 2]
else:
# add 12 to hours and remove PM
return str(int(str1[:2]) + 12) + str1[2:8]
# Driver Code
print(convert24(“08:05:45 PM”))
Python Programming SP–27 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

5. Answer any one part of the following : (10 × 1 = 10)

a. Explain higher order function with respect to lambda
expression. Write a Python code to count occurrences of
an element in a lis t.
Ans.
1. Reduce(), filter(), map() are higher order functions used in Python.

2. Lambda definition does not include a “return” statement, it always

contains an expre ssion which is returned.

3. We c an also put a lambda definit ion anywhe re a function is

expected, and we do not have to assign it to a variable at all.

4. Lambda functions can be used along with built-in higher order

functions like filter(), map() and r educe().

Use of lambda with filter() :

1. The filter() function in Python takes in a function and a list as

arguments.

2. This function helps to filt er out all the elements of a sequence

“sequence”, for which the function returns true.

For example : Python program t hat ret urns the odd numbers
from an input list :

# Python code to illustrate filter () with lambda

li = [5, 7, 22, 97, 54, 62, 77, 23, 73, 61]

final_list = list(filter(lambdax: (x%2!=0), li))

print(final_list)

Output :

[5, 7, 97, 77, 23, 73, 61]

Use of lambda() with reduce() :

1. The reduce() function in Python takes in a function and a list as

argument.

2. The function is called with a lambda function and a list and a new
reduced result is returned. This performs a repetitive oper ation
over the pairs of the list.

3. This is a part of functools module.

For example :

# Python code to illustrate reduce() with lambda() to get sum of a

list from functools import reduce
li = [5, 8, 10, 20, 50, 100]
sum = reduce ((lambda x, y : x + y), li)
print (sum)
Output :
193
Solved Paper (2019-20) SP–28 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

Here the results of previous two elements are added to the next
e l e me n t an d t h i s g o e s o n t il l t h e e n d o f t h e l i s t l i k e
(((((5+8)+10)+20)+50)+100).

Program to count occurrences of an element in a list :

# vowels list
vowels = [‘a’, ‘e’, ‘i’, ‘o’, ‘i’, ‘u’]
# count element ‘i’
count = vowels.count(‘i’)
# print count
print(‘The count of i is:’, count)
# count element ‘p’
count = vowels.count(‘p’)
# print count
print(‘The count of p is:’, count)

Output :

The count of i is: 2

The count of p is: 0

b. Explain unpacking sequences, mutable sequences, and list

comprehension with example. Write a program to sort list
of dic ti on ar ie s b y va lu es in P yth on – Us i ng lambd a
function.
Ans.
A. Unpacking sequences :
1. Unpacking allows to extract the components of the sequence
into individual variable.
2. S e v e r al d if f e r e nt a s s ig nm e n ts can be pe r f o r me d
simultaneously.
3. We have multiple assignments in Python where we can have
multiple LHS assigned from corresponding values at the RHS.
This is an example of unpacking sequence.

4. There is one restriction, the LHS and RHS must have equal
length. That is, every value that is created at RHS should be
assigned to LHS.
5. Strings and tuples are example of sequences. Operatio ns
a pp l i c a bl e o n s e q ue nc e s a r e : In d e xi ng , r e p e t i t i o n ,
concatenation.

For example :
>>> student
(‘Aditya’, 27, (‘Python’, ‘Abha’, 303))
>>> name, roll, regdcourse = student

>>> name
Output : Aditya
Python Programming SP–29 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

>>> roll
27

>>> regdcourse
(‘Python’, ‘Abha’, 303)
B. Mutable seq uences :

1. Python represents all its data as objects. Mutability of object is

determined by its type.

2. Some of these objects like lists and dictionaries are mutable,

meaning we can change their content without changing their
identity.

3. Other objects like intege rs, floats, strings and tuples are
immutable, meaning we cannot change their contents.

4. Dictionaries are mutable in Python :

a. Dictionaries in Python are mutable.

b. The values in a dictionary can be changed, added or deleted.

c. If the key is present in the dictionary, then the associated

value with that key is updated or changed; otherwise a
new key : value pair is added.

