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 6 Preface

Part I: Fundamentals of Part II: Object-Oriented Part III: GUI Programming Part IV: Data Structures and Part V: Advanced Java
Programming Programming Algorithms Ch 16 Programming
Chapter 1 Introduction to Chapter 9 Objects and Classes Chapter 14 JavaFX Basics Ch 7 Chapter 18 Recursion Chapter 32 Multithreading and
Computers, Programs, and Parallel Programming
Java
Chapter 10 Thinking in Objects Chapter 15 Event-Driven Ch 13 Chapter 19 Generics
Programming and Chapter 33 Networking
Chapter 2 Elementary Animations
Chapter 11 Inheritance and Chapter 20 Lists, Stacks, Queues,
Programming
Polymorphism and Priority Queues Chapter 34 Java Database
Chapter 16 JavaFX Controls Programming
Chapter 3 Selections and Multimedia
Chapter 12 Exception Chapter 21 Sets and Maps
Handling and Text I/O Chapter 35 Advanced Database
Chapter 4 Mathematical Chapter 31 Advanced JavaFX Programming
Chapter 22 Developping
Functions, Characters, Chapter 13 Abstract Classes and FXML Efficient Algorithms
and Strings and Interfaces Chapter 36 Internationalization
Chapter 23 Sorting
Chapter 5 Loops Chapter 17 Binary I/O Chapter 37 Servlets
Chapter 24 Implementing Lists,
Chapter 6 Methods Stacks, Queues, and Priority Chapter 38 JavaServer Pages
Queues

Chapter 7 Single-Dimensional Chapter 39 JavaServer Faces

Arrays Chapter 25 Binary Search Trees
Chapter 40 RMI
Note: Chapters 1–18 are in the
Chapter 8 Multidimensional Chapter 26 AVL Trees
brief version of this book.
Arrays Chapter 41 Web Services
Note: Chapters 1–30 are in the Chapter 27 Hashing
comprehensive version.

Note: Chapters 31–44 are bonus Chapter 28 Graphs and

chapters available from the Applications
Companion Website.

Chapter 29 Weighted Graphs

and Applications

Chapter 30 Aggregate Operations

and Collection Streams

Chapter 42 2-4 Trees and B-

Trees

Chapter 43 Red-Black Trees Ch 9 Chapter 44 Testing Using JUnit

 Preface  7

Organization of the Book

The chapters can be grouped into five parts that, taken together, form a comprehensive introduc-
tion to Java programming, data structures and algorithms, and database and Web programming.
Because knowledge is cumulative, the early chapters provide the conceptual basis for under-
standing programming and guide students through simple examples and exercises; subsequent
chapters progressively present Java programming in detail, culminating with the development
of comprehensive Java applications. The appendixes contain a mixed bag of topics, including an
introduction to number systems, bitwise operations, regular expressions, and enumerated types.

Part I: Fundamentals of Programming (Chapters 1–8)

The first part of the book is a stepping stone, preparing you to embark on the journey of learning
Java. You will begin to learn about Java (Chapter 1) and fundamental programming t­echniques
with primitive data types, variables, constants, assignments, expressions, and operators (­Chapter 2),
selection statements (Chapter 3), mathematical functions, characters, and strings (Chapter 4), loops
(Chapter 5), methods (Chapter 6), and arrays (Chapters 7–8). After ­Chapter 7, you can jump to
Chapter 18 to learn how to write recursive methods for solving inherently recursive problems.

Part II: Object-Oriented Programming (Chapters 9–13, and 17)

This part introduces object-oriented programming. Java is an object-oriented programming
language that uses abstraction, encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism to provide
great flexibility, modularity, and reusability in developing software. You will learn program-
ming with objects and classes (Chapters 9–10), class inheritance (Chapter 11), polymorphism
(­Chapter 11), exception handling (Chapter 12), abstract classes (Chapter 13), and interfaces
(Chapter 13). Text I/O is introduced in Chapter 12 and binary I/O is discussed in Chapter 17.

Part III: GUI Programming (Chapters 14–16 and Bonus Chapter 31)
JavaFX is a new framework for developing Java GUI programs. It is not only useful for
developing GUI programs, but also an excellent pedagogical tool for learning object-oriented
programming. This part introduces Java GUI programming using JavaFX in Chapters 14–16.
Major topics include GUI basics (Chapter 14), container panes (Chapter 14), drawing shapes
(Chapter 14), event-driven programming (Chapter 15), animations (Chapter 15), and GUI
­controls (Chapter 16), and playing audio and video (Chapter 16). You will learn the a­ rchitecture
of JavaFX GUI programming and use the controls, shapes, panes, image, and video to develop
useful applications. Chapter 31 covers advanced features in JavaFX.

Part IV: Data Structures and Algorithms (Chapters 18–30 and Bonus Chapters 42–43)
This part covers the main subjects in a typical data structures and algorithms course. Chapter 18
introduces recursion to write methods for solving inherently recursive problems. Chapter 19 presents
how generics can improve software reliability. Chapters 20 and 21 introduce the Java Collection
Framework, which defines a set of useful API for data structures. Chapter 22 discusses measur-
ing algorithm efficiency in order to choose an appropriate algorithm for applications. Chapter 23
describes classic sorting algorithms. You will learn how to implement several classic data struc-
tures lists, queues, and priority queues in Chapter 24. Chapters 25 and 26 introduce binary search
trees and AVL trees. Chapter 27 presents hashing and implementing maps and sets using hashing.
Chapters 28 and 29 introduce graph applications. Chapter 30 introduces aggregate operations for
collection streams. The 2-4 trees, B-trees, and red-black trees are covered in Bonus Chapters 42–43.

Part V: Advanced Java Programming (Chapters 32-41, 44)

This part of the book is devoted to advanced Java programming. Chapter 32 treats the use of
multithreading to make programs more responsive and interactive and introduces parallel pro-
gramming. Chapter 33 discusses how to write programs that talk with each other from different
8 Preface
hosts over the Internet. Chapter 34 introduces the use of Java to develop database projects.
Chapter 35 delves into advanced Java database programming. Chapter 36 covers the use of
internationalization support to develop projects for international audiences. Chapters 37 and
38 introduce how to use Java servlets and JavaServer Pages to generate dynamic content from
Web servers. Chapter 39 introduces modern Web application development using JavaServer
Faces. Chapter 40 introduces remote method invocation and Chapter 41 discusses Web ser-
vices. Chapter 44 introduces testing Java programs using JUnit.

Appendixes
This part of the book covers a mixed bag of topics. Appendix A lists Java keywords. ­Appendix B
gives tables of ASCII characters and their associated codes in decimal and in hex. Appen-
dix C shows the operator precedence. Appendix D summarizes Java modifiers and their usage.
Appendix E discusses special floating-point values. Appendix F introduces number systems and
conversions among binary, decimal, and hex numbers. Finally, Appendix G introduces bitwise
operations. Appendix H introduces regular expressions. Appendix I covers enumerated types.

Java Development Tools

You can use a text editor, such as the Windows Notepad or WordPad, to create Java programs
and to compile and run the programs from the command window. You can also use a Java
development tool, such as NetBeans or Eclipse. These tools support an integrated develop-
ment environment (IDE) for developing Java programs quickly. Editing, compiling, building,
executing, and debugging programs are integrated in one graphical user interface. Using these
tools effectively can greatly increase your programming productivity. NetBeans and Eclipse
IDE tutorials are easy to use if you follow the tutorials. Tutorials on NetBeans and Eclipse can be found in
the supplements on the Companion Website www.pearsonglobaleditions.com/Liang.

Student Resources
The Companion Website (www.pearsonglobaleditions.com/Liang) contains the following
resources:
■■ Answers to CheckPoint questions
■■ Solutions to majority of even-numbered programming exercises
■■ Source code for the examples in the book
■■ Interactive quiz (organized by sections for each chapter)
■■ Supplements
■■ Debugging tips
■■ Video notes
■■ Algorithm animations

Supplements
The text covers the essential subjects. The supplements extend the text to introduce additional
topics that might be of interest to readers. The supplements are available from the Companion
Website.
 Preface  9

Instructor Resources
The Companion Website, accessible from www.pearsonglobaleditions.com/Liang, contains the
following resources:
■■ Microsoft PowerPoint slides with interactive buttons to view full-color, syntax-highlighted
source code and to run programs without leaving the slides.
■■ Solutions to a majority of odd-numbered programming exercises.
■■ More than 200 additional programming exercises and 300 quizzes organized by ­chapters.
These exercises and quizzes are available only to the instructors. Solutions to these
­exercises and quizzes are provided.
■■ Web-based quiz generator. (Instructors can choose chapters to generate quizzes from a
large database of more than two thousand questions.)
■■ Sample exams. Most exams have four parts:
■■ Multiple-choice questions or short-answer questions
■■ Correct programming errors
■■ Trace programs
■■ Write programs
■■ Sample exams with ABET course assessment.
■■ Projects. In general, each project gives a description and asks students to analyze, design,
and implement the project.
Some readers have requested the materials from the Instructor Resource Center. Please
understand that these are for instructors only. Such requests will not be answered.

Online Practice and Assessment

with MyProgrammingLab
MyProgrammingLab helps students fully grasp the logic, semantics, and syntax of program-
ming. Through practice exercises and immediate, personalized feedback, MyProgrammingLab
improves the programming competence of beginning students who often struggle with the
basic concepts and paradigms of popular high-level programming languages.
A self-study and homework tool, a MyProgrammingLab course consists of hundreds of small
practice problems organized around the structure of this textbook. For students, the system auto-
matically detects errors in the logic and syntax of their code submissions and offers targeted hints
that enable students to figure out what went wrong—and why. For instructors, a comprehensive
gradebook tracks correct and incorrect answers and stores the code inputted by students for review.
MyProgrammingLab is offered to users of this book in partnership with Turing’s Craft, the
makers of the CodeLab interactive programming exercise system. For a full demonstration,
to see feedback from instructors and students, or to get started using MyProgrammingLab in
your course, visit www.myprogramminglab.com.

Video Notes
We are excited about the new Video Notes feature that is found in this new edition. These VideoNote

videos provide additional help by presenting examples of key topics and showing how
to solve problems completely from design through coding. Video Notes are available from
www.pearsonglobaleditions.com/Liang.
10 Preface

Algorithm Animations
Animation We have provided numerous animations for algorithms. These are valuable pedagogical tools
to demonstrate how algorithms work. Algorithm animations can be accessed from the Com-
panion Website.

