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CPP Revision Notes

The document provides revision notes on C++ concepts including references, pointers, strings, classes, unions, templates, exception handling, and memory allocation. It includes flowcharts and memory diagrams to illustrate key concepts such as pass by value vs reference, operator overloading, and the differences between 'new' and 'malloc()'. Key takeaways emphasize the importance of memory management and code efficiency in C++ programming.

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dkmishra2701
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7 views3 pages

CPP Revision Notes

The document provides revision notes on C++ concepts including references, pointers, strings, classes, unions, templates, exception handling, and memory allocation. It includes flowcharts and memory diagrams to illustrate key concepts such as pass by value vs reference, operator overloading, and the differences between 'new' and 'malloc()'. Key takeaways emphasize the importance of memory management and code efficiency in C++ programming.

Uploaded by

dkmishra2701
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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C++ Revision Notes with Flowcharts & Memory Diagrams

References in C++

A reference is an alias for another variable using '&'. Must be initialized, cannot be null, cannot change target.

KEY TAKEAWAYS:

- Pass by value vs pass by reference

- Use 'const' to prevent modification

Memory Diagram: Draw x, y, z pointing to same memory when reference is assigned.

Address & Dereference Operators

& gives address of a variable, * accesses value at an address.

Memory Diagram: Show variable with name, address, and value.

Pointers

Pointers store addresses. A pointer must point to valid memory or NULL.

Tip: const int &q = 5; works for literals.

Memory Diagram: Show pointer box holding address pointing to another variable.

Strings

Use string.find() to search occurrences.

Flowchart: Input string -> find() -> loop until no more occurrences.

Classes vs Structures

Class members are private by default; struct members are public.

Flowchart: Class/Struct -> Members -> Access Control.

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C++ Revision Notes with Flowcharts & Memory Diagrams
Unions

All members share same memory; size = largest member.

Memory Diagram: Single memory block shared by int, char, double.

Structure Alignment & Padding

Padding aligns data for CPU efficiency.

Memory Diagram: Show padding bytes between members.

Templates

Write code once, use for any type.

Flowchart: Compiler expands templates for required types.

Exception Handling

try -> throw -> catch -> stack unwinding.

Flowchart: Code block -> exception? -> catch block or terminate.

STL & Iterators

Containers, Algorithms, Iterators.

Diagram: Show vector/list with iterator moving through elements.

Memory Allocation Types

Static (compile time), Automatic (stack), Dynamic (heap).

Memory Diagram: Show stack vs heap boxes.

Lambda & Closures

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C++ Revision Notes with Flowcharts & Memory Diagrams
Anonymous functions capturing variables by [&] or [=].

Flowchart: Lambda defined -> captures -> executes.

Inline Functions

Expands code inline to reduce function call overhead.

Diagram: Function code copied at call site.

Operator Overloading

You can redefine operators like +, ++ for user-defined types.

Flowchart: Operator call -> overloaded function executed.

New vs malloc()

new is operator, calls constructor; malloc is function, no constructor.

Memory Diagram: Heap memory allocation shown.

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