#

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R

SOIL PARAMETERS ------- COMPARE and CONTRAST Title # Title

Compaction Vs Consolidation Absorbed Soil Water Vs Adsorbed Soil Water Air Content Vs % Air Voids Core Cutter Method Vs Sand Replacement Method Drawdown Curve Vs Top Flow Line Vs PHREATIC LINE IS Light Compaction Test Vs IS Heavy Compaction Test Standard Proctor Compaction Test Vs Modified Proctor Test

S T U V W X Y Z AA AB AC AD AE AF AG AH AI AJ

Permeability Vs Seepage Vs Percolation Finite Slopes Vs Infinite Slopes Isobar Vs Isochrones Adhesion Vs Cohesion Mohrs Circle Vs Newmarks Circle Piping Vs Scouring Saturation Line Vs Zero Air Voids Line Sieve Analysis Vs Sedimentation Analysis Quicksand Vs Expansive Soil Shear Strength Vs Bearing Strength ( Capacity ) Thixotropy Vs Sensitivity

Void Ratio Vs Porosity Normally Consolidated Soil Vs Under Consolidated Soil Vs Over Consolidated Soil Aquifer Vs Aquiclude Constant Head Permeability Test Vs Falling Head Permeability Test Active Earth Pressure Vs Passive Earth Pressure Liquid Limit Vs Plastic Limit Vs Shrinkage Limit Initial Settlement Vs Primary Settlement Vs Secondary Settlement Single Drainage Vs Double Drainage Total Stress Vs Pore Pressure Vs Effective Stress Vs Neutral Stress Water Content Vs Degree of Saturation Drained Triaxial Test Vs Undrained Triaxial Test Samples Disturbed Sample Vs Undisturbed Sample Vs Remoulded Sample Virgin Compression Curve Vs Recompression Curve Vs Rebound Curve Soil INDICES Total Settlement Vs Differential Settlement Confined Compression Test Vs Unconfined Compression Test Different Densities Relative Density Vs Specific Gravity

Sa / Si / Di - Same / Similar / Different

A

# 1

Compare and Contrast Characteristic Sa /Si/

Di

COMPACTION and CONSOLIDATION COMPACTION

Compaction reduces the volume of soil by the removing the air entrained / entrapped in between the soil voids by mechanical forces Volume is REDUCED Density Increased Air inside the soil voids is expelled Internal rearrangement of Soil Grains

CONSOLIDATION

Definition

Differ

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Volume
Density/Sp Wt

Expulsion of How Volume Reduces ? Duration Purpose Suitable for Equipment / Method used Void Ratio Saturation Benefits Mechanism

Sa/ Si Sa/ Si Differ Differ Differ Differ Differ Differ Sa/ Si Differ Same Differ

Consolidation is the process of the reducing the volume of the soil by expelling the free water in the soil voids by applying mechanical forces Volume is REDUCED Density Increased Water inside the soil voids is expelled Soil Grains mostly are not rearranged; but they come closer since the water between the grains is expelled Very Quick Process Immediate, Slow and Very Slow To quickly reduce the volume and to increase the soil To quickly and also gradually eliminate the entrapped density soil water and thereby to reduce Settlement Cohesionless soils Sand, & some Cohesive soils Only for Cohesive soils clay Rammer, Hammer, Vibrator, Roller, Flooding, Blasting, Overloading, Surcharge Loading, Preloading , PVD Shaking, Jolting, Pressing, Prefabricated Vertical Drain ( or) PWD P Wick Drain ) Void Ratio decreases Void ratio decreases Soil has to be PARTIALLY Saturated Soil has to be FULLY Saturated Both Compaction and Consolidation improve the Bearing Capacity and the Settlement Characteristics By expulsion, compression & dissolution of pore air in water Simply by the expulsion of pore water

# 1 2 3 4

Compare and Contrast Absorbed Soil Water Vs Characteristic Sa /Si Di Absorbed Soil Water Definition Source / Type Nature Differ Same

