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Building Web and Mobile ArcGIS Server Applications with JavaScript
Second Edition

Build exciting custom web and mobile GIS applications with the ArcGIS Server API
for JavaScript

Eric Pimpler
Mark Lewin
BIRMINGHAM - MUMBAI
Building Web and Mobile ArcGIS
Server Applications with JavaScript
Second Edition

Copyright © 2017 Packt Publishing

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written
permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embedded in
critical articles or reviews.

Every effort has been made in the preparation of this book to ensure the accuracy of
the information presented. However, the information contained in this book is sold
without warranty, either express or implied. Neither the authors, nor Packt
Publishing, and its dealers and distributors will be held liable for any damages
caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly by this book.

Packt Publishing has endeavored to provide trademark information about all of the
companies and products mentioned in this book by the appropriate use of capitals.
However, Packt Publishing cannot guarantee the accuracy of this information.

First published: February 2014

Second edition: October 2017

Production reference: 1201017

Published by Packt Publishing Ltd.

Livery Place
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ISBN 978-1-78728-052-6

www.packtpub.com
Credits

Authors
Copy Editor
Eric Pimpler
Safis Editing
Mark Lewin

Reviewers
Project Coordinator
Ken Doman
Vaidehi Sawant
Adeyemo Ayodele

Commissioning Editor Proofreader

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Technical Editor Production Coordinator

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About the Authors
Eric Pimpler is the founder and owner of GeoSpatial Training Services (geospatialtrai
ning.com) and has over 20 years of experience in implementing and teaching GIS
solutions using Esri, Google Earth/Maps, and open source technology. Currently, he
focuses on ArcGIS scripting with Python and the development of custom ArcGIS
Server web and mobile applications using JavaScript. He is the author of
Programming ArcGIS 10.1 with Python Cookbook. Eric has a bachelor's degree in
geography from Texas A&M University and a master's degree in applied geography
with a specification in GIS from Texas State University.

Mark Lewin has been developing, teaching, and writing about software for over 16
years. His main interest is GIS and web mapping. Working for ESRI, the world's
largest GIS company, he has been a consultant, trainer and course author, and a
frequent speaker at industry events. He has subsequently expanded his knowledge to
include a wide variety of open source mapping technologies and a handful of
relevant JavaScript frameworks, including Node.js, Dojo, and JQuery. Mark now
works within Oracle's MySQL curriculum team, focusing on creating great learning
experiences for DBAs and database developers, but remains crazy about web
mapping.
About the Reviewers
Ken Doman is a senior frontend engineer at GEO Jobe, a geographic information
systems consultant company and ESRI business partner that helps public sector
organizations and private sector businesses get the most out of geospatial solutions.
Ken has worked for the municipal government and in the private sector. He has
experienced many facets of GIS technology, from field data collection to mapping
and data analysis to creating and deploying web mapping applications and solutions.

Ken is the author of Mastering ArcGIS Server Development with JavaScript. He has
also reviewed several books for Packt Publishing, including Building Web and
Mobile ArcGIS Server Applications with JavaScript and Spatial Analysis with
ArcGIS by Eric Pimpler, ArcGIS for Desktop Cookbook by Daniela Christiana
Docan, and ArcPy and ArcGIS by Silas Toms.

"I’d first like to thank my wife, Luann, who puts up with my late nights reviewing
books like this. I’d like to thank my current employer," GEO Jobe "GIS Consulting,
as well as past employers like Bruce Harris and Associates, City of Plantation," FL
"and City of Jacksonville, TX for believing in me and letting me learn so much on the
job. Finally, I’d like to thank my creator for putting me where I need to be.

"

Ayodele Adeyemo is a geogeek with over four years experience, and is passionate
about leveraging data and technology to provide solutions to human, social, and
technological problems. He currently works with eHealth Africa in Nigeria with the
Global Health and Informatics department to provide user data and technology to
solve health issues across communities in Africa. He has experience in building and
mentoring geospatial solutions as well as consulting for organizations on how to
deploy sustainable geospatial solutions to support their agencies and projects.

Ayodele has worked as GIS Specialist at eHealth Africa and Founder and Latitudes
Tech Limited. He has worked on the book ArcPy and ArcGIS: Automating ArcGIS
for Desktop and ArcGIS Online with Python.