For example :

>>> dict1 = {‘name’ : ‘Akash’, ‘age’ : 27}

>>> dict1[‘age’] = 30 # updating a value

>>> print dict

{‘age’ : 30, ‘name’: ‘Akash’} # Output

>>> dict1[‘address’] = ‘Alaska’ # adding a key : value

>>>print dict1
{‘age’: 30, ‘name’: ‘Akash’, ‘address’: ‘Alaska’} # Output

In the given example, we tried to reassign the value ‘30’ to the

key ‘age’, Python interpreter first searches the key in the
dictionary and then update it. Hence, the value of ‘age’ is updated
to 30. However, in the next statement, it does not find the key
‘address’; hence, the key: value ‘address’ : ‘Alaska’ is added to
the dictionary.

C. List comprehension :

1. List comprehension is used to create a new list from existing

sequences.

2. It is a tool for transforming a given list into another list.

3. Using list comprehension, we can replace the loop with a single

expression that produces the same result.

4. The syntax of list comprehension is based on set builder notation

in mathematics.
Solved Paper (2019-20) SP–30 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

5. Set builder notation is a notation is a mathematical notation

for describing a set by stating the property that its members
should satisfy. The syntax is

[<expression> for <element> in <sequence> if <conditional>]

The syntax is read as “Compute the expression for each element

in the sequence, if the conditional is true”.

For example :

>>> List1 = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50] >>> List1 = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]
>>> List1 >>> List1= [x + 10 for x in List1]
[10, 20, 30, 40, 50] >>> List1

>>> for i in range (0, len(List1)) : [20, 30, 40, 50, 60]

List1 [i] = L ist1[i] + 10

>>> List1
[20, 30, 40, 50, 60]

Without list comprehension Using list comprehension

5. In the giv en example, th e o utp ut for bot h wi tho ut list

comprehension and using list comprehension is the same.

6. The use of list comprehension requires lesser code and also

runs faster.

7. From above example we can say that list compr ehension

contains :

a. An input sequence

b. A variable referencing the input sequence

c. An optional expression

d. An output expression or output variable

Program :

# Initializing list of dictionaries

lis = [{“name” : “Nandini”, “age” : 20},
{“name” : “Manjeet”, “age” : 20 },
{“name” : “Nikhil” , “age” : 19 }]
# using sorted and lambda to pr int list sort ed by age
print “The list printed sorting by age :”
print sorted(lis, key = lambda i: i[‘age’])
print (“\r”)
# using sorted and lambda to print list sorted by both age and
name
print “The list printed sorting by age and name:”
print sorted(lis, key = lambda i: (i[‘age’], i[‘name’]))
print (“\r”)
# using sorted and lambda to print list sorted
# by age in descending order
Python Programming SP–31 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

print “The list printed sorting by age in descending orde r:”

print sorted(lis, key = lambda i: i[‘age’] ,reverse =True)
Output :
The list printed sorting by age:
[{‘age’: 19, ‘name’: ‘Nikhil’}, {‘age’: 20, ‘name’: ‘Nandini’}, {‘age’: 20,
‘name’: ‘Manjeet’}]
The list printed sorting by age and name :
[{‘age’: 19, ‘name’: ‘Nikhil’}, {‘age’: 20, ‘name’: ‘Manjeet’}, {‘age’: 20,
‘name’: ‘Nandini’}]
The list printed sorting by age in descending order:
[{‘age’: 20, ‘name’: ‘Nandini’}, { ‘age’: 20, ‘name’: ‘Manjeet’}, {‘age’:
19, ‘name’: ‘Nikhil’}]

6. Answer any one part of the following : (1 × 10 = 10)

a. Discuss File I/O in Python. How to perf orm open, read,
write, and close into a file ? Write a Python program to
read a file line-b y-line store it into a variable.
Ans. File I/O :
1. A file in a computer is a location for storing some related data.

2. It has a specific name.

3. The files are used to store data permanently on to a non-volatile

memory (such as hard disks).

4. As we know, the Random Access Memory ( RAM) is a vo latile

memory type because the data in it is lost when we turn off the
computer. Hence, we use files for storing of useful information or
data for future reference.

A. Open a file :
1. Python has a built-in open () function to open files from the
directory.

2. Two arguments that are mainly needed by the open () function

are :

a. File name : It contains a string type value containing the

name of the file which we want to access.

b. Access_mode : The value of access_mode specifies the

mode in which we want to open the file, i.e., read, write,
append etc.

