Introduction to Cloud
Computing
By: Faizan Irshad
Cloud Computing (1997)
The term “cloud computing” was coined by University of Texas
professor Ramnath Chellappa in a talk on “new computing
paradigm.”
The term cloud is used as a metaphor for the Internet, based on
how the Internet is depicted in computer network diagrams and is
an abstraction for the complex infrastructure it conceals.
What is Cloud Computing?
Cloud computing is an example of computing in
which dynamically scalable and often virtualized
resources are provided as a service over the
Internet.
Users need not have knowledge of, expertise in, or
control over the technology infrastructure in the
"cloud" that supports them.
Vendors Providing Cloud Computing
Evolution of Cloud Computing
Cloud
Computing
Parallel
computing
Distributed
computing
Distributed computing
In distributed computing we have multiple autonomous
computers which seems to the user as single system. In
distributed systems there is no shared memory and computers
communicate with each other through message passing. In
distributed computing a single task is divided among different
computers.
Parallel computing
In parallel computing multiple processors perform multiple
tasks assigned to them simultaneously. Memory in parallel
systems can either be shared or distributed. Parallel
computing provides concurrency and saves time and money.
Distributed computing vs
Parallel computing
Sr. No. Parallel Computing Distributed Computing
Many operations are performed System components are located at
1.
simultaneously different locations
2. Single computer is required Uses multiple computers
Multiple processors perform Multiple computers perform multiple
3.
multiple operations operations
It may have shared or distributed
4. It has only distributed memory
memory
Processors communicate with Computer communicate with each
5.
each other through bus other through message passing.
Improves system scalability, fault
Improves the system
6. tolerance and resource sharing
performance
capabilities
Cloud Computing
According to the official NIST (National Institute of Standard
Technology) definition, “Cloud computing is a model for enabling
ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network access to a shared
pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers,
storage, applications and services) that can be rapidly provisioned
and released with minimal management effort or service provider
interaction.”
Following are the six cloud characteristics:
1. On-Demand Usage
2. Ubiquitous Access (present everywhere)
3. Multitenancy
4. Elasticity
5. Measured Usage
6. Resiliency
1. On-Demand Usage
A cloud consumer can unilaterally access cloud-based IT
resources giving the cloud consumer the freedom to self-
provision these IT resources.
Once configured, usage of the self-provisioned IT resources can
be automated, requiring no further human involvement by the
cloud consumer or cloud provider.
This results in an on-demand usage environment.
2. Ubiquitous Access
Ubiquitous access represents the
ability for a cloud service to be
widely accessible. Establishing
ubiquitous access for a cloud
service can require support for a
range of transport protocols,
interfaces and security
technologies.
To enable this level of access
generally requires that the cloud
service be tailored to the
particular needs of different cloud
service consumers.
3. Multitenancy & Resource Pooling
Multitenancy is a characteristic of a software program that
enables an instance of the program to serve different consumers
(tenants), each of which is isolated from the other.
A cloud provider pools its IT resources to serve multiple cloud
service consumers by using the multitenancy model.
Cloud-based multitenancy models frequently rely on the use of
virtualization technologies.
Through the use of multitenancy technology, IT resources can
be dynamically assigned and reassigned, according to cloud
service consumer demands.
3. Multitenancy & Resource Pooling
The figure on the left is an example of single tenancy in that each
cloud service consumer is provided a separate underlying IT
resource instance (in this case, a storage device).
The figure on the right illustrates multitenancy, whereby a single
instance of an IT resource is provided to both cloud service
consumers, each likely unaware that the IT resource is being shared.
4. Elasticity
Elasticity is the automated ability of a cloud to gracefully and
transparently scale IT resources, as required in response to
runtime conditions or as predetermined by the cloud consumer
or cloud provider.
Scaling, from an IT resource perspective, represents the ability of the
IT resource to gracefully handle increased or decreased usage
demands.
Elasticity is often considered a core justification for the adoption of
cloud computing, primarily due to the fact that it is closely
associated with the Reduced Investment and Proportional Costs
benefit.
Cloud providers with the vast resources can offer the greates range
of elasticity.
5. Measured Usage
Measured usage represents the ability of a cloud platform
to keep track of the usage of its IT resources by cloud
consumers.