"I'd like to thank my manager, Dami Sonoiki; my supervisor, Samuel Aiyeoribe; and
my colleagues Samuel Okoroafor and Seun Egbinola."
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Table of Contents
Preface
What this book covers
What you need for this book
Who this book is for
Conventions
Reader feedback
Downloading the example code
Downloading the color images of this book
Errata
Piracy
Questions
1. Introduction to HTML, CSS, and JavaScript
Basic HTML page concepts
DOCTYPE
Primary tags
Validating HTML code
JavaScript fundamentals
Commenting code
Variables
JavaScript is case sensitive
Variable data types
Decision support statements
Looping statements
Functions
Objects
Basic CSS principles
CSS syntax
Inline styling
Internal style sheet
External style sheet
Separating HTML, CSS, and JavaScript
Summary
2. Creating Maps and Adding Layers
The ArcGIS API for JavaScript Sandbox
Basic steps for creating an application with the ArcGIS API for JavaScript
Creating HTML code for the page
Referencing the ArcGIS API for JavaScript
Loading API modules
 Making sure the DOM is available
Creating the map
Creating the page content
Styling the page
The entire code
More about the map
Working with map service layers
Using the layer classes
Tiled map service layers
Dynamic map service layers
Adding layers to the map
Setting the visible layers from a map service
Setting a definition expression
Map navigation
Map navigation widgets and toolbars
Map Navigation with the mouse and keyboard
Getting and setting the map extent
Map events
Summary
3. Adding Graphics to the Map
The four parts of a Graphic
Specifying graphic geometry
Symbolizing graphics
Assigning attributes to graphics
Changing graphic attributes in an InfoTemplate
Creating the graphic
Adding graphics to the GraphicsLayer
Multiple GraphicsLayers
Practice time
Summary
4. The Feature Layer
Creating the FeatureLayer
Optional constructor parameters
Defining the display mode
The snapshot mode
The on-demand mode
The selection only mode
The auto mode
Setting a definition expression
Feature selection
 Rendering FeatureLayer
Practice time
Summary
5. Using Widgets and Toolbars
Adding toolbars to an application
Steps for creating a toolbar
Defining CSS styles
Creating the buttons
Creating an instance of the Navigation toolbar
User interface widgets
The BasemapGallery widget
Basemap toggle widget
Bookmarks widget
The Print widget
Layer List widget
Time to practice
Search widget
Gauge widget
Measurement widget
The Popup widget
Legend widget
OverviewMap widget
Scalebar widget
Directions
HistogramTimeSlider
HomeButton
LocateButton
TimeSlider
LayerSwipe
The Analysis widgets
Feature editing
FeatureService
The Editing widgets
The Editor widget
TemplatePicker widget
AttributeInspector widget
The AttachmentEditor widget
The Edit toolbar
Summary
6. Performing Spatial and Attribute Queries
 Introducing tasks in ArcGIS Server
Overview of attribute and spatial queries
The Query object
Setting query properties
Attribute queries
Spatial queries
Limiting the fields returned
Executing the query with QueryTask
Getting the results of the query
Practice time with spatial queries
Summary
7. Identifying and Finding Features
Using IdentifyTask to access feature attributes
Introducing IdentifyTask
IdentifyParameters
IdentifyTask
IdentifyResult
Practice time - implementing identify functionality
Using FindTask to access feature attributes
FindParameters
FindTask
FindResults
Summary
8. Turning Addresses into Points and Points into Addresses
Introduction to geocoding
Geocoding with a locator service in the ArcGIS API for JavaScript
Input parameter object
Input JSON address object
Input point object
Locator object
The AddressCandidate object
The geocoding process
The reverse geocoding process
Practice time with the locator service
The Search widget
Summary
9. Directions and Routing
Routing task
Practice time with routing
The Directions widget
ClosestFacility Task
 ServiceArea task
Summary
10. Geoprocessing Tasks
Models in ArcGIS Server
Using the Geoprocessor task - what you need to know
Understanding the services page for a geoprocessing task
Input parameters
The Geoprocessor task
Executing the task
Synchronous tasks
Asynchronous tasks
Practice time with geoprocessing tasks
Summary
11. Geometry Operations
The Geometry Service
Geometry Service operations
Using the Geometry Service
The Geometry Engine
Practice time with the Geometry Engine
Summary
12. Integration with ArcGIS Online
Adding ArcGIS Online maps to your applications by using a webmap ID
Adding ArcGIS Online maps to your applications with JSON
Practice time with ArcGIS Online
Summary
13. Creating Mobile Applications
Compact build of the API
Setting the viewport scale
Practice time with the compact build
Integrating the geolocation API
Practice time with the geolocation API
Summary
14. Looking Ahead - Version 4 of the ArcGIS API for JavaScript
Steps for creating 2D maps
Accessing layers
New and changed layers
GraphicsLayer
FeatureLayer
MapImageLayer
VectorTileLayer
GroupLayers
 SceneLayers
3D mapping and symbology
Scenes
Creating the map
Setting elevation data
Setting the camera
Specifying the environment
Local scenes
3D symbology and rendering
Summary
Preface
ArcGIS Server is the predominant platform for developing GIS applications for the
web. In the past, you could choose from a number of programming languages to
develop web mapping applications with ArcGIS Server, including JavaScript, Flex,
and Silverlight. However, the Flex and Silverlight APIs have now retired, leaving
JavaScript as the preferred language for developing applications on this platform. Its
advantages over other languages include the fact that you can use it to build both
web and mobile applications and that it does not require the installation of a plugin:
everything runs natively in the browser.

This book will teach you how to build web-based GIS applications using the ArcGIS
API for JavaScript. Using a practical hands-on style of learning, you will learn how
to build fully functional applications with ArcGIS Server and, in doing so, develop a
skillset that is in high demand.

You will learn how to create maps and add geographic layers from a variety of
sources, including tiled and dynamic map services. In addition, you'll learn how to
add vector graphics to the map and stream geographic features to the browser using a
feature layer. Most applications also include specific functionality implemented by
ArcGIS Server as tasks. You'll learn how to use the various tasks provided by
ArcGIS Server to perform common GIS operations, including queries, identification
of features, finding features by attribute, geoprocessing tasks, and more. Finally,
you'll learn just how easy it is to develop mobile applications with the ArcGIS API
for JavaScript.
What this book covers
Chapter 1, Introduction to HTML, CSS, and JavaScript, covers the fundamental
HTML, CSS, and JavaScript concepts before getting started with developing GIS
applications with the ArcGIS API for JavaScript.

Chapter 2, Creating Maps and Adding Layers, shows how to create a map and add
layers to the map. You will learn how to create an instance of the Map class, add
layers of data to the map, and display this information on a web page. Map is the
most fundamental class in the API as it provides the canvas for your data layers and
any subsequent activities that occur in your application. However, your map is
useless until you add layers of data. There are several types of data layers that can be
added to a map, including tiled, dynamic, feature, and others. You will learn more
about each of these layer types in this chapter as well.

Chapter 3, Adding Graphics to the Map, demonstrates how to display temporary

points, lines, and polygons in GraphicsLayer on the map. The GraphicsLayer is a
separate layer that always resides on top of any other layers and stores all graphics
associated with the map.