Acknowledgments
I would like to thank Armstrong State University for enabling me to teach what I write and for
supporting me in writing what I teach. Teaching is the source of inspiration for continuing to
improve the book. I am grateful to the instructors and students who have offered comments,
suggestions, corrections, and praise. My special thanks go to Stefan Andrei of Lamar Univer-
sity and William Bahn of University of Colorado Colorado Springs for their help to improve
the data structures part of this book.
This book has been greatly enhanced thanks to outstanding reviews for this and previous edi-
tions. The reviewers are: Elizabeth Adams (James Madison University), Syed Ahmed (North
­Georgia College and State University), Omar Aldawud (Illinois Institute of Technology), Ste-
fan Andrei (Lamar University), Yang Ang (University of Wollongong, Australia), Kevin Bierre
(Rochester Institute of Technology), Aaron Braskin (Mira Costa High School), David Champion
(DeVry Institute), James Chegwidden (Tarrant County College), Anup Dargar (University of North
Dakota), Daryl Detrick (Warren Hills Regional High School), Charles Dierbach (Towson Univer-
sity), Frank Ducrest (University of Louisiana at Lafayette), Erica Eddy (University of Wisconsin at
Parkside), Summer Ehresman (Center Grove High School), Deena Engel (New York University),
Henry A. Etlinger (Rochester Institute of Technology), James Ten Eyck (Marist College), Myers
Foreman (Lamar University), Olac Fuentes (University of Texas at El Paso), Edward F. Gehringer
(North Carolina State University), Harold Grossman (Clemson University), Barbara Guillot (Loui-
siana State University), Stuart Hansen (University of Wisconsin, Parkside), Dan Harvey (Southern
Oregon University), Ron Hofman (Red River College, Canada), Stephen Hughes (Roanoke Col-
lege), Vladan Jovanovic (Georgia Southern University), Deborah Kabura Kariuki (Stony Point
High School), Edwin Kay (Lehigh University), Larry King (University of Texas at Dallas), Nana
Kofi (Langara College, Canada), George Koutsogiannakis (Illinois Institute of Technology), Roger
Kraft (Purdue University at Calumet), Norman Krumpe (Miami University), Hong Lin (DeVry
Institute), Dan Lipsa (Armstrong State University), James Madison (Rensselaer Polytechnic Insti-
tute), Frank Malinowski (Darton College), Tim Margush (University of Akron), Debbie Masada
(Sun Microsystems), Blayne Mayfield (Oklahoma State University), John McGrath (J.P. McGrath
Consulting), Hugh McGuire (Grand Valley State), Shyamal Mitra (University of Texas at Austin),
Michel Mitri (James Madison University), Kenrick Mock (University of Alaska Anchorage), Frank
Murgolo (California State University, Long Beach), Jun Ni (University of Iowa), Benjamin N ­ ystuen
(University of Colorado at Colorado Springs), Maureen Opkins (CA State University, Long Beach),
Gavin Osborne (University of Saskatchewan), Kevin Parker (Idaho State University), Dale Par-
son (Kutztown University), Mark Pendergast (Florida Gulf Coast University), Richard Povinelli
(Marquette University), Roger Priebe (University of Texas at Austin), Mary Ann Pumphrey (De
Anza Junior College), Pat Roth (Southern Polytechnic State University), Amr Sabry (Indiana Uni-
versity), Ben Setzer (Kennesaw State University), Carolyn Schauble (Colorado State University),
David Scuse (University of Manitoba), Ashraf Shirani (San Jose State University), Daniel Spiegel
(Kutztown University), Joslyn A. Smith (Florida Atlantic University), Lixin Tao (Pace University),
Ronald F. Taylor (Wright State University), Russ Tront (Simon Fraser University), Deborah ­Trytten
(University of Oklahoma), Michael Verdicchio (Citadel), Kent Vidrine (George Washington Uni-
versity), and Bahram Zartoshty (California State University at Northridge).
It is a great pleasure, honor, and privilege to work with Pearson. I would like to thank Tracy
Johnson and her colleagues Marcia Horton, Demetrius Hall, Yvonne Vannatta, Kristy Alaura,
Carole Snyder, Scott Disanno, Bob Engelhardt, Shylaja Gattupalli, and their colleagues for
organizing, producing, and promoting this project.
As always, I am indebted to my wife, Samantha, for her love, support, and encouragement.
 Preface  11

Acknowledgments for the Global Edition

Pearson would like to thank and acknowledge Yvan Maillot (Univresite Haute-Alsace) and
Steven Yuwono (National ­University of Singapore) for contributing to this Global Edition,
and Arif Ahmed (National Institute of Technology, ­Silchar), Annette Bieniusa (University of
Kaiserslautern), Shaligram Prajapat (Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya, Indore), and Ram Gopal
Raj (University of Malaya) for reviewing this Global Edition.
CONTENTS
Chapter 1 I ntroduction to Computers,
­Programs, and Java™ 23
1.1 Introduction 24
1.2 What Is a Computer? 24
1.3 Programming Languages 29
1.4 Operating Systems 31
1.5 Java, the World Wide Web, and Beyond 32
1.6 The Java Language Specification, API, JDK,
JRE, and IDE 33
1.7 A Simple Java Program 34
1.8 Creating, Compiling, and Executing a Java Program 37
1.9 Programming Style and Documentation 40
1.10 Programming Errors 42
1.11 Developing Java Programs Using NetBeans 45
1.12 Developing Java Programs Using Eclipse 47

Chapter 2 Elementary Programming 55

2.1 Introduction 56
2.2 Writing a Simple Program 56
2.3 Reading Input from the Console 59
2.4 Identifiers 62
2.5 Variables 62
2.6 Assignment Statements and Assignment Expressions 64
2.7 Named Constants 65
2.8 Naming Conventions 66
2.9 Numeric Data Types and Operations 67
2.10 Numeric Literals 70
2.11 Evaluating Expressions and Operator Precedence 72
2.12 Case Study: Displaying the Current Time 74
2.13 Augmented Assignment Operators 76
2.14 Increment and Decrement Operators 77
2.15 Numeric Type Conversions 79
2.16 Software Development Process 81
2.17 Case Study: Counting Monetary Units 85
2.18 Common Errors and Pitfalls 87

Chapter 3 Selections 97
3.1 Introduction 98
3.2 boolean Data Type 98
3.3 if Statements 100
3.4 Two-Way if-else Statements 102
3.5 Nested if and Multi-Way if-else Statements 103
3.6 Common Errors and Pitfalls 105
3.7 Generating Random Numbers 109
3.8 Case Study: Computing Body Mass Index 111
3.9 Case Study: Computing Taxes 112
3.10 Logical Operators 115
3.11 Case Study: Determining Leap Year 119
3.12 Case Study: Lottery 120
3.13 switch Statements 122
12
 Contents  13
3.14 Conditional Operators 125
3.15 Operator Precedence and Associativity 126
3.16 Debugging 128

Chapter 4 Mathematical Functions,

Characters, and Strings 141
4.1 Introduction 142
4.2 Common Mathematical Functions 142
4.3 Character Data Type and Operations 147
4.4 The String Type 152
4.5 Case Studies 161
4.6 Formatting Console Output 167

Chapter 5 Loops 181

5.1 Introduction 182
5.2 The while Loop 182
5.3 Case Study: Guessing Numbers 185
5.4 Loop Design Strategies 188
5.5 Controlling a Loop with User Confirmation or a Sentinel Value 190
5.6 The do-while Loop 192
5.7 The for Loop 195
5.8 Which Loop to Use? 198
5.9 Nested Loops 200
5.10 Minimizing Numeric Errors 202
5.11 Case Studies 204
5.12 Keywords break and continue 208
5.13 Case Study: Checking Palindromes 211
5.14 Case Study: Displaying Prime Numbers 213

Chapter 6 Methods 227

6.1 Introduction 228
6.2 Defining a Method 228
6.3 Calling a Method 230
6.4 void vs. Value-Returning Methods 233
6.5 Passing Parameters by Values 236
6.6 Modularizing Code 239
6.7 Case Study: Converting Hexadecimals to Decimals 241
6.8 Overloading Methods 243
6.9 The Scope of Variables 246
6.10 Case Study: Generating Random Characters 247
6.11 Method Abstraction and Stepwise Refinement 249

Chapter 7 Single-Dimensional Arrays 269

7.1 Introduction 270
7.2 Array Basics 270
7.3 Case Study: Analyzing Numbers 277
7.4 Case Study: Deck of Cards 278
7.5 Copying Arrays 280
7.6 Passing Arrays to Methods 281
7.7 Returning an Array from a Method 284
7.8 Case Study: Counting the Occurrences of Each Letter 285
7.9 Variable-Length Argument Lists 288
7.10 Searching Arrays 289
7.11 Sorting Arrays 293
14 Contents
7.12 The Arrays Class 294
7.13 Command-Line Arguments 296

Chapter 8 Multidimensional Arrays 311

8.1 Introduction 312
8.2 Two-Dimensional Array Basics 312
8.3 Processing Two-Dimensional Arrays 315
8.4 Passing Two-Dimensional Arrays to Methods 317
8.5 Case Study: Grading a Multiple-Choice Test 318
8.6 Case Study: Finding the Closest Pair 320
8.7 Case Study: Sudoku 322
8.8 Multidimensional Arrays 325

Chapter 9 Objects and Classes 345

9.1 Introduction 346
9.2 Defining Classes for Objects 346
9.3 Example: Defining Classes and Creating Objects 348
9.4 Constructing Objects Using Constructors 353
9.5 Accessing Objects via Reference Variables 354
9.6 Using Classes from the Java Library 358
9.7 Static Variables, Constants, and Methods 361
9.8 Visibility Modifiers 366
9.9 Data Field Encapsulation 368
9.10 Passing Objects to Methods 371
9.11 Array of Objects 375
9.12 Immutable Objects and Classes 377
9.13 The Scope of Variables 379
9.14 The this Reference 380

Chapter 10 Object-Oriented Thinking 389

10.1 Introduction 390
10.2 Class Abstraction and Encapsulation 390
10.3 Thinking in Objects 394
10.4 Class Relationships 397
10.5 Case Study: Designing the Course Class 400
10.6 Case Study: Designing a Class for Stacks 402
10.7 Processing Primitive Data Type Values as Objects 404
10.8 Automatic Conversion between Primitive Types
and Wrapper Class Types 407
10.9 The BigInteger and BigDecimal Classes 408
10.10 The String Class 410
10.11 The StringBuilder and StringBuffer Classes 416

