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Lecture On SQL Joining 2

This document explains how to use SQL joins to query data from multiple tables, detailing various types of joins including cross joins, equijoins, natural joins, and outer joins. It emphasizes the importance of specifying join conditions to avoid Cartesian products and provides examples of SQL syntax for different join types. Additionally, it covers the use of table aliases and the ON clause for improved query performance and clarity.

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wahab baloch
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3 views29 pages

Lecture On SQL Joining 2

This document explains how to use SQL joins to query data from multiple tables, detailing various types of joins including cross joins, equijoins, natural joins, and outer joins. It emphasizes the importance of specifying join conditions to avoid Cartesian products and provides examples of SQL syntax for different join types. Additionally, it covers the use of table aliases and the ON clause for improved query performance and clarity.

Uploaded by

wahab baloch
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Displaying Data

from Multiple Tables


Obtaining Data from Multiple Tables

EMPLOYEES DEPARTMENTS

…
What is the Join?
•Use a join to query data from more than one table
SELECT table1.column, table2.column
FROM table1, table2
WHERE table1.column1=table2.column2

•Write the join condition in the WHERE clause


•Prefix the column name with the table name when the
same column name appears in more than one table
Types of Joins

Joins that are compliant with the SQL include the


following:
• Cross joins
• Equijoin
• Natural joins
• USING clause
• Self join
• Non-equijoin
• Outer join
Joining Tables Using SQL
CROSS JOIN (operator  )
• The cross join will display all the rows of both
tables.

SELECT table1.column, table2.column


FROM table1
[CROSS JOIN table2]

NATURAL JOIN
• (retrieve data from two tables by the same column)

SELECT table1.column, table2.column


FROM table1
[NATURAL JOIN table2]
Join with USING clasue(if they have multiple column
have the same name)

SELECT table1.column, table2.column


FROM table1
[JOIN table2 USING (column_name)]

Join with ON clasue(if we need a condition,like where


clause)
SELECT table1.column, table2.column
FROM table1
[JOIN table2
ON (table1.column_name = table2.column_name)]
Outer join
SELECT table1.column, table2.column
FROM table1
[LEFT|RIGHT|FULL OUTER JOIN table2
ON (table1.column_name = table2.column_name)]
Cartesian Products

• A Cartesian product is formed when:


– A join condition is omitted
– A join condition is invalid
– All rows in the first table are joined to all rows in the
second table
• To avoid a Cartesian product, always include a
valid join condition.
Generating a Cartesian Product

EMPLOYEES (20 rows) DEPARTMENTS (8 rows)

Cartesian product:
20 x 8 = 160 rows

…
Creating Cross Joins

• The CROSS JOIN clause produces the cross-


product of two tables.
• This is also called a Cartesian product between
the two tables.

SELECT last_name, department_name


FROM employees
CROSS JOIN departments ;

…
Using Cross Joins
Try:
Write SQL statement to do the following relation:
DEPARTMENT  LOCATION

Solution:
Select *
From department CROSS JOIN location

Generally:
CROSS PRODUCT is not meaningful operation
Retrieving Record with Equijoin
Employees ∞ Department

EMPLOYEES DEPARTMENTS

Foreign key Primary key


Using Equijoin
Write SQL statement to do this: Employees ∞ Department

Select *
From employees ,departments
Where employees.department_id=departments.department_id
Creating Natural Joins

• The NATURAL JOIN clause is based on all columns


in the two tables that have the same name.
• It selects rows from the two tables that have equal
values in all matched columns.
• If the columns having the same names have
different data types, an error is returned.
• Natural join is special case of Equijoin
• Natural join removes duplicate attributes
Retrieving Records with Natural Joins

SELECT department_id, department_name,


location_id, city
FROM departments
NATURAL JOIN locations ;
Creating Joins with the USING Clause

• If several columns have the same names but the


data types do not match, the NATURAL JOIN clause
can be modified with the USING clause to specify
the columns that should be used for an equijoin.
• Use the USING clause to match only one column
when more than one column matches.
Retrieving Records with the USING Clause

SELECT employees.employee_id, employees.last_name,


departments.location_id, department_id
FROM employees JOIN departments
USING (department_id) ;

…
Qualifying Ambiguous
Column Names

• Use table prefixes to qualify column names that


are in multiple tables.
• Use table prefixes to improve performance.
• Use column aliases to distinguish columns that
have identical names but reside in different tables.
Using Table Aliases

• Use table aliases to simplify queries.


• Use table aliases to improve performance.
SELECT e.employee_id, e.last_name,
d.location_id, department_id
FROM employees e JOIN departments d
USING (department_id) ;
Creating Joins with the ON Clause

• The join condition for the natural join is basically


an equijoin of all columns with the same name.
• Use the ON clause to specify arbitrary conditions
or specify columns to join.
• The join condition is separated from other search
conditions.
• The ON clause makes code easy to understand.
Retrieving Records with the ON Clause

SELECT e.employee_id, e.last_name, e.department_id,


d.department_id, d.location_id
FROM employees e JOIN departments d
ON (e.department_id = d.department_id);

…
Self-Joins Using the ON Clause

EMPLOYEES (WORKER) EMPLOYEES (MANAGER)

… …

MANAGER_ID in the WORKER table is equal to


EMPLOYEE_ID in the MANAGER table.
Self-Joins Using the ON Clause

SELECT e.last_name emp, m.last_name mgr


FROM employees e JOIN employees m
ON (e.manager_id = m.employee_id);

…
Joining More than two table
Employees Departments Locations
Joining More than two table
Solution:
select first_name,department_name,city
from employees JOIN departments using(department_id)
JOIN locations using(location_id)

OR:

select first_name,department_name,city
from employees
JOIN departments ON(employees.department_id=departments.department_id)
JOIN locations ON(departments.location_id=locations.location_id)

OR:
select first_name,department_name,city
from employees E,departments D,locations L
where E.department_id=D.department_id
and D.location_id=L.location_id
Applying Additional Conditions
to a Join

SELECT e.employee_id, e.last_name, e.department_id,


d.department_id, d.location_id
FROM employees e JOIN departments d
ON (e.department_id = d.department_id)
AND e.manager_id = 149 ;
Non-Equijoins

EMPLOYEES JOB_GRADES

Salary in the EMPLOYEES


table must be between
… lowest salary and highest
salary in the JOB_GRADES
table.
Retrieving Records
with Non-Equijoins

SELECT e.last_name, e.salary, j.grade_level


FROM employees e JOIN job_grades j
ON e.salary
BETWEEN j.lowest_sal AND j.highest_sal;

…
Summary

In this lesson, you should have learned how to use


joins to display data from multiple tables by using:
• Equijoins
• Non-equijoins
• Self-joins
• Cross joins
• Natural joins
Practice 5: Overview

This practice covers the following topics:


• Joining tables using an equijoin
• Performing outer and self-joins
• Adding conditions

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