Chapter 4, The Feature Layer, describes FeatureLayer. This inherits from the
GraphicsLayer, but offers additional capabilities such as the ability to perform queries
and selections. Feature layers are also used for online editing of features. Feature
layers differ from tiled and dynamic map service layers because feature layers bring
geometry information to the client computer to be drawn and stored by the web
browser. Feature layers potentially cut down on round trips to the server. A client
can request the features it needs and perform selections and queries on those features
without having to request more information from the server.

Chapter 5, Using Widgets and Toolbars, covers out-of-the-box widgets that you can
drop into your application for enhanced productivity. These include the basemap
gallery. Bookmark, print, and overview map user interface components. In addition,
the ArcGIS API for JavaScript also includes helper classes for creating toolbars
within your applications, such as navigation and drawing toolbars.

Chapter 6, Performing Spatial and Attribute Queries, covers the ArcGIS Server Query
Task that allows you to perform attribute and spatial queries against data layers in a
map service that have been exposed. You can also combine these query types to
perform a combination attribute and spatial query.

Chapter 7, Identifying and Finding Features, covers two common operations found in
any GIS application: clicking a feature on the map to identify it, or performing a
query to locate features with specific attribute values. In either case, information
about particular features is returned. In this chapter the reader will learn how to use
the IdentifyTask and FindTask objects to obtain information about features.

Chapter 8, Turning Addresses into Points and Points into Addresses, covers the use of
the Locator task to perform geocoding and reverse geocoding. Geocoding is the
process of assigning a coordinate to an address while reverse geocoding assigns an
address to a coordinate.

Chapter 9, Directions and Routing, describes how to access ArcGIS Server network
analysis services to perform analyses on street networks, such as finding the best
route from one address to another, finding the closest school, identifying a service
area around a location, or responding to a set of orders with a fleet of service
vehicles.

Chapter 10, Geoprocessing Tasks, allows you to execute custom geoprocessing

workflows that you define in ArcGIS Pro desktop software using Model Builder or
code as Python scripts. Once published to ArcGIS Server as geoprocessing services,
these can be accessed from within your web mapping applications. This is a very
powerful feature, and we'll get into one in this chapter.

Chapter 11, Geometry Operations, describes how to use the ArcGIS Server Geometry
Service, and its client-side counterpart, the Geometry Engine, to execute common
geometric operations such as buffering a feature and reprojecting from one
coordinate system to another.

Chapter 12, Integration with ArcGIS Online, details how you can use the ArcGIS API
for JavaScript to access data and maps created with ArcGIS.com, which is a web site
for working with maps and other types of geographic information. On this site, you
will find applications for building and sharing maps. You will also find useful
basemaps, data, applications, and tools that you can view and use along with
communities you can join. For application developers the really exciting news is that
you can integrate ArcGIS.com content into your custom developed applications using
the ArcGIS API for JavaScript. This chapter shows you how.

Chapter 13, Creating Mobile Applications, describes how to build mobile GIS
applications using the ArcGIS API for JavaScript. ArcGIS Server support is
currently provided for iOS and Android devices. In this chapter, you'll learn about
the compact build of the API that makes web mapping applications possible through
the use of Dojo Mobile.

