Absolutely, Bhavana!
Let's supercharge your Linux command reference with **expanded
subcases** for each command—covering more options, variations, and practical
examples. This will be like your personal command-line encyclopedia 📘.
---
## 🧠 Expanded Linux Command Reference (Top Commands with Subcases)
### 📁 `ls` – List directory contents
```bash
ls # List files
ls -a # Include hidden files
ls -l # Long listing format
ls -lh # Long listing with human-readable sizes
ls -la # Long listing including hidden files
ls -ltr # Sort by time, reverse order
ls -R # Recursive listing
ls -d */ # List only directories
ls -1 # One file per line
ls -F # Classify file types with symbols
ls -i # Show inode numbers
ls -S # Sort by file size
ls -t # Sort by modification time
ls -X # Sort by extension
ls --color=auto # Enable color output
ls -l --time-style=long-iso # Custom time format
```
---
### 📂 `cd` – Change directory
```bash
cd /path/to/dir # Go to specific directory
cd .. # Move up one level
cd - # Go to previous directory
cd ~ # Go to home directory
cd ~/Documents # Go to Documents in home
cd ../.. # Move up two levels
```
---
### 📄 `cat` – View file contents
```bash
cat file.txt # Show contents
cat file1 file2 # Concatenate files
cat -n file.txt # Show line numbers
cat -b file.txt # Number non-blank lines
cat -s file.txt # Suppress repeated empty lines
```
---
### 🧹 `rm` – Remove files or directories
```bash
rm file.txt # Delete file
rm -i file.txt # Prompt before deleting
rm -r folder/ # Delete folder recursively
rm -rf folder/ # Force delete folder and contents
rm -v file.txt # Verbose output
rm --preserve-root -rf / # Prevent root deletion
```
---
### 🧼 `rmdir` – Remove empty directories
```bash
rmdir empty_dir/ # Remove empty directory
rmdir -p a/b/c # Remove nested empty directories
```
---
### 📦 `cp` – Copy files and directories
```bash
cp file1 file2 # Copy file1 to file2
cp -r dir1 dir2 # Copy directory recursively
cp -i file1 file2 # Prompt before overwrite
cp -u file1 file2 # Copy only if source is newer
cp -v file1 file2 # Verbose output
```
---
### 🚚 `mv` – Move or rename
```bash
mv old.txt new.txt # Rename file
mv file.txt /path/ # Move file to path
mv -i file1 file2 # Prompt before overwrite
mv -v file1 file2 # Verbose output
```
---
### 📝 `touch` – Create empty files
```bash
touch new.txt # Create new file
touch file{1..5}.txt # Create multiple files
touch -c file.txt # Do not create if missing
```
---
### 🔍 `find` – Search for files
```bash
find . -name "*.txt" # Find all .txt files
find / -type d -name "log" # Find directories named log
find . -size +1M # Files larger than 1MB
find . -mtime -7 # Modified in last 7 days
find . -user bhavana # Files owned by user
find . -perm 755 # Files with specific permissions
```
---
### 🔎 `grep` – Search inside files
```bash
grep "error" file.txt # Search for 'error'
grep -i "error" file.txt # Case-insensitive
grep -r "error" /path/ # Recursive search
grep -n "error" file.txt # Show line numbers
grep -v "error" file.txt # Show lines NOT matching
grep -c "error" file.txt # Count matches
```
---
### 🔐 `chmod` – Change permissions
```bash
chmod +x script.sh # Make script executable
chmod 755 file.sh # Set rwxr-xr-x
chmod u+rwx file.txt # Add all permissions to user
chmod g=r file.txt # Group read-only
chmod o-rwx file.txt # Remove all from others
```
---
### 👤 `chown` – Change ownership
```bash
chown user file.txt # Change owner
chown user:group file.txt # Change owner and group
chown -R user:group folder/ # Recursive ownership change
```
---
### 📅 `date` – Show current date/time
```bash
date # Current date/time
date "+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S" # Custom format
date -u # UTC time
```
---
### 📆 `cal` – Show calendar
```bash
cal # Current month
cal 07 2025 # July 2025
cal -y # Full year calendar
```
---
### 🧠 `man` – Manual pages
```bash
man ls # Manual for ls
man -k search # Search manual pages
```
---
### 🧭 `pwd` – Print working directory
```bash
pwd # Show current path
```
---
### `whoami` – Show current user
```bash
whoami # Display username
```
---
### 🧮 `echo` – Print text
```bash
echo "Hello, Bhavana!" # Output text
echo $PATH # Show environment variable
```
---
### 🧰 `top` – Live process viewer
```bash
top # Show running processes
top -u bhavana # Show user-specific processes
```
---
### 🧾 `ps` – Show processes
```bash
ps # Current shell processes
ps aux # All processes
ps -ef # Full-format listing
```
---
### 🛑 `kill` – Terminate process
```bash
kill 1234 # Kill process by PID
kill -9 1234 # Force kill
kill -l # List signal names
```
---
Would you like me to continue with the next batch of commands like `tar`, `zip`,
`scp`, `ssh`, `awk`, `sed`, `df`, `du`, `alias`, `wget`, `curl`, and more? Or
should I organize this into a **Copilot Page** so you can interactively study and
add your own notes?
Let’s make this your ultimate Linux command arsenal 💪🔥.