Chapter 11 Inheritance and

Polymorphism 433
11.1 Introduction 434
11.2 Superclasses and Subclasses 434
11.3 Using the super Keyword 440
11.4 Overriding Methods 443
11.5 Overriding vs. Overloading 444
11.6 The Object Class and Its toString() Method 446
11.7 Polymorphism 447
11.8 Dynamic Binding 447
11.9 Casting Objects and the instanceof Operator 451
11.10 The Object’s equals Method 455
 Contents  15
11.11 The ArrayList Class 456
11.12 Useful Methods for Lists 462
11.13 Case Study: A Custom Stack Class 463
11.14 The protected Data and Methods 464
11.15 Preventing Extending and Overriding 467

Chapter 12 Exception Handling

and Text I/O 475
12.1 Introduction 476
12.2 Exception-Handling Overview 476
12.3 Exception Types 481
12.4 More on Exception Handling 484
12.5 The finally Clause 492
12.6 When to Use Exceptions 493
12.7 Rethrowing Exceptions 494
12.8 Chained Exceptions 495
12.9 Defining Custom Exception Classes 496
12.10 The File Class 499
12.11 File Input and Output 502
12.12 Reading Data from the Web 508
12.13 Case Study: Web Crawler 510

Chapter 13 Abstract Classes and Interfaces 521

13.1 Introduction 522
13.2 Abstract Classes 522
13.3 Case Study: the Abstract Number Class 527
13.4 Case Study: Calendar and GregorianCalendar 529
13.5 Interfaces 532
13.6 The Comparable Interface 535
13.7 The Cloneable Interface 540
13.8 Interfaces vs. Abstract Classes 545
13.9 Case Study: The Rational Class 548
13.10 Class-Design Guidelines 553

Chapter 14 JavaFX Basics 563

14.1 Introduction 564
14.2 JavaFX vs Swing and AWT 564
14.3 The Basic Structure of a JavaFX Program 564
14.4 Panes, Groups, UI Controls, and Shapes 567
14.5 Property Binding 570
14.6 Common Properties and Methods for Nodes 573
14.7 The Color Class 575
14.8 The Font Class 576
14.9 The Image and ImageView Classes 578
14.10 Layout Panes and Groups 580
14.11 Shapes 589
14.12 Case Study: The ClockPane Class 602

Chapter 15 Event-Driven Programming

and Animations 615
15.1 Introduction 616
15.2 Events and Event Sources 618
15.3 Registering Handlers and Handling Events 619
15.4 Inner Classes 623
15.5 Anonymous Inner Class Handlers 624
16 Contents
15.6 Simplifying Event Handling Using Lambda Expressions 627
15.7 Case Study: Loan Calculator 631
15.8 Mouse Events 633
15.9 Key Events 635
15.10 Listeners for Observable Objects 638
15.11 Animation 640
15.12 Case Study: Bouncing Ball 648
15.13 Case Study: US Map 652

Chapter 16 JavaFX UI Controls

and Multimedia 665
16.1 Introduction 666
16.2 Labeled and Label 666
16.3 Button 668
16.4 CheckBox 670
16.5 RadioButton 673
16.6 TextField 676
16.7 TextArea 677
16.8 ComboBox 681
16.9 ListView 684
16.10 ScrollBar 687
16.11 Slider 690
16.12 Case Study: Developing a Tic-Tac-Toe Game 693
16.13 Video and Audio 698
16.14 Case Study: National Flags and Anthems 701

Chapter 17 Binary I/O 713

17.1 Introduction 714
17.2 How Is Text I/O Handled in Java? 714
17.3 Text I/O vs. Binary I/O 715
17.4 Binary I/O Classes 716
17.5 Case Study: Copying Files 726
17.6 Object I/O 728
17.7 Random-Access Files 733

Chapter 18 Recursion 741

18.1 Introduction 742
18.2 Case Study: Computing Factorials 742
18.3 Case Study: Computing Fibonacci
Numbers 745
18.4 Problem Solving Using Recursion 748
18.5 Recursive Helper Methods 750
18.6 Case Study: Finding the Directory Size 753
18.7 Case Study: Tower of Hanoi 755
18.8 Case Study: Fractals 758
18.9 Recursion vs. Iteration 762
18.10 Tail Recursion 762

Chapter 19 Generics 773

19.1 Introduction 774
19.2 Motivations and Benefits 774
19.3 Defining Generic Classes and Interfaces 776
19.4 Generic Methods 778
19.5 Case Study: Sorting an Array of Objects 780
 Contents  17
19.6 Raw Types and Backward Compatibility 782
19.7 Wildcard Generic Types 783
19.8 Erasure and Restrictions on Generics 786
19.9 Case Study: Generic Matrix Class 788

Chapter 20 L
 ists, Stacks, Queues, and
Priority Queues 797
20.1 Introduction 798
20.2 Collections 798
20.3 Iterators 802
20.4 Using the forEach Method 803
20.5 Lists 804
20.6 The Comparator Interface 809
20.7 Static Methods for Lists and Collections 813
20.8 Case Study: Bouncing Balls 816
20.9 Vector and Stack Classes 820
20.10 Queues and Priority Queues 821
20.11 Case Study: Evaluating Expressions 825

Chapter 21 Sets and Maps 837

21.1 Introduction 838
21.2 Sets 838
21.3 Comparing the Performance of Sets and Lists 846
21.4 Case Study: Counting Keywords 849
21.5 Maps 850
21.6 Case Study: Occurrences of Words 855
21.7 Singleton and Unmodifiable Collections and Maps 857

Chapter 22 Developing Efficient

Algorithms 861
22.1 Introduction 862
22.2 Measuring Algorithm Efficiency Using Big O Notation 862
22.3 Examples: Determining Big O 864
22.4 Analyzing Algorithm Time Complexity 868
22.5 Finding Fibonacci Numbers Using Dynamic
Programming 871
22.6 Finding Greatest Common Divisors Using Euclid’s
Algorithm 873
22.7 Efficient Algorithms for Finding Prime Numbers 877
22.8 Finding the Closest Pair of Points Using
Divide-and-Conquer 883
22.9 Solving the Eight Queens Problem Using Backtracking 886
22.10 Computational Geometry: Finding a Convex Hull 889

Chapter 23 Sorting 903

23.1 Introduction 904
23.2 Insertion Sort 904
23.3 Bubble Sort 906
23.4 Merge Sort 909
23.5 Quick Sort 912
23.6 Heap Sort 916
23.7 Bucket and Radix Sorts 923
23.8 External Sort 925
18 Contents

Chapter 24 I mplementing Lists, Stacks,

Queues, and Priority Queues 939
24.1 Introduction 940
24.2 Common Operations for Lists 940
24.3 Array Lists 944
24.4 Linked Lists 951
24.5 Stacks and Queues 965
24.6 Priority Queues 969

Chapter 25 Binary Search Trees 975

25.1 Introduction 976
25.2 Binary Search Trees 976
25.3 Deleting Elements from a BST 989
25.4 Tree Visualization and MVC 995
25.5 Iterators 998
25.6 Case Study: Data Compression 1000

Chapter 26 AVL Trees 1011

26.1 Introduction 1012
26.2 Rebalancing Trees 1012
26.3 Designing Classes for AVL Trees 1015
26.4 Overriding the insert Method 1016
26.5 Implementing Rotations 1017
26.6 Implementing the delete Method 1018
26.7 The AVLTree Class 1018
26.8 Testing the AVLTree Class 1024
26.9 AVL Tree Time Complexity Analysis 1027

Chapter 27 Hashing 1031

27.1 Introduction 1032
27.2 What Is Hashing? 1032
27.3 Hash Functions and Hash Codes 1033
27.4 Handling Collisions Using Open Addressing 1035
27.5 Handling Collisions Using Separate Chaining 1039
27.6 Load Factor and Rehashing 1039
27.7 Implementing a Map Using Hashing 1041
27.8 Implementing Set Using Hashing 1050

Chapter 28 Graphs and Applications 1061

28.1 Introduction 1062
28.2 Basic Graph Terminologies 1063
28.3 Representing Graphs 1064
28.4 Modeling Graphs 1070
28.5 Graph Visualization 1080
28.6 Graph Traversals 1083
28.7 Depth-First Search (DFS) 1084
28.8 Case Study: The Connected Circles Problem 1088
28.9 Breadth-First Search (BFS) 1090
28.10 Case Study: The Nine Tails Problem 1093
 Contents  19

Chapter 29 W
 eighted Graphs and
Applications 1107
29.1 Introduction 1108
29.2 Representing Weighted Graphs 1109
29.3 The WeightedGraph Class 1111
29.4 Minimum Spanning Trees 1119
29.5 Finding Shortest Paths 1125
29.6 Case Study: The Weighted Nine Tails Problem 1134

Chapter 30 
Aggregate Operations
for Collection Streams 1145
30.1 Introduction 1146
30.2 Stream Pipelines 1146
30.3 IntStream, LongStream, and DoubleStream 1152
30.4 Parallel Streams 1155
30.5 Stream Reduction Using the reduce Method 1157
30.6 Stream Reduction Using the collect Method 1160
30.7 Grouping Elements Using the groupingby Collector 1163
30.8 Case Studies 1166

Chapter 31–44 are available from the Companion Website at

www.pearsonglobaleditions.com/Liang

Chapter 31 Advanced JavaFX and FXML

Chapter 32 Multithreading and Parallel
Programming
Chapter 33 Networking
Chapter 34 Java Database Programming
Chapter 35 Advanced Java Database Programming
Chapter 36 Internationalization
Chapter 37 Servlets
Chapter 38 JavaServer Pages
Chapter 39 JavaServer Faces
Chapter 40 Remote Method Invocation
Chapter 41 Web Services
Chapter 42 2-4 Trees and B-Trees
Chapter 43 Red-Black Trees
Chapter 44 Testing Using JUnit
20 Contents

Appendixes 1177
Appendix A Java Keywords 1179
Appendix B The ASCII Character Set 1180
Appendix C Operator Precedence Chart 1182
Appendix D Java Modifiers 1184
Appendix E Special Floating-Point Values 1186
Appendix F Number Systems 1187
Appendix G Bitwise Operations 1191
Appendix H Regular Expressions 1192
Appendix I Enumerated Types 1197

Quick Reference 1203

Index 1205
VideoNotes
Locations of VideoNotes
VideoNote
www.pearsonglobaleditions.com/Liang