Appendix, Looking Ahead at Version 4 of the ArcGIS API for JavaScript, gives you a
broad overview of what to expect in version 4 of the API. This is a complete
reworking of the API that is being developed in parallel with version 3.x.
What you need for this book
To complete the activities in this book, you will need access to a web browser--
preferably Google Chrome or Firefox. Each chapter contains practices designed to
supplement the material presented. You will complete these practices using the
ArcGIS API for JavaScript Sandbox to write and test your code. The sandbox can be
found at https://developers.arcgis.com/javascript/3/sandbox/sandbox.html. All the practices
will access publicly available instances of ArcGIS Server, so you will not need to
install ArcGIS Server yourself.
Who this book is for
This book is written for application developers who want to develop web and mobile
GIS applications using ArcGIS Server and the API for JavaScript. It is primarily
oriented toward beginning and intermediate-level GIS developers or to more
traditional application developers who may not have developed GIS applications in
the past but who are now tasked with implementing solutions on this platform. No
prior experience with ArcGIS Server, JavaScript, HTML, or CSS is expected, but it
is certainly helpful.
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
June i8, 1494, as the date of his arriving again at the Cabo de
Sancta Cruz. ' Ferdinand says that this was what the Admiral wrote
in his Itinerary or Journal.
 336 Christopher Columbus hour of vespers a shower
generally came up and the Admiral scientifically attributed it to the
dense groves fringing the side of the island, the same conditions
having once been true of the islands of the Azores, Madeira, and the
Canaries, until they had become denuded of the trees and shrubs.
The harbours were particularly pleasing to the sailors, and one very
beautiful little bay with seven small islands ' pleased the Admiral
beyond measure. The Admiral judged the island to be about eight
himdred miles in circumference; but, on a later occasion, — ^his
fourth voyage, — ^he estimated it to be fifty leagues long and
twenty wide. Because of the want of provisions and the leaky
condition of his boats, the Admiral could not longer explore the
island and its coasts, so good weather coming on Tuesday, August
19, 1494, he departed toward the east for Espanola, naming on his
way the most easterly point on Jamaica Cabo del Parol, or Cape of
the Lantern.' The following day, Wednesday, August 20, 1494, he
sighted the westerly end of the island of Espanola, distant from Cabo
del Parol some twenty-five or thirty leagues, and gave it the name of
Cabo de Sant Miguel, and which Las Casas says was in his time
called Cabo del Tiburon, a name it still bears on the maps. It would
seem that the Admiral had not identified this point as a part of
Espanola imtil a cacique came, calling to him "Admiral, Admiral,*'
and using other words, by which Columbus knew it was that island.
On the last days of the month of August the Admiral went to anchor
at a small island which, from its resemblance to the sail of a ship, he
called Alto Vela. This island, says Las Casas, is distant twelve
leagues from the island of Beata. The Admiral directed that certain
sailors should ascend to the highest point on the island to discover if
possible the other two ships which had been lost to view. On their
way back to the ships these sailors killed eight sea-wolves and many
birds, the sight of men not meaning danger to these innocent
animals. It was six days before the two ships rejoined the Nina, or
the AdmiraVs ship. The three ships then sailed to the island of
Beata, which, says Ferdinand, is distant twelve leagues to the east of
Alto ' Ferdinand says this bay had nine small islands, and that the
Admiral called it Delle VaccJte, the islands probably looking like a
herd of cows. By some it is identified with the great bay east of
Portland Point, in which is found the port known as Old Harbour. '
This has been identified as Point Morant.
 Illness of the Admiral 337 VeloJ From here they coasted to
a beautiful shore where a fertile plain reminded them of the Royal
Vega on the other side of the island, the plain being covered by
settlements almost contiguous the one to the other.' Las Casas says
that this land was afterward called Caihalina, after a Cacica, a
woman whom the Christians afterward knew as the Princess of that
coimtry. The Indians came out in their canoes and reported that they
had come from the other side of the island and that all there were
well, — ^news which filled the heart of the Admiral with consolation
and joy. Having passed nearly to the present site of San Domingo,
he landed and ordered nine men to go across the island to Isabella,
which was directly north, and to give news of himself and his
company. Pursuing his way eastward, he came to a large settlement,
to which he sent the boats for water. The Indians came out to meet
them with the appearance of hostility, having arrows tipped with
poisonous matter and corks, making gestures as if they intended
binding the Spaniards. Their hostility, however, was only feigned, for
when the men landed they put aside their weapons and brought
food and drink. Las Casas calls this land the province of Higuey. The
Indians asked if it was the Admiral who commanded the ships and
appeared to repose in him great confidence. According to Las Casas
the Indians believed the intruders at first to be strangers, but
recognised them on their approaching the shore and he considers
that this accounted for their manifestation of peace and friendship.
They then continued on their way to the east, when they met with a
fish of so remarkable an appearance that it astonished all who saw
it. It was nearly as large as a whale, having on the neck a shell
similar to that of a tortoise, carrying its head out of its shell, like the
protruding head of a turtle ; its tail was like that of a tunny-fish but
vastly swelled, and at its sides were two great wings as if for flight
through the air. The Admiral read in the appearance of this fish the
coming of a storm and accordingly with prudence sought a safe
harbour. He found this in a channel between the shore and a small
island called by the Indians Adamaney, later called, says Las Casas,
Saona, which name it received either ' Isla Beata is south-west of
the Cape Beataand the island Alto Veto is south-west of the Isla
Beata. In the wretched French translation of Ferdinand, Beata is said
to be twelve leagues west of Alto Velo. * We believe this to be the
plain through which flows the river Nisoo, and not the Neybo or
Neyva, as some have it. VOL. u.— aa
 338 Christopher Columbus from the Admiral or from the
Adelantado, his brother. The Bishop says many years before the time
at which he was writing he had been in this channel or strait and it
appeared to him to be nearly two leagues in width. The Admiral
entered with the Nina at once, but it was some time after when the
other ships succeeded in finding refuge there. The night of his arrival
