Procedural Programming
Procedural Programming can be defined as a programming model which is
derived from structured programming, based upon the concept of calling
procedure. Procedures, also known as routines, subroutines or functions,
simply consist of a series of computational steps to be carried out. During a
program’s execution, any given procedure might be called at any point,
including by other procedures or itself.
Languages used in Procedural Programming:
FORTRAN, ALGOL, COBOL,
BASIC, Pascal and C.
Object-Oriented Programming
Object-oriented programming can be defined as a programming model which is
based upon the concept of objects. Objects contain data in the form of
attributes and code in the form of methods. In object-oriented programming,
computer programs are designed using the concept of objects that interact
with the real world. Object-oriented programming languages are various but
the most popular ones are class-based, meaning that objects are instances of
classes, which also determine their types.
Languages used in Object-Oriented Programming:
Java, C++, C#, Python,
PHP, JavaScript, Ruby, Perl,
Objective-C, Dart, Swift, Scala.
Procedural Programming vs Object-Oriented Programming
Below are some of the differences between procedural and object-oriented
programming:
Procedural Oriented Programming Object-Oriented Programming
In procedural programming, the In object-oriented programming,
program is divided into small parts the program is divided into small
called functions. parts called objects.
Procedural Oriented Programming Object-Oriented Programming
Procedural programming follows Object-oriented programming
a top-down approach. follows a bottom-up approach.
Object-oriented programming has
There is no access specifier in
access specifiers like private, public,
procedural programming.
protected, etc.
Adding new data and functions is not Adding new data and function is
easy. easy.
Procedural programming does not Object-oriented programming
have any proper way of hiding data provides data hiding so it is more
so it is less secure. secure.
In procedural programming, Overloading is possible in object-
overloading is not possible. oriented programming.
In procedural programming, there is In object-oriented programming,
no concept of data hiding and the concept of data hiding and
inheritance. inheritance is used.
In procedural programming, the In object-oriented programming,
function is more important than the data is more important than
data. function.
Procedural programming is based on Object-oriented programming is
the unreal world. based on the real world.
Procedural programming is used for Object-oriented programming is
Procedural Oriented Programming Object-Oriented Programming
used for designing large and
designing medium-sized programs.
complex programs.
Procedural programming uses the Object-oriented programming uses
concept of procedure abstraction. the concept of data abstraction.
Code reusability absent in procedural Code reusability present in object-
programming, oriented programming.
Examples: C, FORTRAN, Pascal, Basic, Examples: C++, Java, Python, C#,
etc. etc.
Introduction to Scripting Languages
All scripting languages are programming languages. The scripting language is
basically a language where instructions are written for a run time environment.
They do not require the compilation step. A scripting language is a
programming language designed for integrating and communicating with other
programming languages.
There are many scripting languages some of them are discussed below:
bash: It is a scripting language to work in the Linux interface.
Node js: It is a framework to write network applications using JavaScript.
Corporate users of Node.js include IBM, LinkedIn, Microsoft, Netflix,
PayPal, Yahoo for real-time web applications.
Ruby: There are a lot of reasons to learn Ruby programming language.
Ruby’s flexibility has allowed developers to create innovative software. It
is a scripting language which is great for web development.
Python: It is easy, free and open source. It supports procedure-oriented
programming and object-oriented programming. Python is an
interpreted language with dynamic semantics and huge lines of code are
scripted and is currently the most hyped language among developers.
Perl: A scripting language with innovative features to make it different
and popular. Found on all windows and Linux servers. It helps in text
manipulation tasks. High traffic websites that use Perl extensively include
priceline.com, IMDB.
Advantages of scripting languages:
Easy learning: The user can learn to code in scripting languages quickly,
not much knowledge of web technology is required.
Fast editing: It is highly efficient with the limited number of data
structures and variables to use.
Interactivity: It helps in adding visualization interfaces and combinations
in web pages. Modern web pages demand the use of scripting
languages. To create enhanced web pages, fascinated visual description
which includes background and foreground colors and so on.
Functionality: There are different libraries which are part of different
scripting languages. They help in creating new applications in web
browsers and are different from normal programming languages.
Application of Scripting Languages: Scripting languages are used in many
areas:
Scripting languages are used in web applications. It is used in server side
as well as client side. Server side scripting languages are: JavaScript, PHP,
Perl etc. and client side scripting languages are: JavaScript, AJAX, jQuery
etc.
Scripting languages are used in system administration. For example:
Shell, Perl, Python scripts etc.
It is used in Games application and Multimedia.
It is used to create plugins and extensions for existing applications.