Chapter 1 Introduction to Computers, Programs, Coupon collector’s problem 304

and Java™ 23 Consecutive four 306
Your first Java program 34
Compile and run a Java program 39 Chapter 8 Multidimensional Arrays 311
NetBeans brief tutorial 45 Find the row with the largest sum 316
Eclipse brief tutorial 47 Grade multiple-choice test 318
Sudoku 322
Chapter 2 Elementary Programming 55 Multiply two matrices 331
Obtain input 59 Even number of 1s 338
Use operators / and % 74
Software development Chapter 9 Objects and Classes 345
process 81 Define classes and objects 346
Compute loan payments 82 Use classes 358
Compute BMI 94 Static vs. instance 361
Data field encapsulation 368
Chapter 3 Selections 97 The this keyword 380
Program addition quiz 99 The Fan class 386
Program subtraction quiz 109
Use multi-way if-else Chapter 10 Object-Oriented Thinking 389
statements 112 The Loan class 391
Sort three integers 132 The BMI class 394
Check point location 134 The StackOfIntegers class 402
Process large numbers 408
Chapter 4 Mathematical Functions, Characters, The String class 410
and Strings 141 The MyPoint class 424
Introduce Math functions 142
Introduce strings and objects 152 Chapter 11 Inheritance and Polymorphism 433
Convert hex to decimal 165 Geometric class hierarchy 434
Compute great circle distance 173 Polymorphism and dynamic
Convert hex to binary 176 binding demo 448
The ArrayList class 456
Chapter 5 Loops 181 The MyStack class 463
Use while loop 182 New Account class 470
Guess a number 185
Multiple subtraction quiz 188 Chapter 12 Exception Handling and Text I/O 475
Use do-while loop 192 Exception-handling advantages 476
Minimize numeric errors 202 Create custom exception classes 496
Display loan schedule 219 Write and read data 502
Sum a series 220 HexFormatException 515

Chapter 6 Methods 227 Chapter 13 Abstract Classes and Interfaces 521

Define/invoke max method 230 Abstract GeometricObject class 522
Use void method 233 Calendar and Gregorian
Modularize code 239 Calendar classes 529
Stepwise refinement 249 The concept of interface 532
Reverse an integer 258 Redesign the Rectangle class 558
Estimate p 261
Chapter 14 JavaFX Basics 563
Chapter 7 Single-Dimensional Arrays 269 Getting started with JavaFX 564
Random shuffling 274 Understand property binding 570
Deck of cards 278 Use Image and ImageView 578
Selection sort 293 Use layout panes 580
Command-line arguments 297 Use shapes 589
21
Another Random Scribd Document
with Unrelated Content
 BARLAAM AND IOASAPH, xu. 107-109 willingly, that there
they might be exalted: they afflicted the flesh with hunger and thirst
and vigil, that there they might come to the pleasures and joys of
Paradise. By their purity of heart they became a tabernacle of the
Holy Ghost, as it is written, “I will dwell in them and walk in them.”
They crucified themselves unto the world, that they might stand at
the right hand of the Crucified: they girt their loins with truth, and
alway had their lamps ready, looking for the coming of the immortal
bridegroom. The eye of their mind being enlightened, they
continually looked forward to that awful hour, and kept the
contemplation of future happiness and everlasting punishment
immovable from their hearts, and pained themselves to labour, that
they might not lose eternal glory. They became passionless as the
Angels, and now they weave the dance in their fellowship, whose
lives also they imitated. Blessed, yea, thrice blessed are they,
because with sure spiritual vision they discerned the vanity of this
present world and the uncertainty and inconstancy of mortal fortune,
and cast it aside, and laid up for themselves everlasting blessings,
and laid hold of that life which never faileth, nor is broken by death.
These then are the marvellous holy men whose with their examples
we, that are poor and vile, strive to imitate, Plessedness 2 he
contrastbut cannot attain to the high level of the life of eth the on a
: - falseness these heavenly citizens. Nevertheless, so far as is and
misery possible for our weakness and feeble power, we take ee i . . .
. Dy the stamp of their lives, and wear their habit, even worla,
though we fail to equal their works; for we are 183
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Eccles. 1, 14 ST. JOHN DAMASCENE 7 pokevov yap

avapapTnotas TO Ociov érayyedpa TOUTO Kal cuvepyov THs €K
TOD Oetov Barrio paTOS dobeions Hpiv apBapatas emia tapeba. Kal,
Tots Aoyous E70 [LEVOL TOV pakaplov exetvov, mavy
KATAYWOTKOMED TOV plapTav TOUT@Y Kal ereKnpov tov Btov T
pay LaTov, év ols ovoev eorw evpety BéBatov, ovdé opanon, ovo€ €
emt TOV aUuTov lor dpevov" arra [LATALOTNS éort Ta TaVvTa Kal T
poatpeats TVEUMATOS, Tr ToNNas ev ATOM pépovta TAS
petaBonas: ovelpor yap Kal onvas, Kal avpas Karta TOV aépa
TVEOUTNS, elo dobevéctepa: puKpa Kal pos ONyOV y) Xapts, Kal
ovde yapls* arra TaVN Tes Kal ATATH THS TOU KOTLOU KaKtas,
OvTrEp Ln ayaTrav ohos, puoeiv Oe pardov ex Kapoias bebibaypeOa.
Kal €oTt ye Kara arnbevav pvonTOS ouToS Kal amevK Talos” boa yap
Owpeirar Tots didots aurod, per opys avs auTa apapmace, yupvous
6€ TavTos aryaboo Kal aio xuvny ipplec pevous, hoptia TE TE
PLKELMEVOUS Bapea, ™ aiwvia TapamreuNyet Orinvet: ods © av
Tadrw brpoi, TH eaxary Carrov TaTewot TadaToplg, UTrOTodious
auTovs Tels Kal emixappa TavTOV TOV exOpav aUTOV. ToUadTaL
ovv al NaplTeEs auTou: TOLAUTA Ta O@pnyata avrou. eX Opos yap
€oTe TOV didov avTov, Kal émiBounos TavTOV TOV TOLOUVT@Y
auTOU Ta Oehjpara, Kal KaTapaca wy devas TOUS Emepeloopevous
€ ém avtov, Kal éxveupiCov TOUS er avT@ meTrouboras. cuvOnkas
TiOnot pera TOV ag poveov Kal eTraryjedelas pevdeis, iva Lovov
avTous emia aanTar exelvov dé ayVoLovng dvTOV, ayvopov autos Kal
revdns SiadeixvuTat, pndev wv auvéletTo atroTAnpar. 184 110
 BARLAAM AND IOASAPH, xu. 109-110 assured that this
holy profession is a means to perfection and an aid to the
incorruption given us by holy baptism. So, following the teachings of
these blessed Saints, we utterly renounce these corruptible and
perishable things of life, wherein may be found nothing stable or
constant, or that continueth in one stay; but all things are vanity and
vexation of spirit, and many are the changes that which is they bring
in a moment; for they are slighter than Peaciorous dreams and a
shadow, or the breeze that bloweth the air. Small and short-lived is
their charm, that is after all no charm, but illusion and deception of
the wickedness of the world; which world we have been taught to
love not at all, but rather to hate with all our heart. Yea, and verily it
is worthy of hatred and abhorrence ; for whatsoever gifts it giveth to
its friends, these in turn in passion it taketh away, and shall hand
over its victims, stripped of all good things, clad in the garment of
shame, and bound under heavy burdens, to eternal tribulation. And
those again whom it exalteth, it quickly abaseth to the utmost
wretchedness, making them a foot-stool and a laughing stock for
their enemies. Such are its charms, such its bounties. For it is an
enemy of its friends, and traitor to such as carry out its wishes:
dasheth to dire destruction all them that lean upon it, and
enervateth those that put their trust therein. It maketh covenants
with fools and fair false promises, only that it may allure them to
itself. But, as they have dealt treacherously, it proveth itself
treacherous and false in fulfilling 185
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Demosth. 170, 16 ST. JOHN DAMASCENE a7) EpoV yap

Bpopacw noéot Tov dapuyya avuT@v KaTaredvas, KaTaBpapa Tols
ex A pots Gdovs avTovs aspLov riOnoe. Tr HLEpOV | Bacthéa Twa
SEelKVUOL, Kal avpiov dovrEla TW Trovnpa Tapabiowat: o7} LE pov
puptors evOnvovpevov ayaBois, avpiov Tpocaitny Kat oixotpiBov
oiKoT pla. OLE POV arepavov dons avutov TH Kopudn émuttnow"
avplov TO T poor ov T™7 yn KaTAapaooel. onmepov Kooper TOV
Tpaxnrov avToD A\aputTpais afiwpaTov Tats’ avplov TaTelot
oLonpois KAOLOLS dec woupevov. moOnTov pos pu pov Tots mace
TOUT OV épyatveTau, peonTov o€ pet ON yOV ioxupas Kal
éBoeduypevov. oj pepov evppaivet, Kal auptov Opnvors avrov Kal
KoTTETOLS KATATIIKEL, orrotov 6€ TOUTOY Kal 70 TENOS
emutiOnat ¢ dxovoov" olKijTopas yeevyns TOUS NYATNKOTAS avTov
éectvos amepyaterat. TOLAUTHDY exer yvopny del, TolavTny
TpolEecl ATEXVOS. OUTE TOUS TrapedOovras Opnvel, ote Tos
Kataderpbévtas oixTelpelt. é€xeltvous yap bewas amatnoas Kal Tots
apkval avTod KatakXéloas, TpOs TovTOUS avOIs TA THS
ETLOTHUNS MEeTEVEYKELY TreLpaTaL, wn OéXov TIA TOV
YaNETOV avToD éexpuyeiv Taylor. Tods péev ody TorwovTw
SovrEevovTas amnvel Kal ToUnp@ deamorn Too ayabod Kal
prravOparrov ppevoPraBas EavTOUS paxpvvarras, els Ta TapovTa 6€
KEXNVOTAS mpaypara Kal TOUTOLS TpoaTETIKOTAS, pnoorws TOV
peddov tov AapBavovras 111 évvoav, Kal els pev Tas TOMATIKAS
aTrohavcels 112 AOLaNEIT TS ET ELYOLEVOUS, Tas 6é uyas
e€@vTas Ato KaTaryKes Oat Kal puplouws Tahartropeio Ga KaKols,
ojLolous €ivat OoK® avopl pevyovTe avo 186
 BARLAAM AND IOASAPH, xu. 110-112 none of its pledges.
To-day it tickleth their gullet with pleasant dainties ; to-morrow it
maketh them nought but a gobbet for their enemies. To-day it
maketh amana king: to-morrow it delivereth him into bitter
servitude. To-day its thrall is fattening on a thousand good things ;
to-morrow he is a beggar, and drudge of drudges. To-day it placeth
on his head a crown of glory ; to-morrow it dasheth his face upon
the ground. To-day it adorneth his neck with brilliant badges of
dignity ; to-morrow it humbleth him with a collar of iron. For a little
while it causeth him to be the desire of all men; but after a time it
maketh him their hate and abomination. To-day it gladdeneth him:
but to-morrow it weareth him to a shadow with lamentations and
wailings. What is the end thereof, thou shalt hear. Ruthlessly it
bringeth its former lovers to dwell in hell. Such is ever its mind, such
its purposes. It lamenteth not its departed, nor pitieth the survivor.
For after that it hath cruelly duped and entangled in its meshes the
one party, it immediately transferreth the resources of its ingenuity
against the other, not willing that any should escape its cruel snares.
‘These men that have foolishly alienated themselves from a good
and kind master, to seek the service of so harsh and savage a lord,
that are all agog for present joys and are glued thereto, that take
never a thought for the future, that always grasp after bodily
enjoyments, but suffer their souls to waste with hunger, and to be
worn with myriad ills, these I consider to be like a man flying before
the 187 and maketh this plain by the tale of THE MAN AND THE
UNICORN APOLOGUE Iv
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ST. JOHN DAMASCENE Tporwrrov jua.ivoLevou