the Admiral observed the eclipse of the moon andfoimd that
between where he was — the island of Saona — and the city of
Cadiz there was a difference in longitude of five hours and thirty-
three minutes.' On September 24, 1494, the three ships reached the
extreme easterly point of Espanola, to which point the Admiral on
the first voyage gave the name of Cabo de Sant Rafael, This point is
to-day called El Cabo del Engano, while the name of Cabo de Sant
Rafael has been given to a point on the north-east coast of the
island. From there they went to an island which is ten leagues from
the island of Espanola and eight from the island of San Juan (Puerto
Rico) to which the name of La Mona was given by the Indians,
although Las Casas says it may have been so called from an island
of that same name in England.^ Las Casas says that in a letter
which he wrote to the Sovereigns the Admiral declared it had been
his intention to go to the island of the cannibals to punish them for
their wickedness (a statement which is borne out by what the
Admiral told the aged cacique) but that the continual labours and
vigils by night and by day during the entire period of his absence, at
one time when in the region of the dangerous shoals of the Jardin
de la Reina going thirty-two days without sleeping, suddenly resulted
in his being attacked with a severe sickness. This took the form of
what Ferdinand says was something between a pestilential fever and
a drowsiness or supreme stupor which totally deprived him of all his
forces and senses, so that he was believed to be dying and none
believed he would last out the day. On this account the ship
hastened to Isabella, where they arrived on September 29, 1494. *
The longitude of Saona from Cadiz is 62° 20' west, while the Admiral
made it 80° 45', an error of 18° 25', which arose from his table of
eclipses. ^ This little island lies in the Mona passage (eighty miles
wide) between Espanola and Puerto Rico. It is only seven miles long
and two broad. Mona is the ancient name for Anglesea, and what
suggested to Las Casas the possibility that the Spaniards were
naming islands after English lands is difficult to understand. The
name must have been a coincidence.
 Illness of the Admiral 339 In chapter lix. of the Historie, the
title reads: Come VAmmiraglio scoprl la partie meridionale della
Spagnuola, fin che tornd per Voriente alia popolatio del natale. "How
the Admiral discovered the southern part of Espanola, until he
returned by way of the east to the settlement of La Navidad.'* This
is the work of the Italian editor, for certainly Ferdinand knew the
difference between the abandoned fort of La Navidad and the
settlement of Isabella. Errors like this have made some writers
doubtful as to the reliability of the Historie, but with the holograph
manuscript of Las Casas to act as a verifier and with the light
coming sometimes from the Curate of Los Palacios and sometimes
from the original documents published by Navarrete, the reader is
enabled to reject what appears to be the work of the Italian
translator and to repose confidence in what is evidently the
composition of Ferdinand himself.
 CHAPTER LXXXV BARTHOLOMEW COLUMBUS When his
eyes opened and his senses returned to him on arriving at Isabella,
Columbus saw bending over him the face of his brother
Bartholomew, a most commanding figure in the early history of
America, only less conspicuous than that of the Admiral himself and
the figure of that other great man, the Apostle of the Indians,
Bartolom6 de las Casas. Antonio Gallo, in his chapter, De Navigatione
Columbi, says: ''Bartholomew Columbus, the younger brother of
Christopher, having established himself in Portugal, and later in the
city of Lisbon, applied himself to drawing maps for the use of
mariners, upon which charts he represented all the seas, harbours,
coasts, gulfs, and islands. While in Lisbon he witnessed yearly the
return of ships which for forty years had been navigating to the
western lands of Africa by way of the ocean, discovering new lands
and many peoples unknown to previous ages. Bartholomew,
enlightened and moved by the tales told him by those who thus
returned as one might say from another world, and himself more
versed in maritime affairs communicated to his elder brother his
reasons and arguments, proving to him that in sailing away from the
southern part of Africa and directing his course straight away upon
the Ocean-sea, he would surely arrive at continental land." This
impression of the superior talents of Bartholomew and his earlier
conception of a western voyage, influenced both the other Genoese
historians, Senarega and Giustiniani, and they incorporated that
impression in their works. However, we may accept the statement
that Bartholomew had gone from Italy to Portugal and in the city of
Lisbon was earning a livelihood by designing maritime charts. Las
Casas,' who knew both brothers, says: ' Historia, lib i., Cap xxix. 340
 Bartholomew Columbus 341 **Este era hombre muy
prudente y muy esforzado, y mis recatado y astuto, d, lo que
parecia, y de m^nos simplicidad que Crist6bal Colon I latino y muy
entendido en todas las cosas de hombres, seflaladamente sabio y
experimentado en las cosas de la mar, y creo que no mucho m^nos
docto en cosmografia y lo d ella tocante, y en hacer 6 pintar cartas
de navegar, y esferas y otros instrumentos de aquella arte, que su
hermano» y presumo que en algunas cosas destas le excedia,
puesto que por ventura las hobiese d^l aprendido. Era mis alto que
mediano de cuerpo, tenia autorizada y honrada persona, aunque no
tanto como el Almirante/* **He [Bartholomew Columbus] was a
very discreet and courageous man and more prudent and astute, as
it appears, and of less simplicity than Christopher Columbus : a Latin
scholar and well informed in regard to all things, especially in
matters of seamanship, and I believe not much less learned in
cosmography and in things relating to it and in making or drawing
charts for navigation and spheres and other instruments of that art,
than his brother: and I presume in some of these things he excelled
him, although, perchance he might have learned them of him. He
was tall rather than of meditun height and was a person of
honourable and commanding appearance, although not as much so
as the Admiral.*' There is still preserved in the Bihliotheca
Columbina the Latin work of Pierre d'Ailly or Petrus Aliacus,
consisting of ten ' tracts for the most part taken from the Opus
Majus of Roger Bacon, and printed as a small folio somewhere about
the year 1490 under the title of Imago MundiJ" On the margin of
one * M. de la Sema, Santander, in his Dictionnaire Bibliographique
(vol. ii., p. 43) makes no less than sixteen of these tracts, but he
gives separate titles to some which evidently are to be regarded as a
single imprint. * This exceedingly rare little book was probably
printed by Johannes de Westfalia de Pandebonne, at Louvain, in the
Low Countries, where, about 1474, he established the first press in
that city. The date of its issue is not determined, Campbell, in his
Annales de la Typographic N^erlandaise, La Haye, 1874, placing it as