Adsorbed Soil Water Adsorbed Soil Water

Remarks

It is the water Usually found in sands

It is the layers of water surrounding the clay crystals Both Adsorbed and Absorbed Soil Water belong to the same category i.e. HELD WATER Can be removed by mechanical efforts like Can be removed by Oven Drying Compressing, loading

See the classification of soil water shown below

SOIL WATER Classification A. GRAVITATIONAL WATER ( Free Water ) A 1 Free Water ( Bulk Water ) A 2 Capillary Water A 1.1 A 1. 2 Free Surface Ground Water Water B. B 1 Structural Water HELD WATER B 2 Adsorbed Water B 2. 1 B 2. 2 Hygroscopic Water Film Water

Some authors classify CAPILLARY WATER as HELD WATER ****************************************************************************** C Compare and Contrast Air Content Vs % Air Voids

# 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Characteristic Definition Symbol Formula Unit Values Range Special value Relationship

Sa /Si Di

Air Content
The ratio of Air Volume to Voids Volume

% Air Voids
% Air Voids - the ratio of Air Volume to Total Soil Volume

Differ Differ Differ Differ Differ --------

ac
ac Va Vv
No unit Usually less than 1 ;; But can be > 1 if soil is very loose and dry

na
Va n = a V
as a %

always less than 1 ( 100 % ) ( Va = 0 )

ac

= 0 when soil is Saturated ( Va = 0 )

na =

na = 0 when soil is Saturated n * ac where n is Porosity

# 1 2

Compare and Contrast Core Cutter Method Characteristic Sa / Si Phenomenon 1 / Di Definition Procedure Same Differ

Vs

Sand Replacement Method

Phenomenon 2

Core Cutter Method

A method for determining Field Density of Soil i.e. In-situ Density ( or ) Bulk Unit Wt. t An almost undisturbed soil sample (CORE ) is extracted from the natural soil ground by driving in a cylindrical core cutter into the soil and then excavating it out. This sample is weighed and water content found from oven . Soil volume = Core Volume Density = Weight / Volume suitable for Cohesive Soils like Clay, sily clay, dense sandy clay, gravel. Very fast and easy

Sand Replacement Cylinder Method

Same as Core Cutter ---- Sand replacement Cylinder is used to determine the field density of soil FULLY DISTURBED SOIL sample is taken by ordinary digging out with a hand tool The disturbed sample is weighed Well sieved RIVER SAND is filled into the excavated hollow space from SAND REPLACEMENT CYLINDER The weight and volume of sand thus filled into the excavation is determined in lab and the volume of soil excavated is determined suitable for cohesionless soils like sand, slightly longer and cumbersome

3 4 5

Suitability Ease Diagram

Differ Differ

Compare and Contrast Feature Defn

Drawdown Curve Vs Top Flow Line ( PHREATIC LINE )

Top Flow Line ( PHREATIC LINE ) It is the top most line of the flow net in soil structures like EARTHERN DAM It is formed when water retained by earthern structures starts seeping across the soil structure under the pressure head developed due to the storage The Top flow line is a two dimensional planar surface The curve is usually parabolic

# 1 2

Drawdown Curve
The parabolic curve formed in the subsoil when the ground water is pumped out and the Natural GWL is lowered. The GWT originally at flat HORIZONTAL level before pumping out. After pumping out starts, the GWT gradually lowers downs and acquires the parabolic shape. The lower most point of the parabola ( i.e) the apex or vertex is at the borewell. The drawdown curve is a 3 dimensional formation and is also called as CONE OF DEPRESSION The DD curve also represents the top most flow line along which the GW flows towards the borewell during pumping out DD curve is formed only during PUMPING OUT

3 4 5 6 Condn
Reason

for the shape

Formed during natural seepage across the earthern dam The Ground Water is not in a sump or tank but it is stored in the soil --- in between the soil solid The actual shape particles --- while pumping out the maximum suction pressure is in the borewell. The borewell being an depends on the excavation, ONLY water and air are present no soil hence water level lowers down the maximum availability of filter the lowest point of the DD curve and other stone Radially away from the borewell the suction effect reduces and the GW level gradually goes up away layers within the from the borewell soil structure