HovoKéporos, 6s, 1) pépov TOV yxOv THS avTov Bojjs Kal Tov
poPepov avTov px Lov, aXn’ iaYUp@S amobibpac Kev TOU Ha) yevéo
Oat TOVTOV KaTaBpopa, € ev TO TpéXelv avrov o&€s Heydar Tw
TEPLTET TOKE Bob pe é€v be TO é€uTimte avTO, TAS Xetpas
éxteivas, Kal gurod TWos dpakdpevos, KPaT alas TOUTO KATETXE,
Kal éml Bdcews TWOs TOUS modas ornpitas, edo€ev ev elpnvn
ourov eivar Kal aapanreia. Breas 6€ op vo pdas, NevKOV bev Tov
éva, pédava dé Tov Erepov, dvecbiovtas amavatws Tiy pitav ToD
gutod, ov Hv éEnptnpévos, Kal Ocov ovTe eyylCovtas tTavTyny
exTepety. Katavonaas 6€ TOV TuOpeva TOD Bo€pov, Opaxovra celde
PoBepov TH dé, mdp TvéovTa Kal opymvrara Broo vpobvta, TO oT
Oma TE OElvaS TEplXaoKovTa Kal KATQT LED avTov
emEv"yOpeEvOV. aTevicas O€ abs TH Baces exetvy, éd 7) TOUS
Todas elev Eprpeva mevous, tércapas ide eparas aor oav TOU Toixou
TpoPeBryjKvias, ep’ ov | TET PLKTO. avaBreras ée€ Tos ofOanpovs,
0 opa €x TOV Kradeov TOU | puto EKELVOU ALK POV amoardbov
pert. eacas ovv oLaoxeyac bat Tept TOV Teplexovo OY avT@
ouppopa, Omres éEwbev pwev 0 movoKepws Sewas é Expavels 113
Enret TOUT OV catapayeiy, xatober de 0 TUK POS Spakwv KeXNVE
Karam ley, To O€ guTov 6 Tept- | ededpaxto ogov ovUTa@ exxom
rea Bau cpwedne, TOUS Te T100as é7r oda Onpa Kal amior@ Baer é
eTECTIpliKTO* TOV ToTOUTwY ovV Kal ToOLOUTwY ppictov
Jeaparov ddoyiT Tos ema oper 0s, ON@ vot péNeTOS éxeivou TOD
pLiKpov yéyove THs HovTHTOS EKKPELNS. 188
 BARLAAM AND IOASAPH, xu. 112-113 face of a rampant
unicorn, who, unable to endure the sound of the beast’s ery, and its
terrible bellowing, to avoid being devoured, ran away at full speed.
But while he ran hastily, he fell into a great pit; and as he fell, he
stretched forth his hands, and laid hold on a tree, to which he held
tightly. There he established some sort of foot-hold and thought
himself from that moment in peace and safety. But he looked and
descried two mice, the one white, the other black, that never ceased
to gnaw the root of the tree whereon he hung, and were all but on
the point of severing it. Then he looked down to the bottom of the
pit and espied below a dragon, breathing fire, fearful for eye to see,
exceeding fierce and grim, with terrible wide jaws, all agape to
swallow him. Again looking closely at the ledge whereon his feet
rested, he discerned four heads of asps projecting from the wall
whereon he was perched. Then he lift up his eyes and saw that from
the branches of the tree there dropped a little honey. And thereat he
ceased to think of the troubles whereby he was surrounded ; how,
outside, the unicorn was madly raging to devour him: how, below,
the fierce dragon was yawning to swallow him: how the tree, which
he had clutched, was all but severed; and how his feet ressed on
slippery, treacherous ground. Yea, he forgat, without care, all those
sights of awe and terror, and his whole mind hung on the sweetness
of that tiny drop of honey. 189 The pit, the dragon, and the dripping
honey
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ST. JOHN DAMASCENE Att 7) opmot@aus TOV TH aTrary

TOU TapovTos T POT TETHKOTWV Biov, » homep TI capyverav
avtiKa NEW GOL. O meV Hovoxepas TUmos av ein TOU Javarou, Tov
Ol@KovTos ae Kal kataraBelv €TrELYOMEVOV TO "A Capuaiov
yévos* 0 € BoOpos 0 KOT [LOS €oTl TANpNS UmapXKov TavTolwv
KaKov Kal davatn popav maylowv TO putov 6€ TO bro Tay dvo judy
ATAVT TOS [TUYKOT TOpLEVOY, O TreptedédpakTo, 0 Slavros
Umapxet THS EXATTOU Cons, 6 Samavepevos k kal VAN a
KOMEVOS ua TOV @pav TOU HmepovUKTioU Kal TH eKTOMH KATA
pLKpOV mpoceyyitwv: ai 6€ tTésoapes aomides THY éml Tecodpwv
oparepov Kal actdtTwv atoLyeiwv cvoTtacw Tov avOpwreiov
cwHmaTos aiviTToOYTal, OV GTAKTOVYT@Y Kal TAapaTTOMéVvMY
7 TOU Gopatos KaTAaNVETAL TVOTAGLS' Tpos TOUTOLS Kal 6
Tupwdns éxelvos Kal arnyns OpaKov THD hoBepav eixoviter Tod
aoou yaorepa, THY palpaogovaav wrodeEacbat Tous Ta TapovTa
TEepTrVa TOV beNOVTOV aryabov T poxptvovras. 0 6€ TOD
HENLTOS oTadayLos THY yrvevtnra éupaiver Tov ToD KOG [LOU
noéw, ov Ws €xeivos amTaT&v Tous éauTod pidous ovK ea THs opov
mpovoncacba cwTnplas. XIII Tavrnvy o ‘lodoad lav dmodeEapevos
Thy 114 Trapapodny, epn “Os arn Ons 0 Aoryos ovTOS Kai mavu
AppoowwTaros. pt) ovv OKYHO YS: TOLOUTOUS cet poe TUToUS
Urroderevvev, wa yvo api Bas oTroios Umapxet 0 Ka? npas 1 Bios,
Kal Tivev Tots EavTod hirois mpo€evos yiverat. 1 jas, Bois. bas (2).
190
 BARLAAM AND IOASAPH, xu. 113-xu1. 114 ‘This is the
likeness of those who cleave to the The interdeceitfulness of this
present life,—the interpretation ete whereof I will declare to thee
anon. The unicorn is the type of death, ever in eager pursuit to
overtake the race of Adam. The pit is the world, full of all manner of
ills and deadly snares. The tree, which was being continually fretted
by the two mice, to which the man clung, is the course of every
man’s life, that spendeth and consuming itself hour by hour, day and
night, and gradually draweth nigh its severance. The fourfold asps
signify the structure of man’s body upon four treacherous and
unstable elements which, being disordered and disturbed, bring that
body to destruction. Furthermore, the fiery cruel dragon betokeneth
the maw of hell that is hungry to receive those who choose present
pleasures rather than future blessings. The dropping of honey
denoteth the sweetness of the delights of the world, whereby it
deceiveth its own friends, nor suffereth them to take timely thought
for their salyation.’ XIII Ioasapu received this parable with great joy
and Ioasaph said, ‘ How true this story is, and most apt ! Grudge
tale with not, then, to shew me other such like figures, that I may
know for certain what the manner of our life is, and what it hath in
store for its friends.’ Ig!
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ST. JOHN DAMASCENE ‘O b€ yépwv eirrev? “Oporor adOis

