Module 2.1 - Computer Fundamentals
Module 2.1 - Computer Fundamentals
COMPUTER
FUNDAMENTALS
1.1 Introduction to Computers
1.1.1 Generations of Computer
1.1.2 Data and Information
1.2 Hardware Components
1.2.1 Input Devices
1.2.2 Centra Processing Unit
1.2.3 Storage Devices
1.2.4 Output Devices
1.3 Software Components
1.3.1 System Softwares
1.3.2 Application Softwares
1.3.3 Programming Languages
Page 1 of 21
1.1 - INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS
These early computers used vacuum tubes as circuitry and magnetic drums for
memory. As a result they were enormous, literally taking up entire rooms and
costing a fortune to run. These were inefficient materials which consumed a lot
electricity and subsequently generated excessive heat which caused ongoing
breakdowns.
These first generation computers relied on ‘machine language’ (which is the most
basic programming language that can be understood by computers). These
computers were limited to solving one problem at a time. Input was based on
punched cards and paper tape. Output came out on print-outs. The two notable
machines of this era were the UNIVAC and ENIAC machines – the UNIVAC is the
first every commercial computer which was purchased in 1951 by a business – the
US Census Bureau.
The replacement of vacuum tubes by transistors saw the advent of the second
generation of computing. Although first invented in 1947, transistors weren’t used
significantly in computers until the end of the 1950s. They were a big improvement
over the vacuum tube, despite still subjecting computers to damaging levels of
heat. However they were hugely superior to the vacuum tubes, making computers
smaller, faster, cheaper and less heavy on electricity use. They still relied on
punched card for input/printouts.
Page 2 of 21
1965 – 1971: Third Generation – Integrated Circuits
As a result of these advances made machines cheaper and smaller, a new mass
market of users emerged during the ‘60s.
Page 3 of 21
1971 – 1980: Fourth Generation – VLSI Microprocessors
Computers of fourth generation used Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits.
VLSI circuits having about 5000 transistors and other circuit elements with their
associated circuits on a single chip made it possible to have microcomputers of
fourth generation.
The increased power of these small computers meant they could be linked,
creating networks. Which ultimately led to the development, birth and rapid
evolution of the Internet. Other major advances during this period have been the
Graphical user interface (GUI), the mouse and more recently the astounding
advances in lap-top capability and hand-held devices.
The period of fifth generation is 1980-till date. In the fifth generation, VLSI
technology became ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) technology, resulting in
the production of microprocessor chips having ten million electronic components.
Page 4 of 21
This generation is based on parallel processing
hardware and AI (Artificial Intelligence) software. AI
is an emerging branch in computer science,
which interprets the means and method of
making computers think like human beings. All
the high-level languages like C and C++,
Java, .Net etc., are used in this generation.
• Robotics
• Neural Networks
• Game Playing
• Development of expert systems to make decisions in real-life situations
• Natural language understanding and generation
• ULSI technology
• Development of true artificial intelligence
• Development of Natural language processing
• Advancement in Parallel Processing
• Advancement in Superconductor technology
• More user-friendly interfaces with multimedia features
• Availability of very powerful and compact computers at cheaper rates
Page 5 of 21
1.1.2 Types of Computers
Page 6 of 21
“Smartphones”. It is the combination of basic telephone services and computer-
enable features that is easily connected to the internet. Most applications that run
on desktop computers are now also available on smartphones.
Wearable computers
What is Information?
Information is organized or classified data, which has some meaningful values for
the receiver. Information is the processed data on which decisions and actions are
based.
For the decision to be meaningful, the processed data must qualify for the following
characteristics:
Processing − In this step, the input data is changed to produce data in a more
useful form. For example, pay-checks can be calculated from the time cards, or a
summary of sales for the month can be calculated from the sales orders.
Storage - In this step, the information processed is kept in a storage device for
future use. Data storage devices are also valuable resources to process raw data
to produce meaningful information.
Output − At this stage, the result of the proceeding processing step is collected.