Sketch

Compare and Contrast Feature

IS Light Compaction Test

Sa / Si / Di Same Differ Differ Differ Differ Same Differ Differ Differ Differ Differ Differ Phenomenon 1

Vs

IS Heavy Compaction Test

Phenomenon 2

# 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

IS Light Compaction Test

IS Heavy Compaction Test

Purpose Reference Rammer Weight Drop Height Mould Volume Mould Inner ( Specimen) Height Mould Diameter No. of layers to fill the mould No. of rammer Blows - each layer Total Blows for the entire specimen Suitable for

12 Compactive Energy

13 Compactive Energy per unit vol. Differ **************************** G Compare and Contrast Standard Proctor Compaction Test Vs Modified Proctor Compaction Test # Feature Sa / Si Phenomenon 1 Phenomenon 2 / Di Standard Proctor Compaction Test Modified Proctor Compaction Test 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Purpose Rammer Weight Drop Height Mould Volume Mould Inner ( Specimen) Height Mould Diameter No. of layers to fill the mould No. of rammer Blows - each layer Total Blows for the entire specimen Suitable for Compactive Energy per unit volume Same Differ Differ Differ Both are lab tests to determine the maximum dry density as per the Proctor Test 25 N 45 N 300 mm 450 mm 945 cc 1037 cc 117 mm 127 mm 102 mm 102 mm 3 5 25 25 75 125 Light loaded foundation soil fills Heavily loaded areas like Airport Pavments Ordinary roads 0.605 N-m per cc 2.726 N-m per cc ( 4. 5 times more than Std test )
6

Both are lab tests to determine the maximum dry density as per the Proctor Test IS 2720 Part VII - 1983 IS 2720 Part VIII - 1983 26 N 48.9 N 310 mm 450 mm 1000 cm3 2250 cm3 127.3 mm 127. 3 mm 100 mm 150 mm 3 layers 5 layers 25 blows for EACH LAYER 56 blows for EACH LAYER 75 blows ( = 25 * 3 ) 280 blows ( = 56 * 5 ) for Ordinary building plinth fills, ordinary for heavy loaded areas like AIRPORT roads, etc. PAVEMENTS, etc. 25 * 3 * 26 * 0.310 = 604. 5 N-m for the 56 * 5 * 48.9 * 450 = 6161.4 N-m for the full specimen full specimen 604.5 N m / 1000 cc = 0.604 N-m per cc 6161.4 N-m / 2250 cc = 2.738 N-m per cc

# 1 2 3 4 5 6

Compare and Contrast Phenomenon 1

Permeability Vs Seepage Vs PERCOLATION

Phenomenon 2

Permeability
It is the nature of the soil to allow water to pass through the voids available in between the soil solids Based on DARCYs Law also called as HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY Permeability is due to the presence of VOIDS in the soil and more especially due to the continuity of the voids Measured as COEFFICIENT of PERMEABILITY ( k )

Seepage
It is the phenomenon wherein the water passes through the voids available in the soil

Seepage is the water flow through the soil due to permeability Measured as SEEPAGE VELOCITY v = ki Discharge q = kiA PERCOLATION is almost same as the SEEPAGE PERCOLATION The entry / flow of surface water ( like rain water ) into the inner depths of soil layers by paasing through the soil voids Mostly the flow is VERTICAL DOWNwards SEEPAGE The flow or movement of surface water or ground water through soil voids

ht(MhtM
Tube crosssectional area = A
N)