3. Syntax :

file_object = open(file_name [, access_mode])

B. Read a file :

1. In order to read from a file, we must open the file in the

reading mode (r mode).

2. We can use read (size) method to read the data specified by

size.
Solved Paper (2019-20) SP–32 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

3. If no size is provided, it will end up reading to the end of the

file.

4. The read() method enables us to read the strings from an

opened file.

5. Syntax :

file object. read ([size])

C. Write into a file :

1. After opening a file, we have to perform some operations on

the file. Here we will perform the write operation.

2. In order to write into a file, we have to open it with w mode or

a mode, on any writing-enabling mode.

3. We should be careful when using the w mode because in this

mode overwriting persists in case the file already exists.

For example :

# open the file with w mode

>>> f = open (“C :/Python27/test.txt”, “w”)

# perform write operation

>>>f. write (‘writing to the file line 1/n’)

# clos the file after writing

>>> f.close ()

D. Close a file :

1. When the operations that are to be performed on an opened

file are finished, we have to close the file in order to release
the resources.

2. Python comes with a garbage collector responsible for cleaning

up the unreferenced objects from the memory, we must not
rely on it to close a file.

3. Proper closing of a file frees up the resources held with the

file.

4. The closing of file is done with a built-in function close ().

5. Syntax :
fileObject. close ()

Program to read a file line-by-line :

L = [ “Quantum\n”, “for\n”, “Students\n”]
# writing to file
file1 = open(‘myfile .txt’, ‘w’)
file1.writelines(L)
file1.close()
# Using readlines()
file1 = open(‘myfile.txt’, ‘r’)
Python Programming SP–33 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

Lines = file1.readlines()
count = 0
# Strips the newline character
for line in Lines:
print(line.strip())
print(“Line{}: {}”.format(count, line.strip()))
Output :
Line1: Quantum
Line2: for
Line3: Students

b. Dis cus s exceptions an d as serti ons in Python. How to

handle exceptions with try-finally ? Explain five built-in
exceptions with example.
Ans. Exception :
1. While writing a program, we often end up making some errors.
There are many types of error that can occur in a program.

2. The error caused by writing an improper syntax is termed syntax

error or parsing error; these are also called compile time errors.

3. Errors can also occur at runtime and these runtime errors are
known as exceptions.

4. There are various types of runtime error in Python.

5. For example, when a file we try to open does not exist, we get a
FileNotFoundError. When a division by zero happens, we get a
ZeroDivisionError. When the module we are trying to import does
not exist, we get an ImportError.

6. Python creates an exception object for every occurrence of these

run-time errors.

7. The user must write a piece of code that can handle the error.

8. If it is not capable of handling the error, the program prints a trace

back to that error along with the details of why the error has
occurred.

Assertions :

1. An assertion is a sanity-check that we can turn on or turn off when

we are done with our testing of the program. An expression is
tested, and if the result is false, an exception is raised.

2. Assertions are carried out by the assert statement.

3. Programmers often place assertions at the start of a function to

check for valid input, and after a function call to check for valid
output.

4. An AssertionError exception is raised if the condition evaluates to

false.
Solved Paper (2019-20) SP–34 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

5. The syntax for assert is : assert Expression [, Arguments]

6. If the assertion fails, Python uses ArgumentExpression as the

argument for the AssertionError.

Handle exceptions :

1. Whenever an exception occurs in Python, it stops the current process

and passes it to the calling process until it is handled.

2. If there is no piece of code in our program that can handle the

exception, then the program will crash.

3. For example, assume that a function X calls the function Y, which

in turn calls the function Z, and an exception occurs in Z. If this
exception is not handled in Z itself, then the exception is passed to
Y and then to X. If this exception is not handled, then an error
message will be displayed and our program will suddenly halt.

try finally :

a. The try statement in Python has optional finally clause that can be
associated with it.

b. The statements written in finally clause will always be executed by

the interpreter, whether the try statement raises an exception or
not.

c. With the try clause, we can use either except or finally, but not
both.

d. We cannot use the else clause along with a finally clause.