eiowv ot épaabévtes TOV TOU Biov TEepTVaV Kal TH TOUTOU
yAveavOévtes HOUTNTL, TOV mEeAAOVT@Y TE Kal fH)
TAaNEVOLEVwV TA pevoTa Kal acbevh Tporepycaves, avOpot@ Tet
Tpets eoXNKOTL dirdous, wD TOUS pev dvo TepiTabars erie, Kal
cpoopas THis uray ayaTns dvTelXeTo, péxpe Pavatov OTe f avuTa@v
aryeovelomevos Kal T pox tvOuvevely aipov peevos* pos oe TOV
Tpitov TOXNH ehépeTo KATO ppovncet, PTE TLWLNAS, pajre THS
Tpoankovans auTov TOTOTE akiooas ayarns, arr’ 7 puxpav Tia Kal
ovdamuip els aurov T POgTOLOUPEVOS dirtav. KaTarapBavovaly ovy
€v (ua poBepot TWes Kal eFatoror TTPATLOTAL, omeveovtes
TAXUTHTL TOAAH Tpos Tov Pacihéa TOUTOV ayayeiv, AOyov
aTod@covTa UTép dheiths pupiov TardvTOV. OTEVOXKWPOVpEVOS
Oé ExEtvos ECnTEL BonOor, tov cuvavTiiafécbar ait@ ev TO PpixT@
Tod Baoirtéws RoyoOecin Suvapevov. Spapov ody TPOS TOV
TP@TOV avTOU Kal TaVTMV yYYnTLw@TATOV Cp. John iron, Aéyet.
Oidas, @ fire, ws ael eOEyny THY mae Yuxiy jLov Umep cov" vuvi oe
xpyteo BonPetas é€v TH EPY TaUTN THS KAaTEXOVTNS pe
avaryKys. TOT ov ovv emayyeddy cvvavTiraPés Bat fot vov; 115 Kal
Tis Tapa cov mpooyivopevn por édmIs, Tpochir€otate; atroxpiBels
ovv éxelvos ey: Ov« eiui cov piros, dvOpwrre: ovK érictapar Tis ei.
dddous yap exw Tpocdireis, uel wv Set pe anpepov evppaiveadar,
Kat dirous avtovs els TO éEns xTncac0ar. Tapéyw 6€ cot iOov paxia
Svo, Tov éxel oe Ta’Ta ev TH 0O® H Tope’, ATWa _ovdév o€ TO
TapaTray @pednoovet. Kal unoewiav 192
 BARLAAM AND IOASAPH, xm. 114-115 The elder answered,
‘ Again, those who are enamour- Barlaam ed of the pleasures of life,
and glamoured by the sweet- tole one ness thereof, who prefer
fleeting and paltry objects to RCE those which are future and stable,
are like a certain Friends, man who had three friends. On the first
two of these “*°°°"" he was extravagantly lavish of his honours, and
clave passionately to their love, fighting to the death and
deliberately hazarding his life for their sakes. But to the third he bore
himself right arrogantly, never once granting him the honour nor the
love that was his due, but only making show of some slight and
inconsiderable regard for him. Now one day he was apprehended by
certain dread and strange soldiers, that made speed to hale him to
the king, there to render account for a debt of ten thousand talents.
Being in a great strait, this debtor sought fora helper, able to take his
part in this terrible reckoning with the king. So he ran to his first and
truest friend of all, and said, “ Thou wottest, friend, that I ever
jeopardied my life for thy sake. Now to-day I require help in a
necessity that presseth me sore. In how many talents wilt thou
undertake to assist me now? What is the hope that 1 may count
upon at thy hands, O my dearest friend?”’ The other answered and
said unto him, “ Man, I am not thy friend: I know not who thou art.
Other friends I have, with whom I must needs make merry to-day,
and so win their friendship for the time to come. But, see, I present
thee with two ragged garments, that thou mayest have them on the
way whereon thou goest, though they will do thee no manner of
good. 193
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ST. JOHN DAMASCENE adXnv Tap ewod mpocdoknans

éATriOa. TovVTwWY akovaas é€Kxeivos Kal atroyvous hv €& avTov
BonGeav irruke, T pos TOV érepov TOpeveTae pidov, Kat gyoe
Mepyneat, 2) ETaipe, bons damn davaeas Tap &€“ov Tomas Kal
evryv@ poo Uys" onpEpov 6é, Orixvet TEplTET OV cab ovppopa
peyloTn, xpnto cuvepryod. mOcOv ovv lox veus fol ovyKoTLac at; €&
avThs yvopicoy pot. 0 6é dnow: Ov TxXoraSoo Cr LEpov
cwvayovicacbat cot" pepipvars yap Ka yo Kal TEplaTacect TEPLTET
WV év Orirvper lp. puxpov © Opus cuvodevcw col, Kav pndev
wdheAjow oe" Kal, OaTTov UmoaTpeyras olkace, Tats totais Ecopat
aa Xohovpevos Hepiuvas. Kevais ouv KaeiBev Toot peas yepaly o
avOpwrros Kal mavtoVev atropovpevos, éradkauvey éavtov THs
pataias éAmidos TOV ayvwpovev avTtod diror, Kal TOV avovnTwv
TadalT @pLav @v vTep THS exelvOV aryarrns uméaTn. amrép
PETAL Rovrrov mTMpos Tov Tpitov girov avtod, ov ovdéroTe 116
eJepatrevoev, OVOE KOLVwWYOY THS EavTOD EevdpoovvNs
TporekaéaaTo" Kat dynoe 7 pos auTov KATITXUMPLEVD TE Kal
KaTHPLOvTe 7O m™pooore: OvK EXO oTOMa buapa T pos oé,
ywooKOV axpiBas 6Tt ov péuynoatl pov mTeToOTE EVEPYETH
TAVTOS a€, 1) TpoTHirOs OtaTEOEVTOS Gol. GX’ érrel cuppopa pe
KatérXaBe XareT wT arn, ovoapoder 6€ TOV Aourray prov pirov
eUpoVv cwTH plas edmioa, Ta peyevo pay mTpos o€, OvtwTar, el
€OTL TOL LoS, puLKpav Twa. Ron Pevav mapaoxelv pot. py obv amr
aryopevans, pqvicas pov Tis dyv@ poo vvns. 0 6€ pnow ‘apo Kal
Xaplevre mpocwnw Nat 6n pirov émov yrnowwtatov opo194
 BARLAAM AND IOASAPH, xi. 115-116 Further help from me
thou mayest expect none.” The other, hearing this, despaired of the
succour whereon he had reckoned, and went to his second friend,
saying, “ Friend, thou rememberest how much honour and kindness
thou hast enjoyed at my hands. To-day I have fallen into tribulation
and sorrow, and needa helping hand. To what extent then canst
thou share my labour? Tell meatonce.” Said he, “I have on leisure
today to share thy troubles. I too have fallen among cares and
perils, and am myself in tribulation. Howbeit, I will goa little way
with thee, even if 1 shall fail to be of service to thee. Then will I turn
quickly homeward, and busy myself with mine own anxieties.’ So the
man returned from him too empty-handed and baulked at every
turn; and he cried misery on himself for his vain hope in those
ungrateful friends, and the unavailing hardships that he had endured
through love of them. At the last he went away to the third friend,
whom he had never courted, nor invited to share his happiness.
With countenance ashamed and downcast, he said unto him, “I can
scarce open my lips to speak with thee, knowing full well that I have
never done thee service, or shown thee any kindness that thou
mightest now remember. But seeing that a heavy misfortune hath
overtaken me, and that I have found nowhere among my friends
any hope of deliverance, I address myself to thee, praying thee, if it
lie in thy power, to afford me some little aid. Bear no grudge for my
past unkindness, and refuse me not.” The other with a smiling and
gracious countenance answered, « Assuredly I own thee my very
true friend. I have 195 how they proved themselves in his distress,
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accurate

ST. JOHN DAMASCENE Aoyd oe Umapxew" Kal, THIS

puxpas exelvns MELYNeévosS cov evTOLias, UV TOKO o-1) wepov
amobacw col. pay poPov Toluy, pnd 6€6u0t" eyo ou yap TPOTOpEvT
Opal, eyo dusaTnro Umep ou TOV Bacir€a, Kal ov pu) Tapas@ ge els
xelpas eyO pav cou. Oapoes ovv, Tpoopieatare, Kal pan) AUTFOD.
TOTE Karavuyels éxelvos éNeye pera Saxpvov: Oipot Th 7 p@Tov
Opnynce, Kal Th KNaVG OMAaL TpA@Tov; THs paratas Lov
KaTayvaoopLas 7 poamabelas eis TOUS apvi} Lovas Kal ayaploTous
Ka wevdeis pidous éxetvous i) Thy ppevoBrapy Taravicw
ayv@pocvrny, HvTreEp TO anrndet TOUT@ 117 Kal ynoie
evederEaunv Piro; ‘O 6&é ‘Todcad, Kal TOUTOV [eTA Oavparos
deEdpevos TOV Aovyor, THD capnveray ebnret. Kal dynow 0
Bapradp: ‘O rpétos didos av ein 7 TOU TROUTOU Teptovola Kal 0
THS prroxpnpatias Epas, ep’ @ puptous 0 _avOparros TEPLTUTETEL
KUVOvvols, Kal Todas bro pmever TahaiTrwpias: é€dOovons dé THs
TeheuTalas Tob Gavatov mpobec was ovde € eK TAVvT@Y EKELV@V,
EL J) TA TPOS KNOELaY dvovnta, parca, AapBaver. SevTEpos 6é
piros KEKhYT AL yuri) Té Kal TeKVaL Kat Ol OLTTOL GUYyeveis TE
Kal olKelol, @Y TH mpoorabetg KEKONAn pévou dveamoomaaTas €
EXOHED, aurijs THs Wuxijs Kal TOU cwpaTos EveKev THS avTav
Urepopavres ayanns: ovdemads 6€ tis €& avToY amovato apenetas
TH Ope Tov Oavatov: adr % movoy EX pl ToD PVN MATOS
auvodevovew avT@ Taperopevol, eit, evOds emravac tpapevtes,
TOV LoL@V EYOVTAL MEPLLVOV Kal TEpLaTAaCEwWY, OVK
EXNaATTOV AjOn THY pYTLNY, 7) TO THA TOD ToTE TpOTpLAODS
196
 BARLAAM AND IOASAPH, xu. 116-117 not forgotten those
slight services of thine: and I will repay them to-day with interest.
Fear not therefore, neither be afraid. I will go before thee and
entreat the king for thee, and will by no means deliver thee into the
hands of thine enemies. Wherefore be of good courage, dear friend,
and fret not thyself.” Then, pricked at heart, the other said with
tears, “Wo is me! Which shall I first lament, or which first deplore?
Condemn my vain preference for my forgetful, thankless and_ false
friends, or blame the mad ingratitude that I have shown to thee, the
sincere and true?”’ Ioasaph heard this tale also with amazement and
and the asked the interpretation thereof. Then said Barlaam, ie te
‘The first friend is the abundance of riches, and love of money, by
reason of which a man falleth into tbe midst of ten thousand perils,
and endureth many miseries: but when at last the appointed day of
death is come, of all these things he carrieth away nothing but the
useless burial cloths. By the second friend is signified our wife and
children and the remnant of kinsfolk and acquaintance, to whom we
are passionately attached, and from whom with difficulty we tear
ourselves away, neglecting our very soul and body for the love of
them. But no help did man ever derive from these in the hour of
death, save only that they will accompany and follow him to the
sepulchre, and then straightway turning them homeward again they
are occupied with their own cares and matters, and bury his memory
in oblivion as they have buried his body in the grave. But the 197
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ST. JOHN DAMASCENE Karvpavres tab@. 08 av TpiTos piros