N htN

M LMN

Arbitrary datum ("zero") for elevation Flow of water governed by Darcys Law

Flow may be ALONG ANY DIRECTION

Compare and Contrast Finite # Phenomenon 1

Slopes Vs Infinite Slopes

Phenomenon 2

Finite Slopes
1 Defn

Infinite Slopes

2 3

Slopes bounded by a top surface of Infinite Slope is that which represents the boundary surface of a semi-infinite soil mass finite slope length or height are said to inclined to the horizontal. Actually no slope is infinite. Hence in practice, any slope if be FINITE Slopes the height or the sloping length o fthe slope is very large, it is treated as INFINITE. The type of failure can be fairly Difficult to predict the type of slope failure accurately predicted Failure types can be Failure Surface is usually PARALLEL to the 1 Toe Failure 2 Base Failure 3 Slip Circle passing below the base slope face 4 Slip circle tangential to the stiff layer below the base 5 Face Failure

Compare and Contrast Phenomenon 1

Isobar Vs Isochrones
Phenomenon 2

Isobar
Isobar is a STRESS CONTOUR i.e a line which connects all points below the ground surface at which the vertical soil pressure is the same. It is spatial curved surface and resembles a BULB in shape. The curve is related to VERTICAL STRESS DISTRIBUTION is soil layers Also called as STRESS BULB or PRESSURE BULB

Isochrones
Isochrones are parabolic curves which represent the variation of HYDROSTATIC EXCESS PRESSURE Vs Depth of soil layer w.r.t. TIME Related to CONSOLIDATION

# 1 2 3

Compare and Contrast Phenomenon 1

Adhesion Vs Cohesion
Phenomenon 2

Adhesion
Defn

Cohesion

In soil mechanics Both Adhesion and Cohesion are properties of clays and such cohesive soils Adhesion is the property by which the clay particles can stick to Cohesion is the property by which the clay particles can the surface of some other material stick to each other between themselves The Adhesion is the major factor in the Supporting Capacity of Cohesion is also called as NO LOAD SHEAR STRENGTH FRICTION Piles driven into clays of clays and also in the LATERAL PRESSURE on RETAINING WALLS UNCONFINED clay specimens derive their strength due to cohesion Adhesion is the intermolecular attraction between 'unlike-molecules' Cohesion is the intermolecular attraction between 'like(usually referred to the attraction or joining of two different objects of fluids to each other). Attraction between Water and Glass, between clay and pile concrete molecules' (usually referred to the strength with which the particles of an object of fluid attract to each other). Attraction between clay and clay

Eg

# 1 2

Compare and Contrast Mohrs Feature Phenomenon 1

Circle Vs Newmarks Circle

Phenomenon 2

Mohrs Circle
Defn

Newmarks Chart ( Circle )

Both are graphical tools to calculate the stresses developed in the soil at different depths due to different forces acting upon the soil Mohrs Circle is based on the principle of PRINCIPAL used to calculate the VERTICAL STRESS at a given depth Stresses and is used to calculate the shear stress or shear of the soil under any shape of the foundation strength A single ( or more ) SEMI CIRCLE or full circle A series of 9 or 10 CONCENTRIC Full Circles

10

Compare and Contrast Defn

# 1

Piping Vs Scouring Piping ( or ) TUNNEL EROSION

Scouring

Type s Whe n

It is a natural formation of pipe shaped hollow channel Scouring is the loss of soil under and surrounding the foundations and under hydraulic structures such as dams, weirs, when the near ground level due to erosion caused when high speed flowing water sub soil is PERVIOUS collides with the structures standing on its way. Since water is stored to a great height, high Hydraulic Gradient is developed The soil is carried away by the flowing water due This causes the water to pierce through the foundation soil thereby removing the to the high positive pressure or due to the soil by erosion. As time passes great amount of foundation soil is lost and the negative pressure whole structute fails. This is called PIPING failure 1 Backward Erosion Piping Failure 1 Contraction Scour 2 Heave Piping Failure 2 Degradation Scour 3 Local Scour PIPING happens when water is stored to considerable Happens near the water top surface in structures like BRIDGE PIERS height when water is NOT STORED but just water passes through the structure

11

# 1 2 3

Compare and Contrast Phenomenon 1

Saturation Line Vs Zero Air Voids Line

Phenomenon 2

Saturation Line

Zero Air Voids Line

Both are ONE and the SAME Saturation Line also called as ZERO AIR VOIDS LINE is related to COMPACTION OF SOILS It is the line representing compacted density levels that can be achieved when the soil is fully saturated OR when the AIR VOIDS are ZERO The line is only a THEORETICAL LINE because in practice, it is not possible to remove all the air from the voids ; with all the maximum compactive effort, heaviest rammer, optimum moisture content, etc. still some air will be remaining inside the voids.