Based on what is measured, the cloud consumer is charged
only for the IT resources actually used and/ or for the
timeframe where access to the IT resources was required.
Measured usage is not limited to tracking statistics for billing
purposes. It also encompasses the general monitoring of IT
resources and related usage reporting (to both cloud provider
and cloud consumers).
6. Resiliency
Resilient computing is a form of failover that distributes
redundant implementations of IT resources across physical
locations.
IT resources can be pre-configured so that if one becomes
deficient, processing is automatically handed over to another
redundant IT resource.
Within cloud computing, resiliency can refer to redundant IT
resources within the same cloud (but in different physical
locations) or across multiple clouds.
Cloud consumers can increase the reliability and availability of
cloud-based IT resources.
6. Resiliency
For example, Cloud A provides Cloud
Service A as part of a failover system
that encompasses a redundant
implementation of Cloud Service A
on Cloud B. If Cloud Service A on
Cloud A fails, then Cloud Service A
on Cloud B is automatically
provisioned transparently to Cloud
Service Consumer A.
Each cloud has a specific level of
reliability and availability that it
guarantees for Cloud Service A. By
spanning the failover system across
both clouds, the overall reliability
and availability will be higher than
the maximum reliability and
availability of either cloud.
Cloud Architecture
Individual users connect to the cloud from their own personal
computers or portable devices, over the Internet.
To these individual users, the cloud is seen as a single application,
device, or document. The hardware in the cloud (and the operating
system that manages the hardware connections) is invisible.
Cloud Architecture
It all starts with the front-end interface seen by individual users. This is
how users select a task or service.
The user’s request then gets passed to the system management,
which finds the correct resources and then calls the system’s
appropriate provisioning services.
These services carve out the necessary resources in the cloud, launch
the appropriate web application.
After the web application is launched, the system’s monitoring and
metering functions track the usage of the cloud so that resources are
apportioned and attributed to the proper user(s).
Cloud Applications
A cloud application leverages the Cloud in software architecture,
often eliminating the need to install and run the application on the
customer's own computer, thus alleviating the burden of software
maintenance, ongoing operation, and support. For example:
▪ Web application (Twitter)
▪ Software as a service (Google Apps, SAP and Salesforce)
▪ Software plus services (Microsoft Online Services)
Cloud Clients
A cloud client consists of computer hardware and/or computer
software which relies on cloud computing for application delivery.
For example:
▪ Mobile (Android, iPhone, Windows Mobile)
▪ Web browser (Microsoft Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox)
Cloud Services
Any web-based application or service offered via cloud
computing is called a cloud service.
Cloud services can include anything from calendar and
contact applications to word processing and presentations.
The browser accesses the cloud service and an instance of the
application is opened within the browser window.
Once launched, the web-based application operates and
behaves like a standard desktop application.
A cloud service includes "products, services and solutions that
are delivered and consumed in real-time over the Internet".
Cloud Storage:
One of the primary uses of cloud computing is for data storage.
With cloud storage, data is stored on multiple third-party servers,
rather than on the dedicated servers used in traditional networked
data storage.
When storing data, the user sees a virtual server—that is, it appears
as if the data is stored in a particular place with a specific name.
But that place doesn’t exist in reality. It’s just a pseudonym used to
reference virtual space carved out of the cloud.
IT Resource
An IT resource is a physical or virtual IT-related artifact (software or
hardware). The following are common types of IT resources:
▪ physical server
▪ software program
▪ storage device
▪ virtual server
▪ service
▪ network device
Virtualization
Virtualization allows physical IT resources to provide multiple
virtual images of themselves so that their underlying
processing capabilities can be shared individually by multiple
consumers.
The owner of the physical IT resource maintains centralized
administrative control.
As consumer usage demands fluctuate, the owner of the
physical IT resource can scale it accordingly.
Virtualization
For example, a physical computer will often contain a single
installation of an operating system that can be used by a single
consumer.
Through virtualization, the same computer can provide multiple
images of the same operating system installation that can be
independently used by multiple consumers.
Within cloud environments, virtualization technology is primarily
utilized to replicate multiple virtual images of the same physical
server for remote access by consumers.
A virtual server is a form of virtualization software that emulates a
physical computer (a physical server).
Each physical server can host multiple virtual servers.
To a cloud consumer, a virtual server appears as an independent
physical server.
Thankyou