o Tmapewpapevos Kai PopTLKos, own TpoowTos, GANA peveros Kal
olov aT OT pOTFALOos, 0 TOV apiorav Epyov xopos cabéarnxer, olov
TioTlS, éMis, ayarn, €denpoo urn, giravOpwria, kai 6 ovmros TOV
apeTav Opus, 0 Suvapevos TpoTropever Gat 7) [LOV efepxopévov
TOD THUATOS, umeép nav TE dusamhaar Tov Cr tuke Kupiov, cal
tav €xOpav rpas AUTpovpevos Kal rae dewvav popodoywn, TOV
horyobeatov nv TLK pov év TH dept KwovvT@V, Kal xepocacbar
TUKPOS tntovvtwv. ovTos eoTW 0 evYVOpOY piros Kal ayabos, 6 Kal
THY pLKpav uav ev’tpayiav émi 118 pvnuns hépwv Kal ody TOK@
Huly TaCaY aTrodLOous. XIV Addis ody o ‘Todcad, Ed cos yévowto
Tapa Kupiov TOU Gecou, o copwTare TOV avoporrav. ev pavas yap
pov Thy ux Tos KATANNIAOLS gov Kal apiaTous Prjpact. ToLyapovy
dvar iT oa ov pou Kal ere elxova TAS MATALOTHTOS TOU Koo MOU,
Kal TOS av TLs ev eipnvyn Kal acparela tTovTov 61éN Ot. ‘AvahaBov
€ TOV oryov 0 Baphaap epn, "Axovaov kal TOUTOU 67) Tov
TpoBdypatos 6 opoiwou. TOA Tia pepdlnna peyarnv, Hs ob TONtTal
TOLAUTHY eoXKET ay éxmranat ouvndear, TO émthapBaver bat
Eévov TWOS Kal dyvooarou avopos, pnoev TOV vomov THS
TOAEWS KAL Tapacocewy dws eTLTTAPEVOV, Kal TovToy Bacidéa
Kabiorav éavTois, maons atohavovta é£ouvcias Kal Tav 198
 BARLAAM AND IOASAPH, xu. 117-x1v. 118 third friend, that
was altogether neglected and held cheap, whom the man never
approached, but rather shunned and fled in horror, is the company
of good deeds,—faith, hope, charity, alms, kindliness, and the whole
band of virtues, that can go before us, when we quit the body, and
may plead with the Lord on our behalf, and deliver us from our
enemies and dread creditors, who urge that strict rendering of
account in the air, and try bitterly to get the mastery of us. This is
the grateful and true friend, who beareth in mind those small
kindnesses that we have shown him and repayeth the whole with
interest.’ XIV Again said Ioasaph, ‘ The Lord God prosper thee,
foasaph desireth O thou wisest of men! For thou hast gladdened yet
ee parable my soul with thine apt and excellent sayings. Wherefore
sketch me yet another picture of the vanity of the world, and how a
man may pass through it in peace and safety.’ Barlaam took up his
parable and said, ‘ Hear then Barlaam Peaeet telleth of a similitude
of this matter too. I once heard tell of the city hat had a great city
whose citizens had, from old time, the Saar ; i ; or its kings, custom
of taking some foreigner and stranger, who porous . . eye vi knew
nothing of their laws and traditions, and of making him their king, to
enjoy absolute power, r99
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ST. JOHN DAMASCENE avTou Dehnpatov AKONUTOS eX

opevor, axXpe CUpTANPOTEDS eviavaiatov Xpovou. iT’, eFaipuns €v
maon avuTov TUYXAVOVTOS dpe pipvig, TPpUP@VTOS Te Kal OT
ATANOVTOS adeds, Kal cvvdrarovi ter av7@ TV Baciretav eloael
OoKOUYTOS, é€mreryetpomevor KaT’ avrov, Kal TY Bacidexny
agenopevot oTONY, yupvov TE ava Tacav OprapBevcaves THY
TOAD, EEOplaTOV eTEMTOV Els MaKpaV aTOKLGwevnV Kal peyaray
TWA VHTOV, EV I, LATE Siatpopijs EVTOP@V pLnTE evOULAaTO”,
ev ALpL@ Kal yupvornre Sewds KATETPUXETO, Tis Tap ” nmida
So0cians avT@® tpupis Kal Oupndias ets AVTrHY avis Kal Tap
edrrida Tacav Kal Tpog SoKiay petaperpOetons. Kara TO
TapakoNovOnaav Tolvuy é0os TOV TONLT@V éxeivor, Tpoexerpta
On TLS avnp els THY Bacielay cuvéces TOAAH TOV NOYLo pov 119
KATAKOMLOV EXOD; Os auTika pn ovvaptadbels Th éEalpvns avT@
TpooTes oven evOnvia, pndé TOV mpoeBacthevedtov Kal aries eBay
Bévtwy TID dpeplpuviar Enrocas, Ene pypevor él ixe Kal évayovioy
THY bux TOs av Ta Kar avtov ev dvaBotTo. 1H auyvn O€ per€eTH
axKplBo dpevos, & éyvm@ Old TLWOS coporarou cup Bovrov THV
cuvyOevay TOV TOMTOV, Kal TOV TOTrOV THS Ommvekovs
eEoptas: OTWS TE xen éauTov ao paMaoacbar aThavas eduday On).
Tapr’ ovV ws éyva, Kal OT det avTOV Goov ovTw éxelynY KATANA
Bayew THV VooV, THY © eTiKTHTOY TAav’THY Kab adXorTplav
Baotreiay aNAOTPLOLS avbos KaraAur dvely, avoifas TOUS
Onoavpovs avrod a@vTep TEMS GVELLEVNY eixe Kal ak@UTOV
THY. XpPhow, Kal aBov ypnuatwv TAOS, xXpvocod TE Kal 200
 BARLAAM AND IOASAPH, xiv. 118-119 and follow his own
will and pleasure without hindrance, until the completion ofa year.
‘Then suddenly, while he was living with never a care in rioting and
wantonness, without fear, and alway supposing that his reign would
only terminate with his life, they would rise up against him, strip him
bare of his royal robes, lead him in triumph up and down the city,
and thence dispatch him beyond their borders into a distant great
island; there, for lack of food and raiment, in hunger and nakedness
he would waste miserably away, the luxury and pleasure so
unexpectedly showered upon him changed as unexpectedly into
woe. In accordance therefore and of the with the unbroken custom
of these citizens, a certain eee man was ordained to the kingship.
But his mind was ((¢¢ Vell fertile of understanding, and he was not
carried away “re by this sudden access of prosperity, nor did he
emulate the heedlessness of the kings that had gone before him,
and had been miserably expelled, but his soul was plunged in care
and trouble how he might order his affairs well. After long and
careful search, he learned from a wise counsellor the custom of the
citizens, and the place of perpetual banishment, and was taught of
him without guile how to ensure himself against this fate. So with
this knowledge that within a very little while he must reach that
island and leave to strangers this chance kingdom among strangers,
he opened the treasures whereof he had awhile absolute and
unforbidden use, and took a great store of money and huge masses
of gold and silver and 201
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ST. JOHN DAMASCENE apydpou Kal ALGwv Teypteov

abporatov oryKov, TLITOTATOLS Trapadovs oixéTats, els éxetyny T
poémeprev, els iv euedrev atrayecOat, vATov. ouvTerecOévTos O€
Tov é€umpoécpou éviavTov, oTaoLacavres ot ToNtTat yupwov avTov,
@s Kal TOUS T™ po avrod, ™7 eEopia TapEeTrepapay. ot pmev ovv
Novtrol avonTor Kal TpoaKarpor Bacirets dewas ENMOT TOY" o 6é,
Tov TAOUTOY TpoaTroMémevos 120 €XELVOP, evOnvia Ounvecel
ovbav Kat Tpupny adaTravov EXOV, poBov Tée TavTdTacw arTroFELT
ApLEVOS TOV ATAKTOV Kal ToOVNp@V TONTODP, THS copotarns
Eau Tov cpand pitev evBourtas. [loner obv voel Lol TOV paTatov
TovTOV Kal arratedia KOo [L0V, TOoATAaS 6€ TAS apxas Kal Eph, vi.
12 Tas éfouctas TOV Oarpoverr, TOUS Koo LOK paTopas Tob
oKOTOUS TOD al@vos TOUTOU, TOUS dehedlovtas Has TO Aelw
THS HOovAS, Kal Os Tepl apOaprov umoriBewevous dvavocia bar
TOV p0aprav ral ETLKN PWV, WS are ovvdvarovitovans Hpy Kal
aJavata Ths TovTeY cwvuTapxovens aTrONAVTEWS. obras ovv
arratnbevrov NL@V wal bnoepilav Tept TOV povipov EKELV@V Kal
aiwviwv Bovrevoeapevor, pyTeE TL TAMLEVTALEV OV ELUTOLS els
TOV exeiDev Biov, aid vidios 7) piv epiatatar deO pos 0 TOU
Gavarov. TOTE 67 TOTE yupvous nas Tov evTedOev ot Tovnpol Kal
miKpol beEdpevol ToXtTat TOU GKOTOUS, ws éxeElVOLS TOV
amavra T pocavarwcavTas Xpovor, amaryouow Job. x. 21 els viv
TKOTELY Kal ywopepay, els yi SKOTOUS aiwviov, o0 ovK eats éyyos,
ovdé opay Conv Bporav. ovpBovnrov b€ aryabor, TOV Tarynn TdavTa
yvopicavta Kal Ta cwTHnpia Oidaéavta 202
 BARLAAM AND IOASAPH, xiv. 119-120 precious stones and
delivered the same to trusty servants and sent them before him to
the island whither he was bound. When the appointed year came to
an end, the citizens rose against him, and sent him naked into
banishment like those that went before him. But while the rest of
these foolish kings, kings only for a season, were sore anhungred,
he, that had timely deposited his wealth, passed his time in
continual plenty mid dainties free of expense, and, rid of all fear of
those mutinous and _ evil citizens, could count himself happy on his
wise forethought. ‘ Understand thou, therefore, that the city is this
The intervain and deceitful world; that the citizens are the eee
principalities and powers of the devils, the rulers of the darkness of
this world, who entice us by the soft bait of pleasure, and counsel us
to consider corruptible and perishable things as incorruptible, as
though the enjoyment that cometh from them were co-existent with
us, and immortal as we. ‘Thus then are we deceived ; we have taken
no thought concerning the things which are abiding and eternal, and
have laid up in store for ourselves no treasure for that life beyond,
when of a sudden there standeth over us the doom of death. Then,
then at last do those evil and cruel citizens of darkness, that
received us, dispatch us stript of all worldly goods,—for all our time
has been wasted on their service—and carry us off “to a dark land
and a gloomy, to a land of eternal darkness, where there is no light,
nor can one behold the life of men.” As for that good counsellor, who
made known all the truth and taught 203
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ST. JOHN DAMASCENE eriTnoevaTa TO GUVETO Kal