12

# 1 2

Compare and Contrast Sieve Feature Phenomenon 1

Analysis Vs

Sedimentation Analysis
Phenomenon 2

Sieve Analysis

Sedimentation Analysis

3 4 5 6 7 8

Similarity Both the analyses are meant for determining the PARTICLE SIZE DITRIBUTION of the given soil Basic Based on the gravity effect acting on the The soil is dispersed into a solution by chemical reaction. In the suspended Mechanism particles the soil particles fall down state the different sized particles take different times to settle down through through the different sieves and get the liquid column The time taken and the DENSITY at different levels separated as per their sizes of the liquid column are measured and the particle sizes calculated Based on Gravity Effect Stokes Law What is Weight of different sized portions Time taken and different densities at different depths of the liquid suspension measured ? retained in different sieves Suitable for COHESIONLESS Soils COHESIVE Soils Suitable for Soil particles of size > 75 For soil particles less than 75 Instruments Sieves, Weigh Balance, Sieve Shaker Hydrometer, Measuring Jar

13

Compare and Contrast

Quicksand Vs Expansive Soil Expansive Soil

Mostly for clayey soils Any soil exhibiting expansive behavior That is with lot of compressibility Both SETTLEMENT and HEAVING occur to severe extremes Eg MEXICAN Clays

# 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Quicksand
NOTE ::::: Quick sand IS NOT A sand type but it is only a condition for any soil The soil is said to be QUICK or ALIVE or BOILING The soil is under CRITICAL HYDRAULIC Gradient Effective Stress = 0 G 1 ic CRITICAL HYDRAULIC Gradient value of =1 1 e Eg the river beds under the river waters where there are VORTEX flows Quicksand condition causes lot of PIPING erosion and ultimate foundation and structural failure

Expansive soils cause severe settlement or heaving

***************************************** R Compare and Contrast Thixotropy Vs

Sensitivity
Sensitivity
Sensitivity is the ratio between the ORIGINAL STRENGTH of soil ( UNMoulded Strength ) to the REMOULDED Strength

# 1 2 Defn

Thixotropy
Thixis means TOUCH Tropo means TO CHANGE Thixotropy means ANY CHANGE THAT OCCURS by TOUCH After the loss of strength due ot remoulding, Thixotropy property helps the soil to REGAIN some of the strength after sufficient provision of time without disturbance In soil engg soil especially cohesive soils loose their strength when they are REMOULDED This loss is due to change in soil structure and due to disturbance to the water molecules in the Adsorbed layer However when allowed to stand undisturbed after remoulding, the soil REGAINS its strength

( (

) )

4 5 USES

Meas ure

(qu)u Unconfined compressive strength of UNDISTURBED Clay (qu)r Unconfined compressive strength of REMOULDED Clay The strength regaining is mainly due to the RE-orientation of water molecules and # St Soil type the reestablishment of chemical equilibrium 1 < 1.00 Insensitive Useful in DRIVEN Piles While driving the pile, soil is weakened 2 12 Little Sensitive Then after pile is completed and after some time passes by, 3 24 Moderately Sensitive soil regains strength 4 48 Sensitive ????????????????????????? 5 8 16 Extra Sensitive 6 16 Quick
14

Reasons

# 1 2 3 4

Compare and Contrast Sa Si Di Feature Symbol Definition Formula Values range -----