Five built-in exceptions :

1. exception LookupE rror : This is the base c lass for those

exceptions that are raised when a key or index used on a mapping
or sequence is invalid or not found. The exceptions raised are :

a. KeyErro r

b. IndexError

For example :

try:

a = [1, 2, 3]

print a[3]

except LookupError :

print “Index out o f bound error.”

else:

print “Success”

2. TypeError : TypeError is thrown when an oper ation or function

is applied to an object of an inappropriate type.
Python Programming SP–35 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

For example :
>>> ‘2’+2

Traceback (most rec ent call last):

File “<pyshell#23>”, line 1, in <module>

‘2’+2

TypeError: must be str , no t int

3. exception A rithmeticError : This class is the base c lass for

those built- in except ions that are raised f or various arithmetic
errors such as :

a. Overflo wErr or

b. ZeroDivisionError

c. FloatingPointError

For example :

>>> x=100/0

Traceback (most rec ent call last):

File “<pyshell#8>”, line 1, in <module>

x=100/0

ZeroDivisionError: division by zero

4. exception AssertionError : An Assertio nError is raised when

an assert statement fails.

For example :

assert False, ‘The assertion failed’

5. exception AttributeError :

An Attr ibuteErro r is raised when an at tr ibut e r efer ence or

as si gnme nt f ai ls s uc h as w he n a no n- ex ist e nt a tt ribut e i s
refere nced.

For example :

class Attributes(object):

pass

object = Attributes()

print object.attribute

7. Answer any one part of the following : (1 × 10 = 10)

a. Discuss and differentiate iterators and recurs ion. Write a
program for recurs ive Fibonacci series.
Solved Paper (2019-20) SP–36 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

Ans.

Property Recursion Iteration

Definition Function calls itself. A set of in s t r u c t i o n

repeatedly executed.

Application For functions. For loops.

Termination Th ro u gh ba se c as e , Wh e n t he te r mi na t i o n
where there will be no condition for the iterator
function call. ceases to be satisfied.

Usage Used when code size Used when time

need to be small, and c ompl ex it y ne ed s to be
time complexity is not balanced against an
an issue. expanded code size.

Code size Smaller code size. Larger code size.

Time Very high (generally Relatively lower time

Complexity exponential) time complexity (generally
complexity. polynomial logarithmic).

Stack The stack is used to Does not use stack.

store t he set o f new
lo c al v ar ia b le s and
parameters each time
the function is called.

Overhead Re cursi on po sses se s No overhead of repeated

the overhead of function call.
repeated function calls.

Speed Slow in execution. Fast in execution.

Program for recursive Fibonacci series :

def FibRecursion(n) :
if n <= 1 :
return n
else :
return(FibRecursion(n – 1) + FibRecursion(n – 2))
nterms = int(input(“Enter the term : ”)) # take input from the user
if nterms < = 0: # check if the number is valid
print (“Please enter a positive integer”)
else :
print (“Fibonacci sequence :”)
for i in range (nterms) :
print(FibRecursion(i))
Python Programming SP–37 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

b. Discuss sorting and merging. Explain different types of

sorting with example. Write a Python program for Sieve of
Eratosthenes.
Ans. Sorting :
1. Sorting refers to arranging data in a particular orde r.

2. Most common orders are in numerical or lexicographical order.

3. The importance of sort ing lies in the fact t hat data searching can
be optimized to a very high level, if data is stored in a sorted
manne r.

4. Sorting is also used to represent data in more readable formats.

Merging :
1. Merging is defined as the process of creating a sorted list/array of
data items from two other sorted array/list of data items.

2. Merge list means to merge two sorted list into one list.

Different types of sorting are :

1. Bubble sort : It is a comparison-based algorithm in which each

pair of adjacent element s is compar ed and the e lements are
swapped if they are not in o rder.

For example :

def bubblesort(list):

# Swap the elements to arrange in order

for iter_num in range(len(list) – 1,0, – 1):

for idx in range(iter_num):

if list[idx]>list[idx+1]:

temp = list[idx]

list[idx] = list[idx+1]

list[idx+1] = temp

list = [19,2,31,45,6,11,121,27]

bubblesort(list)

print(list)

2. Merge sort :

1. Merge sort is a divide and conquer algorithm. It divides input

array in two halves, calls itself for the two halves and then
merges the two sorted halves.

