WEB DEVELOPMENT USING PHP & MYSQL

Unit-I: Using PHP: PHP Basics: Accessing PHP, Creating Sample Application,
Embedding PHP in HTML, Adding Dynamic Content, Identifiers, Variables,
Constants, Operators, Data types, Accessing Form Variables, Variable handling
Functions, Making Decisions with Conditions, Repeating actions through Iterations,
Breaking Out of a Control Structure Storing and Retrieving Data: Processing Files,
opening a File, writing to a File, closing a File, Reading from a File, Other File
Functions, Locking Files.
Unit-II: Arrays: Arrays basics, Types, Operators, Array Manipulations. String
Manipulation and Regular Expressions: Strings Basics, Formatting Strings, Joining
and Splitting Strings with String Functions, Comparing Strings, Matching and
Replacing Substrings with String Function, Introducing Regular Expressions, Find,
Replace, Splitting in Regular Expressions
Unit-III: Reusing Code and Writing Functions: advantages of Reusing, Using require
() and include (), Using Functions in PHP, Scope, Passing by Reference Versus
Passing by Value, keyword, Recursion. Object-Oriented PHP: OOP Concepts,
Creating Classes, Attributes, and Operations in PHP, Implementing Inheritance in
PHP, Understanding Advanced Object-Oriented Functionality in PHP. Error and
Exception Handling: Error and Exception Handling, Exception Handling Concepts.
Unit-IV: Using MySQL: Relational Database Concepts, Web Database Architecture,
Introducing MySQL’s Privilege System, Creating Database Tables, Understanding
MySQL, Identifiers, Database Operations, querying a Database, Understanding the
Privilege System, Making Your MySQL Database Secure, Optimization, Backup,
Restore.
Unit-V: Introduction of Laravel PHP Framework: Why Laravel, setting up Laravel
Development Environment, Routing and Controllers: introduction to MVC, the HTTP
verbs, and REST, Route Definitions, Route Groups, Signed Routes, Views,
Controllers, Route Model Binding, Redirects, Custom Responses
What is PHP:- PHP is an open-source, interpreted, and object-oriented scripting
language that can be executed at the server-side. PHP is well suited for web
development. Therefore, it is used to develop web applications (an application that
executes on the server and generates the dynamic page.).

PHP was created by Rasmus Lerdorf in 1994 but appeared in the market in 1995. The
current stable version of PHP is PHP 8.4, with the latest point release 8.4.10,
officially released on July 3, 2025.

Some important points need to be noticed about PHP are as followed:

 PHP stands for Hypertext Preprocessor.

 PHP is an interpreted language, i.e., there is no need for compilation.
 PHP is faster than other scripting languages, for example, ASP and JSP.
 PHP is a server-side scripting language, which is used to manage the dynamic
content of the website.
 PHP can be embedded into HTML.
 PHP is an object-oriented language.
 PHP is an open-source scripting language.
 PHP is simple and easy to learn language.
Features of PHP
Open Source: PHP is an open-source language, which means anyone can use it
freely without paying for a license. You can download its source code, study it, and
even modify it to suit your project needs. This makes PHP a cost-effective choice
for students and developers.
Server-Side Scripting: PHP runs on the server, not in the user's browser. When
someone visits a webpage that uses PHP, the code is processed on the server, and
the result (usually HTML) is sent to the browser. This makes PHP suitable for tasks
like login systems, data handling, and file processing.
Platform Independent: PHP works across different operating systems such as
Windows, Linux, and macOS. It also supports major web servers like Apache and
Nginx. This means you can run PHP scripts on almost any setup without needing to
change your code.
Easy to Learn and Use: PHP has a simple and clean syntax, making it easy for
beginners to learn. If you're familiar with C, Java, or JavaScript, you'll find PHP
 very readable. Even complex tasks can often be completed in just a few lines of
PHP code.
Fast Execution: PHP is known for its fast execution time, especially when
compared to other server-side scripting languages. It is lightweight and performs
well, which helps in building responsive and fast-loading web applications.
Database Support: PHP can connect to almost any database, such as MySQL,
PostgreSQL, SQLite, Oracle, and MongoDB. This allows developers to store and
retrieve data easily. PHP has built-in functions and libraries to manage database
operations smoothly.
Extensive Library and Framework Support: PHP has a wide range of built-in
libraries and supports many powerful frameworks like Laravel, Symfony, and
CodeIgniter. These tools help speed up development and encourage clean,
structured code.
Security Features: PHP provides many features to help write secure code, such as
input validation, data sanitization, password hashing, and prepared statements to
prevent SQL injection attacks. While security also depends on the developer, PHP
provides all the tools needed to build safe applications.
Large Community and Documentation: PHP has a huge global community,
which means it's easy to find help, tutorials, forums, and shared code. The official
PHP documentation is also extensive and beginner-friendly, making it easier for
students to learn and find solutions.