copwTdTw Bacinrei, TH euriy vToauBave evTEAH yOaparornTa, ds
tiv ayabnv odov Kal atdavh UrroceiEat cor Heo, Tos AlwvioLS MEV
KAL ATEAEUTHTOLS EVAYOV KAKELCE Tata ovpBovhevov an obec
bau, am aryov 6€ TOU mA avoU Koo Mou TOUTOU, ov7rep Kayo
Ova TUXaS 12] epidoup, Kal TOV avTOU VT ELX OAV TEpT Vay TE
Kal amoNavoTiKOv. Katavonoas 5é Tols aTXavéot TOD voos
opOarpois Tas ev TOUTOLS TAS O Tov avOpwrev KatatpiBetat Bios,
Tov pev Tapaylwopéevov, TOV O€ aTTaLpoYTwY, Kal pndEvosS
éyovtos TO oTacwmov Te Kal PéBaov, pte TeV mouTouvT@Y év TO
THOUTO, pajre Tov duvyaTov ev TH loxvi, pyTe TOV copay ev TH
copia, po av TOV €U I] [LE POUV TOV év TH evnpepia, pajte TOV
Tpvpwovtav ev TH omarany, puyre TOV aoparas Soxovvt@v Buody
év Th pataig avray Kal ddpaver tary aohanreia, pajre €v arp TwWh
TOV evrad0a eT ALVOU[LEVOY, aN EOLKE TO mparypa Greg. Naz.
XElpappov TAapoow AMET PTO Oardoons pre = TT OVTOV Bude
(pevora yap ovtws etal Ta TApPOVTa TAVTA Kal TPOTKAaLpa),
TULYHKA WS TA TOLaUTa para oupmayTa Kal ovnaus avTov
ovdepia, GAN, ooTrEp Ta TpoTepov mavTa X7On KEK PUTT AL, elte
Oo€av eltross, etre Bacvrelar, elTe alo parov apm porntas, el TE
duvacTetas oryKov, elTE “Tupavvey Spacvryta, cite TL TOD
TOLOUT@D, obras Kal Ta €verT@Ta Els TOUS éENs Kal peTeTelTa
xpovous dpavpoOnoerar. ovTep Kayo els bmdpxov TH cvvyder
mavT@s aXroLacet iromecobduat, Kab Kabas of mpd nod &° aldvos
TépTecOat Tois Tapovaw ov auvexwpyOncar, 204
 BARLAAM AND IOASAPH, xiv. 120-121 that sagacious and
wise king the way of salvation, understand thou that I, thy poor and
humble servant, am he, who am come hither for to shew thee the
good and infallible way to lead thee to things eternal and unending,
and to counsel thee to lay up all thy treasure there; and I am come
to lead thee away from the error of this world, which, to my woe, I
also loved, and clave to its pleasures and delights. But, when I
perceived, with the which unerring eyes of my mind how all human
life is eet ia wasted in these things that come and go; when
bisowncate I saw that no man hath aught that is stable and sted-
the prince fast, neither the rich in his wealth, nor the mighty in his
strength, nor the wise in his wisdom, nor the prosperous in his
prosperity, nor the luxurious in his wantonness, nor he that
dreameth of security of life in that vain and feeble security of his
dreams, nor any man in any of those things that men on earth
commend (’tis like the boundless rush of torrents that discharge
themselves into the deep sea, thus fleeting and temporary are all
present things); then, I say, I understood that all such things are
vanity, and that their enjoyment is naught; and, that even as the
past is all buried in oblivion, be it past glory, or past kingship, or the
splendour of rank, or amplitude of power, or arrogance of tyranny, or
aught else like them, so also present things will vanish in the
darkness of the days to come. And, as I am myself of the present, I
also shall doubtless be subject to its accustomed change; and, even
as my fathers before me were not allowed to take delight for ever in
the present world, so also shall it be with me. 205
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ST. JOHN DAMASCENE olTws éoTat Kal em Ol. Kxaretoov

yap ola TOUS avOpwrous 0 TUpaVvVos OvTOS Kal Tapaxodns
Katepyacerat KOT HOS, petatibels avTous evTevOev Kaneibev, ovs
peev €K ToOUTOU T™pos Teva, ous O€ 122 éx mevias eis d0€av,
TovTOUS bev breEayov TOU Biov, adous € avis aVTELTayov, Twas.
bev coous Kal cuveTous arroboKimatan, atipwous Te Kal evTEAELS
TOUS TULLOUS Kal Tepupavels epyaSopevos, adrous 6€ acogous Te
Kal douverous emt Opovov Kabifov do€ns, TiupLous TE TOUS
aTiwouvs Kal apavels Tact Setkvvwr. Kal éotw idety TO TOV
avOpwrav yévos pNd0A@s KaTa TpoawTrov THs avTov aTnvous
TUpapvidos EXOV ordaow aN’, @s OTav TEpiaTepa, pevyouca deTov
elTé lépaka, TOTOUS €K TOm@Y apet Bn, vov pev TOUT@ TO
dévopy, avOs exeivep TO Gauve, eit evs Tpeoyhaus TOV TETPOV
wal TavToiats axavOars éauTiy mpocapaccovea, kal ovdamov
evpiaxovca tmpocdvyiov acdanrés, ev cado Kal TadkavT@cer
TadaiTwpeElTat OLNVveKel, oUTws elaly ol Tols Tapovow
émTtonpévar, Ud opens pev adroyiatou aOriws Tovoiytes, unos 6€ te
éxovtes BéBatov achanrés, pay émiotafevot €ls OTrolov
KaTaVT@GaL TédOS, Kal TOU TOUTous 0 paTatos ayer Bios, @
KabuTrétaEay éEavTovs hiav dvotvya@s Kal aOXiws, Tovnpa pev
EOpEvos av7l ayabov, peteOovtes 6 Kaxlay avTi xpnOTOTNTOS, 7)
wis 0 Tas: Wuxpas TOV TOAAOY Kal pox Onpav aut av KapaTov
OrabeEdpevos em uKapTlAS, ELITE OLKELOS, ele GNNOT LOS" Kal
Tohaxes ove dios OAws 4 yvwoTos, GAN €xOpos Kal TONE [LLOS.
206
 BARLAAM AND IOASAPH, xiv. 121-122 For I have observed
how this tyrannical and troublesome world treateth mankind, shifting
men hither and thither, from wealth to poverty, and from poverty to
honour, carrying some out of life and bringing others in, rejecting
some that are wise and understanding, making the honourable and
illustrious dishonoured and despised, but seating others who are
unwise and of no understanding upon a throne of honour, and
making the dishonoured and obscure to be honoured of all. ‘One
may see how the race of mankind TEE bewaileth never abide before
the face of the cruel tyranny the vain tlessness of the world. But, as
when a dove fleeing from ¢f human ¢ . , ; , life, and an eagle or a
hawk flitteth from place to place, (irs now beating against this tree,
now against that a way of bush, and then anon against the clefts i
the rocks and all manner of bramble-thorns, and, nowhere finding
any safe place of refuge, is wearied with continual tossing and
crossing to and fro, so are they which are flustered by the present
world. They labour painfully under unreasoning impulse, on no sure
or firm bases: they know not to what goal they are driving, nor
whither this vain life leadeth them—this vain life, whereto they have
in miserable folly subjected themselves, choosing evil instead of
good, and pursuing vice instead of goodness; and they know not
who shall inherit the cold fruits of their many heavy labours, whether
it be a kinsman or a stranger, and, as oft times it haps, not even a
friend or acquaintance at all, but an enemy and foeman. 207
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Ps. exi. 10 Ps, cxix. 32 Prov. viii. 8 Ca Is. lii. 7 Rom. x. 15

Eph. vi. 15 1 Cor, vii. 31 ST. JOHN DAMASCENE Tadta ravta Kal Ta
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 BARLAAM AND IOASAPH, xiv. 122-124 ‘On all these things,
and others akin to them, I held judgement in the tribunal of my soul,
and I came to hate my whole life that had been wasted in these
vanities, while I still lived engrossed in earthly things. But when I
had put off from my soul the lust thereof, and cast it from me, then
was there revealed unto me the true good, to fear God and do his
will; for this I saw to be the sum of all good. This also is called the
beginning of wisdom, and perfect wisdom. For life is without pain
and reproach to those that hold by her, and safe to those who lean
upon her as upon the Lord. So, when I had set my reason on the
unerring way of the commandments of the Lord, and had surely
learned that there is nothing froward or perverse therein, and that it
is not full of chasms and rocks, nor of thorns and thistles, but lieth
altogether smooth and even, rejoicing the eyes of the traveller with
the brightest sights, making beautiful his feet, and shoeing them
with “the preparation of the Gospel of peace,’ that he may walk
safely and without delay, this way, then, I rightly chose above all
others, and began to rebuild my soul’s habitation, which had fallen
into ruin and decay. ‘In such wise was I devising mine estate, and Of
the voice establishing mine unstable mind, when I heard the }j,00!
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 BARLAAM AND IOASAPH, xiv. 124-125 turning back, not for
nothing and without reward, but winning supplies for travelling to
life eternal, for ye are like to journey a long road, needing much
supplies from hence, and ye shall arrive at the place eternal that
hath two regions, wherein are many mansions; one of which places
God hath prepared for them that love him and keep his
commandments, full of all manner of good things ; and they that
attain thereto shall live for ever in incorruption, enjoying immortality
without death, where pain and sorrow and sighing are fled away. But
the other place is full of darkness and tribulation and pain, prepared
for the devil and his angels, wherein also shall be cast they who by
evil deeds have deserved it, who have bartered the incorruptible and
eternal for the present world, and have made themselves fuel for
eternal fire.” ‘When I heard this voice, and recognized the Barlaam
truth, I did my diligence to attain to that abode, sie that is free from
all pain and sorrow, and full of 2% °°) security and all good things,
whereof I have know- fressure in ledge now only in part, being but a
babe in my spiritual life, and seeing the sights yonder as through
mirrors and riddles ; but when that which is perfect is come, and I
shall see face to face, then that which is in part shall be done away.
Wherefore I thank God through Jesus Christ our Lord; for the law of
the Spirit of life in Christ Jesus hath made me free from the law of
sin and of death, and hath opened mine Qi Pp 2
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