early as 1483. It is in folio, Gothic characters, and consists of one
hundred and seventy- two folios (the last blank), with signatiu-es /a,
kk7/, forty-one lines to a page, with engraved figures on wood. It
begins on the verso of folio i, Ymago Mundi Jncipit. This tract ends
on the recto of folio 40: ** explicit yinago mundi a dflo Petro de
Aylliaco EjSo CameracSn de scriptura z ex pluribus Actorib?
recoUecta. Anno dfli M.CCCC decio Augusti duodecimo." Our interest
in this Pierre d'Ailly comes from the popular belief that it was reading
the Imago Mundi which first drew the attention of Columbus to the
possibility of reaching the Indies by travelling a western parallel; and
the further belief that the work itself was composed at St. Die in the
Vosgian Motmtains, where, seven and ninety years after, the little
work Cosmographies Introductio was published, and which first
suggested a name for the New World. The imaginative reader sees
the mysterious cords passing into this little moimtain village and
connecting these two important events in American history as by
divine sequence. We do not believe in either of these sentimental
mysteries. Pierre d'Ailly was bom at Compidgne in Picardy in 1350,
as appears from the Public Registry of the church at Cambray. His
family was obscure, and it is said of him that he acted as imder
porter of the College of Navarre, but Peter Bayle denies
 342 Christopher Columbus * of the leaves there is found a
manuscript note which Las Casas thought to be in the hand of
Bartholomew Columbus. Las Casas writes ' : *' Yo hall^, en un libro
viejo de Cristdbal Colon, de las obras de Pedro de Aliaco, doctfsimo
en todas las ciencias y astronomia y cosmografia, escritas estas
palabras en la mdrgen del tratado De Imagine Mundi, cap. 8, de la
misma letra y mano de Bartolom^ Colon, la cual muy bien conocf y
agora tengo hartas cartas y letras-suyas, tratando deste viaje:
***Nota quae hoc anno de ochenta y ocho in mense decembri apulit
Ulisboa Bartholomeus Didacus Capitaneus trium carabelarum quern
miserat serenisimus rex Portugaliae in Guinea, ad tentandum terram,
et renunciavit ipse serenisimo Regi prout navigaverat ultra quam
navigatum leuche seiscientas, videlicet, quadrocientas y cincuenta ad
austrum et ciento y cinquenta ad aquilonem, usque unum
promontorium per ipsum nominatum Cabo de Bueita Esperanza:
quern in angelimba estimamus quique in eo loco invenit se distare
per astrolabium ultra lineam equinocialem gradus quarenta y cinco,
qui tdtimus locus distat i, Lisboa tres mil y cient leguas. Quern
viaggium punctavit et scripsit de leuca in leucam in una carta
navigationis ut occuli visui ostenderet ipse serenissimo Regi. In
quibus onnibus interfui, etc.* *' Estas son palabras escritas de la
mano de Bartolom^ Colon, no s6 si las escribi6 de si 6 de su letra
por su hermano Cristdbal Colon, la letra yo la this. In 1384 he
became Master of this college in Paris. While in this position
Johannes Gerson was his pupil. In 1389 he was made Confessor to
Charles VI. and Chancellor of the University. In 1394 he was
appointed Treasurer of the Holy Chapel at Paris. He was instrumental
in having the King of France acknowledge Peter de Luna, Benedict
XIII., as lawful Pope, instead of Angelus Corarius, Gregory XII. In
1395 he was made Bishop of Le Puy in Velay, and in 1396 he was
promoted to the See of Cambray. He attended the Great Council of
the Church held at Pisa, March 25, 1409, and where, by the way, the
University of Paris, by the voice of the learned Peter Plaon, seems to
have sided against the pretensions of Benedict XIII. He was
doubtless present at that interesting occasion, when, on July i, 1409,
Peter of Candia was inaugurated as Pope Alexander V. Peter of
Candia was at this time far advanced in years, but in his youth he
had been instructed both at Oxford and the University of Paris. The
last session of this Council was held on August 7, 1409, when the
Bishops were dismissed to their several sees. The purple was
conferred upon d* Ailly in 1 4 1 1 . There is no authentic record of
his presence at St. Die during the year 1 4 1 o , when he is said to
have written his Imago Mundi. As to the date of its imprint, we
regard it as certainly subsequent to 1487, since the type used has
the fifth style of letter employed by Johannes de Westfalia, and this
is not found in any book, so far as we know, previous to 1492. Now,
as we know, Columbus was in Spain in i486, advocating his projects
which he had adopted and urged already many years before in
Portugal. There is nothing to show that Colimibus had this volume
with him on his first voyage. Petrus Aliacus, or Pierre d' Ailly, died on
October 9, 1425, while he was Legate of the Holy See in Lower
Germany, and on July 9, 1426, his body was deposited in the
Cathedral of Cambray, where it was buried behind the high altar. '
Historia, lib. i., cap. xxvii., p. 213. 'This note occurs on folio 13,
found in chapter viii of the Imago Mundi. The reader will find the
authorship of this note discussed at length in our Chapter cxxiii on *'
The Handwriting of Columbus."
 Bartholomew Columbus 343 conozco ser de Bartolom^
colon, porque tuve muchas suyas. Algun mal latin parece que hay 6
todo lo es malo, pero pongol6 d la letra como lo hall^ de la dicha
mano escrito, dice ansf : ***Que el ano de 488, por Diciembre, lleg6
d Lisboa Bartolom^ Diaz, Capitan de tres carabelas, que el Rey de
Portugal envi6 d descubrir la Guinea, y trujo relacion que habian
descubierto 600 leguas, 450 al austro y 150 al Norte, hasta un cabo
que se puso de Buena Esperanza, y que por el astrolabio se hallaron
dese Cabo de la equinoccial 45°, el cual cabo dista de Lisboa 3.100
leguas,' las cuales diz que cont6 el dicho Capitan de legua en legua,
puesto en una carta de navegacion, que presentd al Rey de
Portugal: en todas las cuales, dice, yo me hall^/ Por manera que, 6
^1 6 su hermano, el Almirante D. Crist 6bal Colon, que fu^ despues,
6 ambos d dos se hallaron en el descubrimiento del cabo de Buena
Esperanza." ** I found in an old book belonging to Christopher
Coltimbus, of the works of Pierre d'Ailly , who was very learned in all
the sciences and astronomy and cosmography, these words written
on the margin of the treatise De Imagine Mundi, chapter 8, in the
letter and hand of Bartholomew Coltmibus which I knew very well
and I now have many of his charts and letters, relating to this
voyage: "These words are written by the hand of Bartholomew
Columbus: I do not know whether he wrote them of himself or in his
handwriting for his brother Christopher Coltunbtis: the writing I
recognise to be that of Bartholomew Columbus, because I possessed
a great deal of it. It appears that there is some poor Latin and all of
it is bad, but I give it literally as I found it written in the said
handwriting: it says as follows: ** *That in December of the year
488, Bartholomew Diaz, the Captain of three Caravels, whom the
King of Portugal sent to discover Guinea, arrived at Lisbon, and
brought a report that they had discovered 600 leagues, 450 to the
south and 150 to the north, as far as a cape which was named Good