The particular form of the output data depends on the use of the data. For
example, output data may be pay-checks for employees.
Page 8 of 21
How is data measured?
Following are some of the important input devices which are used in a computer −
• Keyboard
• Mouse
• Joy Stick
• Light pen
• Track Ball
• Scanner
• Graphic Tablet
• Microphone
• Magnetic Ink Card Reader(MICR)
• Optical Character Reader(OCR)
• Bar Code Reader
• Optical Mark Reader(OMR)
Page 9 of 21
Keyboard
Mouse
Generally, it has two buttons called the left and the right button and a wheel is
present between the buttons. A mouse can be used to control the position of the
cursor on the screen, but it cannot be used to enter text into the computer.
Advantages
Easy to use
Not very expensive
Moves the cursor faster than the arrow keys of the keyboard.
Joystick
Light Pen
Page 10 of 21
When the tip of a light pen is moved over the monitor screen
and the pen button is pressed, its photocell sensing element
detects the screen location and sends the corresponding
signal to the CPU.
Track Ball
Scanner
Scanner captures images from the source which are then converted into a digital
form that can be stored on the disk. These images can be edited before they are
printed.
Digitizer
Microphone
Page 11 of 21
Magnetic Ink Card Reader (MICR)
Page 12 of 21
CPU itself has following three
components.
This unit can store instructions, data, and intermediate results. This unit supplies
information to other units of the computer when needed. It is also known as internal
storage unit or the main memory or the primary storage or Random Access
Memory (RAM).
Its size affects speed, power, and capability. Primary memory and secondary
memory are two types of memories in the computer. Functions of the memory unit
are:
It stores all the data and the instructions required for processing.
It stores intermediate results of processing.
It stores the final results of processing before these results are released to an
output device.
All inputs and outputs are transmitted through the main memory.
Control Unit
This unit controls the operations of all parts of the computer but does not carry out
any actual data processing operations.
• Arithmetic Section
• Logic Section
Page 13 of 21
Arithmetic Section
Logic Section
A memory is just like a human brain. It is used to store data and instructions.
Computer memory is the storage space in the computer, where data is to be
processed and instructions required for processing are stored. The memory is
divided into large number of small parts called cells. Each location or cell has a
unique address, which varies from zero to memory size minus one. For example, if
the computer has 64k words, then this memory unit has 64 * 1024 = 65536
memory locations. The address of these locations varies from 0 to 65535.
Cache Memory
Primary Memory/Main Memory
Secondary Memory
Cache Memory
Secondary Memory
Page 15 of 21
1.2.4 Output Devices
• Monitors
• Graphic Plotter
• Printer
Monitors
Monitors, commonly called as Visual Display Unit (VDU), are the main output
device of a computer. It forms images from tiny dots, called pixels that are arranged
in a rectangular form. The sharpness of the image depends upon the number of
pixels.
Page 16 of 21
The flat-panel display is divided into two categories:
Printers
• Impact Printers
• Non-Impact Printers
Impact Printers
Impact printers print the characters by striking them on the ribbon, which is then
pressed on the paper.
• Character printers
• Line printers
• Character Printers
Character printers are the printers which print one character at a time.
Inkjet Printer
1.3 Software Components
• System Software
• Application Software
1.3.1 System Software
Page 18 of 21
Here is a list of some of the most prominent features of a system software −
• Payroll Software
• Student Record Software
• Inventory Management Software
• Google chrome
• Airline Reservation Software
• Microsoft Office Suite Software
• Microsoft Word
• Microsoft Excel
• Steam Gaming Platform
• Adobe Photoshop
Page 19 of 21
1.3.3 Programming Languages
Machine Language
High-level languages are English-like and easy to learn and use. The instructions
in a high-level programming language are called statements.
Page 20 of 21
Note: This material is intended for educational purposes only. The author does not own
nor claim any copyrighted images and logos present herein. All of these are for illustration
purposes only in order to improve student learning. This learning material is strictly not for
sale.
Prepared by:
Page 21 of 21