Dynamic Content Creation: PHP can be used to create dynamic content on web
pages. For example, it can display different messages based on user input, pull data
from a database, or manage forms. This makes it very useful for creating interactive
websites.

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP): PHP supports object-oriented

programming, allowing developers to create classes, objects, and reusable code.
OOP makes PHP suitable for large and complex applications where organization
and reusability are important.

Q) Accessing PHP
By using PHP we are going to access different formats like
1. Install a Local Server (XAMPP/WAMP/MAMP/LAMP) : You need a local
server environment that supports PHP. Tools like XAMPP or WAMP come with
Apache (web server) and PHP pre-installed. These are essential to run PHP code on
your local machine.

2. Start Apache Server :After installing the local server package, start the Apache
service from the control panel (e.g., XAMPP Control Panel). Without Apache
running, your PHP files won’t execute properly.

3. Save PHP Files in the Correct Directory : PHP files must be placed inside
the web root directory of your local server. For example:

 XAMPP → C:\xampp\htdocs
 WAMP → C:\wamp\www

4. Use the .php File Extension: Always save your files with a .php extension,
like index.php or contact.php. This tells the server to parse the file using the
PHP engine.

5. Access via localhost in Browser: Open a browser and type Arduino

http://localhost/filename.php Or if it's in a folder: Arduino Copy Edit
http://localhost/foldername/filename.php, This tells the browser to fetch the PHP file
from your local server.
6. Check for Server Status: If the page doesn’t load or shows a blank screen, verify
that:
 Apache is running

 The PHP file is in the correct folder

 There are no PHP syntax errors

7. Write PHP Code Inside PHP Tags : All PHP code must be inside <?php ... ?>
tags. Example:

php
<?php
echo "Hello, PHP!";
?>
8. Accessing PHP on a Live Server : To access PHP files online, upload them to a
web hosting server that supports PHP (most do). Use an FTP client or cPanel's File
Manager.
9. Use Your Domain to Access PHP Files: Once uploaded, you can access the PHP
file in your browser using Arduino.
http://yourdomain.com/filename.php, The server will process the PHP and return
HTML to the browser.
10. Check File and Folder Permissions : On both local and live servers, make sure
PHP files have the correct permissions. Improper permissions can prevent the server
from accessing or executing the file.
Q) Creating sample Application using PHP?
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h1>My first PHP page</h1>
<?php
echo "Hello World!";
?>
</body>
</html>
Q) Embedding PHP in HTML
Embedding PHP in HTML is a method used in web development to create dynamic
web pages by mixing PHP code with standard HTML. PHP is a server-side scripting
language, which means the PHP code is executed on the server, and the resulting
HTML is sent to the client’s browser. This allows web developers to display different
content to users, depending on variables, conditions, or data from databases.

For example, consider the following HTML file with embedded PHP:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>My PHP Page</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Welcome!</h1>
<p>Today’s date is: <?php echo date("Y-m-d"); ?></p>

</body>
</html>
In the example above, PHP is embedded within a paragraph tag using <?php echo
date("Y-m-d"); ?>. This PHP code prints the current date, and it will be
dynamically generated by the server each time the page is loaded. The rest of the page
is plain HTML and will be displayed as-is.

To embed PHP in HTML, you must save the file with a .php extension (like
index.php). When a user accesses this file through a web browser, the server
processes the PHP code and returns only the final HTML result. This is different from
.html files, where no server-side processing occurs.

You can also use PHP for logic inside an HTML page. For example, showing
different messages based on whether a user is logged in:

<?php
$loggedIn = true;
?>

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>

<?php if ($loggedIn): ?>

<p>Welcome back, user!</p>
<?php else: ?>
<p>Please log in to continue.</p>
<?php endif; ?>

</body>
</html>

This example shows how PHP can control which HTML content is displayed based
on conditions. The if...else statement checks if a user is logged in and shows a
different message accordingly.

In summary, embedding PHP in HTML is a powerful technique that helps developers

create dynamic and interactive websites. It combines the structure of HTML with the
flexibility of PHP, allowing for features like conditional content, data fetching, and
form handling—all while keeping the web page responsive to different inputs or
situations.