Hope, and that by the astrolabe they found themselves at this cape
45 degrees from the equator, which Cape is 3100 leagues distant
from Lisbon, which the said Captain says he counted from league to
league, placed on a chart of navigation, which he presented to the
King of Portugal: I was present in all the circumstances which he
relates/ ** So that, either he or his brother, who was afterwards the
Admiral, Don Christopher Columbus, or both, were present at the
discovery of the Cape of Good Hope/* Bartolom6 Diaz embarked on
his memorable voyage to the Cape of Good Hope at the end of
August, i486, and he returned to Lisbon in December, 1487.
Christopher Columbus was about this time in Spain, sometimes at
Seville and sometimes at Cordova. In the middle of November he
was probably with Beatriz Enriques at Cordova. Therefore, if this
passage is to be interpreted that either one of the brothers went
upon this
 344 Christopher Columbus expedition it was Bartholomew
and not Christopher Colimibus. But Bartholomew was in London in
February, 1488, and must have been there then some time. He could
not well have been at Lisbon late in December. However, the
passage, as Harrisse has pointed out, is susceptible of another
interpretation as regards the words in quibus omnibus interfui and
may be read ** in all of which ceremonies'' — attending the
rejoicings upon the return of Diaz and the reception of his news — '*
I had a part." Las Casas was familiar with the handwriting of
Bartholomew, and he speaks with assurance of this passage on the
margin of the Imago Mundi as his hologram. In any event, whether
the writer was a member of the famous expedition or whether he
was simply a spectator of its successful return, we think it was
Christopher and not Bartholomew who was present at Lisbon in
December, 1487. In February, 1488, then, we find Bartholomew at
London urging upon Henry VII. the patronage of his brother and the
equipment of an expedition to attempt the western voyage. We then
lose sight of him until we find, after his brother's great success when
the latter sent for him to join him and share his fortunes, that he
had been for some time, perhaps years, at the Court of France,
where he was serving the Regent Anne of Beaujeu (wife of Pierre de
Bourbon, Sire de Beaujeu), who was acting for her brother, Charles
VIII.' He served her rather than the Government and seems to have
been engaged in his professional occupation of designing maps.
Bartholomew, as we learn from his nephew Ferdinand, returned to
Spain after hearing of his brother's discoveries and early in the year
1494 presented Diego and Ferdinand to the Sovereigns that they
might serve as pages to Don Juan, the Prince. On April 14, 1494,
Ferdinand and Isabella placed him in command of a fleet of three
caravels ' with which he departed for Espafiola, reaching there Jime
24,^ 1494. The Admiral had not seen his brother for many years,
but his coming was like the sudden appearance of a third hand and
one that was strong ^ Anne's authority theoretically ceased after
1490, when the young King — bom 1470 — took the reins into his
own hands and suffered himself to be guided by the Count Dunois.
^ Coleccion de documentos ineditos para la Historia de Espatia,
Madrid, 1850, vol. xvi.,p. 166. 3 St. John's Day. See deposition of
Juan de Molina in above Coleccion,
 Bartholomew Columbus 345 and well armed. We can
therefore imagine the relief to his worn spirit and tired nerves when
he named him Governor of Espafiola. Ferdinand, in his Hisiorie,
reports finding a writing in the hand of Bartholomew which gives the
dates of his services, both as Captain and as Adelantado : ". . . come
appare per una memoria, la qual fra le fue fcritture io trouai, oue ei
dice queste parole. Io ferui di Capitano da' XIIII di Aprile del XCIIII
fino a* XII di Marzo del XCVI, che parti Io Ammiraglio per Castiglia;
& airhora io cominciai a feniir di Gouematore fino i, XXVIII di Agosto
deir anno del XCVIII, che Io Ammiraglio uenne dalla fcoperta di Paria
: nel qual tempo io tornai a feru r di Capitano fino a gli XI di
Decembre deir anno MD, che io tornai in Castiglia." ". . . as appears
by a memorandum, which I found among his writings, where he
says these words: *I served as Captain from April 14, '94, to March
12, '96, when the Admiral left for Castile; and then I commenced to
serve as Governor until August 28, of the year '98, when the Admiral
came from the discovery of Paria : at which time I began to serve
again as Captain until the nth of December of the year 1500, when I
returned to Castile.*" From the time of their meeting in Isabella until
the Admiral's death, this brave, honest, faithful man shared the
fortunes, dangers, defeats, and disgraces of the Admiral, and it is
now fitting that history should suffer him to share in the honours
and glories which to-day illumine the memory of the Admiral.
 CHAPTER LXXXVI SUBJUGATION OF ESPAlsfOLA For five
months after his return to Isabella the Admiral lay ill of his infirmity.
Las Casas declares that the feeling of joy which Columbus
experienced at the sight of his brother was mitigated by the pain he
felt at the condition of the island, gross abuses having sprung up
during his absence in Cuba and Jamaica. Mosen Pedro Margarite,
who was a member of the Council and who had been charged by
Columbus with the duty of exploring and subjugating the island,
after the departure of the Admiral conducted himself improperly and
gave so loose a rein to the Spaniards that they indulged in every
form of violence and vice. Ferdinand gives us to understand that
because of differences between Pedro Margarite and the other
members of the Council, the former resolved upon returning to
Spain, and the arrival of the three caravels commanded by
Bartholomew Columbus afforded him this opportunity. Joining his
fortunes to Margarite, Father Buil resolved to return with him, and
he in ttim was joined by a number of the religiosos of the island.
These were all hostile to Coltmibus, and on their arrival at the Court
did their best to inflame public opinion against the Admiral, belittling
his work and declaring that there was no truth in the stories of the
riches, at least the mineral wealth, of the New World. Their
commander thus departed from their midst, the soldiers spread
themselves throughout the island, robbing and despoiling the
Indians and as individuals and small groups continuing the
devastation and wrongs which were the work of the entire force
when it was iii a compact form under Margarite. The Indians, finding
that there was no redress for their wrongs, each cacique acting in
his own province, commenced to seek vengeance as 346
 Subjugation of Espafiola 347 best he might. The Cacique of
Maddalena, Guatigana, killed ten Spaniards and secretly set fire to a
house in which lay forty sick soldiers. According to Ferdinand, this
crime and its perpetrators were punished later by the Admiral, who,
although he could not capture Guatigana himself, took some of his
subjects and sent them prisoners or slaves to Castile in the ship
returning there under command of Antonio de Torres on February