2. The merge() function is used for merging two halves.

3. The merge(arr, l, m, r) is key process that assumes that

arr[l..m] and arr[m + 1 ..r] are sorted and merges the two
sorted sub-arrays into one.
Solved Paper (2019-20) SP–38 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

4. Code :

def mergeSort(arr)

if len(arr) >1:

mid = len(arr)//2 #Finding the mid of the array

L = arr[:mid] # Dividing the array elements

R = arr[mid:] # into 2 halves

mergeSort(L) # Sorting the first half

mergeSort(R) # Sorting the second half

i=j=k=0

# Code to print the list

def printList(arr):

for i in range(len(arr)):

print(arr[i],end=“ ”)

print()

# driver code to test the above code

if __name__ == ‘__main__ ’ :

arr = [12, 11, 13, 5, 6, 7 ]

print (“Given array is”, end = “\n”)

printList(arr)

mergeSort(arr)

print(“Sorted array is: ”, end = “\n”)

printList(arr)

3. Selection sort :

1. The selection sort algorithm sorts an array by repeatedly finding

the smallest element (considering asce nding order) from
unsorted list and swapping it with the first element of the list.

2. The algorithm maintains two sub-arrays in a given array:

i. The sub-array which is already sorted.

ii. Remaining sub-array which is unsorted.

3. In every iteration of selection sort, the smallest element from

the unsorted sub-array is picked and moved to the sorted sub-
array.

4. Code :

def slectionSort(nlist) :

for fillslot in range(len(nlist) – 1, 0, – 1) :

maxpos = 0

for location in range(1, fillslot + 1) :

Python Programming SP–39 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

if nlist[location]>nlist[maxpos] :

maxpos = location

temp = nlist[fillslot]

nlist[fillslot] = nlist[maxpos]

nlist[maxpos] = temp

nlist = [14, 46, 43, 27, 57, 41, 45, 21, 70]

selectionSort(nlist)

print(nlist)

4. Higher order sort :

1. Python also supports higher order functions, meaning that

functions can accept other functions as arguments and return
functions to the caller.

2. Sorting of higher order functions :

a. In order to defined non-default sorting in Python, both

the sorted() function and .sort() method accept a key
argument.

b. The value passed to this argument needs to be a function

object that returns the sorting key for any item in the list
or iterable.

3. For example : Consider the given list of tuples, Python will

sort by default on the first value in each tuple. In order to sort
on a different element from e ach tuple, a function can be
passed that return that element.

>>> def second_element (t) :

... return t[1]

...

>>> zepp = [(‘Guitar’, ‘Jimmy’), (‘Vocals’, ‘Robert’), (‘Bass’, ‘John

Paul’), (‘Drums’, ‘John’)]

>>> sorted(zepp)

[(‘Bass’, ‘John Paul’), (‘Drums’, ‘John’), (‘Guitar’, ‘Jimmy’),

(‘Vocals’, ‘Robert’)]

5. Insertion sort :

a. Inser tion sort involves finding the right place for a giv en
element in a sorted list. So in beginning we compare the first
two elements and sort them by comparing them.

b. Then we pick the third element and find its proper position
among the previous two sorted elements.

c. This way we gradually go on adding more ele ments t o the

already sorted list by putting them in their pr oper position.
Solved Paper (2019-20) SP–40 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)

For example :
def insertion_sort(InputList):

for i in range(1, len(InputList)):

j=i–1

nxt_e lement = InputList[i]

# Compare the curr ent ele ment with next one

while (InputList[j] > nxt_e lement) and (j >= 0):

InputList[j+1] = InputList[j]

j=j – 1

InputList[j+1] = nxt_e lement

list = [19,2,30,42,28,11,135,26]

insertion_sort(list)

print(list)

Program for Sieve of Eratosthenes :

def SieveOf Eratosthenes ( n) :

# Create a boolean array “prime[0. . n]” and initialize
# all entries it as true. A value in prime[i] will
# finally be false if i is Not a prime, else true.
prime = [True for i in range(n+1)]
p=2
while (p * p <= n):
# If prime[ p] is not changed, then it is a prime
if (prime[ p] == True):
# Update all multiples of p
for i in range(p * p, n+1, p):
prime[i] = False
p+=1
# Print all prime numbers
for p in range(2, n):
if prime[p]:
print p,
# driver program
if__name__‘==’__main__’:
n = 30
print “Following are the prime numbers smaller”,
print “than or equal to”, n
SieveOfEratosthenes(n)