24, 1495. In the same manner other Indians who had been
treacherous were shipped off to Spain, and Ferdinand assures us
that only the timely arrival of the Admiral and the restraint upon the
Indians instituted by him saved many others of the Spaniards from
meeting with the vengeance of the Indians. Las Casas says that
throughout the island there raged a terrible hatred of the Spaniards
growing out of their evil and cruel ways and that four of the kings of
the lands were especially resolved on destroying their unwelcome
visitors, or on casting them out of the island. These four kings were,
Guarionex, Caonabo, Behechio, and Higuanama, and imder each of
these were seventy or eighty lesser lords all bound to support their
King in war. Guacanagari, King of Marien, that province where was
situated La Navidad, never had shown the slightest ill-feeling toward
the Spaniards, although he had at this very time no less than five
hundred Europeans whom he was supporting and sustaining as if,
remarks Las Casas, he was their father and they were his sons.
Shortly after the Admiral's return from Cuba the King visited him and
condoled with him over his illness, assuring him that he had no hand
in the hostility which the other kings were manifesting toward the
Spaniards. He said that because of this friendly feeling of his toward
the ^Europeans, the other kings were his enemies; one of them,
according to Ferdinand, Behechio,' had killed one of his wives and
the King Caonabo had taken another from him. The King again
referred to the misfortime which had occurred at La Navidad and
deplored the tmhappy fate of the Christians. The Admiral believed
his statements and regarded both his honour and fidelity as genuine.
Columbus resolved to make an example of those Indians who had
acted treacherously and determined on sending an armed force
against them. When Guacanagari heard this he offered ^ Las Casas
gi'^es the Spanish form, Vehechio, but, for sake of uniformity, we
write it as it appears in previous histories.
 348 Christopher Columbus to accompany him on this errand
with a force from his own province. His motives in a measure were
personal, since he wanted vengeance and the Admiral promised him
the restitution of his wife and redress for his wrongs. The Admiral
set out with two hundred foot soldiers, all well conditioned and
thoroughly armed, and twenty horsemen, their weapons being
muskets, cross-bows, spears, and swords, and the most terrible
weapons of all, says Las Casas, twenty ferocious blood-hoimds,
dreaded by the Indians with only a shade less of terror than that
inspired by the swiftly moving and heavy-hoofed horses. On March
24, 1495, with this double force of armed Spaniards and their Indian
allies, the Admiral and his brother Bartholomew departed out of
Isabella. Travelling in easy marches, at the end of the second day
the expedition reached the Vega, where they found the natives
gathered in such a multitude that Las Casas says they estimated
there were more than one hundred thousand men. The Admiral now
divided his force into two parts, he captaining one portion while his
brother commanded the other. They at once attacked the Indians,
firing their muskets, discharging their cross-bows, loosening the
savage dogs, charging upon them impetuously with their fiery
horses, the foot soldiers with their swords breaking the native
crowds as if they were so many flocks of birds, ravaging them, says
Las Casas, as if they were so many sheep in a pen. The men on
horseback destroyed a multitude, the dogs tore the limbs from
countless bodies, the guns mercifully killed great quantities, and vast
numbers were taken away as slaves. For nine or ten months the
Admiral made his way through the island, visiting war on all nations
which refused him obedience. ** In this time/* says Las Casas, **
the greatest of outrages and slaughterings of people were
perpetrated, whole villages being depopulated. This was true
especially of the Kingdom of Caonabo because of his brother's
warlike attitude and because all the Indians thereabouts were
endeavouring to cast out from their country a people so cruel and
wicked as the Spaniards. The Indians saw that without any offence
on their part they were despoiled of their kingdoms, their lands and
liberties and of their lives, their wives and homes. As they saw
themselves each day perishing by the cruel and inhuman treatment
of the Spaniards, crushed to the earth by the horses, cut in pieces
by swords, eaten and torn by dogs, many burned alive and suffering
all kinds of exquisite tortures, some of the Provinces, par 
 Subjugation of Espanola 349 ticularly those in Vega Real,
where Guarionex and the Maguana and Caonabo reigned, decided to
abandon themselves to their unhappy fate with no further struggles,
placing themselves in the hands of their enemies that they might do
with them as they liked. There were still those peoples who fled to
the mountains and others in remote parts whom the Spaniards had
not time to reach and subjugate." Las Casas remarks that all this he
took from letters written the Sovereigns by Columbus, who told
them that the Indians had finally been pacified by force or by
artifice, obedience being finally rendered him as Viceroy of their
Majesties, and tributes being levied and collected until the year
1496. Apropos of overcoming the Indians through artifice there is an
anecdote told by all historians from the earliest days until the
present and which recites the peculiar bravery and fertility of
resources possessed by that gallant soldier, Alonzo de Hojeda, It
occurred after the Admiral returned to Isabella from his explorations
of Cuba and before February 24, 1495, when Antonio de Torres
departed with four ship-loads of slaves. Colxmibus was a party to
this trick played upon a brave Indian chief, if we can believe Las
Casas, and so far as history may exact a penalty for mean and
unworthy methods, the memory of the greatest of men must needs
suffer. The Admiral, then, sent Alonzo de Hojeda with nine other
well-mounted horsemen to capture by stratagem the powerful and
war-like Cacique Caonabo. It is only fair to say, as indeed Las Casas
does say, that it was the opinion of Columbus and of all the
Spaniards that this Cacique, from his peculiar personality, from his
courage and bravery, from his influence over his own and other
nations, from his ability and cunning, was a constant danger to the
settlements and to the peace of the island. In other words, this
Indian Chief would not tamely submit to the cruel treatment of the
Spaniards, — ^therefore he must be conquered by fair means or
foul, and, as the sequel will show, he fell a victim to as foul a snare
as ever was spread about a brave enemy, and yet over the capture
hangs such a bright light of bold and brilliant courage that we find
ourselves unconsciously applauding while we utter words of
condemnation. The cavalcade set out from Isabella for the realm of
Caonabo. The Indians had long admired the pieces of brass brought
by the Spaniards, which they called turey, from the native word for
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