Void Ratio Vs Porosity Void Ratio

Porosity

e
Ratio of Voids Volume to Solids Volume Vv e Vs

n
Ratio of Voids Volume to TOTAL SOIL Volume Vv n V

Differ

e = 1, or e < 1 or e > 1

n <1

n 1

n 1

5 6 7 8

Usage Unit Expression Inter-relationship

Void Ratio can be less than 1, equal to 1 and Porosity always less than 1, since the Numerator Vv greater than 1 since Voids Volume Vv may be lesser or cannot be greater than Total Soil Volume V equal or greater than Vs Compared to Porosity, Void Ratio is used more often; the reason is in void ratio only the numerator Vv changes but the denominator Vs remains constant. But in porosity, both Nr and Dr change No unit No unit as a decimal as a % n e and e n 1 n 1 e

15

Compare and Contrast Normally Consolidated Soil Vs Under Consolidated Soil Vs Over Consolidated Soil

# 1 2

Normally Consolidated Soil

Over Consolidated Soil

Under Consolidated Soil

All these three states of soil indicate the real;tive value of their stresses ( pressures ) w.r.t. the maximum stresses that soil stratum might have experienced during its entire geological history right from its formation or deposition NC soil is that in which the EXISTING effective stress A soil is Over Consolidated if the PRESENT UC soil is that which is not yet is the MAXIMUM to which it has EVER BEEN effective stress in it has been EXCEEDED fully consolidated under the Subjected to in its stress history sometime earlier in its PAST stress history existing overburden pressure

Gelogical Processes leading to OVERconsolidation of clay

NC clays will suffer more settlement

OC clays will suffer lesser settlement for the same overburden pressure
16

Compare Aquifer An aquifer is a wet underground layer of water-bearing permeable Defn rock or unconsolidated materials (gravel, sand, or silt) from which groundwater can be usefully extracted using water well. Type Confined Acquifer Unconfined Acquifer

Aquiclude
An aquitard is a zone within the earth that restricts the flow of groundwater from one aquifer to another. An aquitard can sometimes, if completely impermeable, be called an aquiclude or aquifuge. Aquitards comprise layers of either clay or non-porous rock with low hydraulic conductivity.

aquiclude ( k w -kl d )
An impermeable body of rock or stratum of sediment that acts as a barrier to the flow of groundwater.

17

V Compare and Contrast

Constant Head Permeability Test Vs Falling Head Permeability Test

VARIABLE or Falling Head Permeability Test
for fine grained soils and cohesive soils which have smaller Coefficient of Permeability that is for soils through which seepage is very slow and difficult Supply pressure head maintained to fall down continuously Time taken for the water column to fall down through a given height in the tube OR Amount of height by which the water column falls down in a given time Both are lab tests to determine the Coefficient of Permeability of Soils

# 1 Similarity 2 Defn 3 Suitability 4 Seepage 5 Head 6 Measurement

Constant Head Permeability Test

for coarse grained soils and cohesionless soils which have a larger Coefficient of Permeability that is for soils which allow the seepage easily Supply pressure head maintained constant Time taken to collect a certain CONSTANT QUANTITY of water seeping out of the soil specimen in the PERMEAMETER mould OR Quantity of water collected by allowing the water to seep through the soil in a CONSTANT TIME DURATION khA qL q k L Ah

Discharge q

q kiA

2.30aL *log10 (h1 h2) At

18

Compare and Contrast Defn

# 1 2 3 4 5

Active Earth Pressure Vs Passive Earth Pressure Active Earth Pressure Passive Earth Pressure
The soil exerts pressure upon the structure which holds or retains the soil The soil is ACTIVE The retaining wall is pushed away from the soil Soil is the ACTUATING element The resistance developed by the soil due to the load / pressure acting on the soil by the structure moving towards it The soil is PASSIVE The retaining wall is pushed TOWARDS the soil The retaining wall is the ACTUATING element

19

X Compare and Contrast Shrinkage Limit Vs Plastic Limit Vs Liquid Limit or ATTERBERGs LIMITS

or CONSISTENCY LIMITS
(WL) or LL

Shrinkage Limit

(Ws)

or

SL

Plastic Limit

(WP) or PL

Liquid Limit

1 It is the maximum water content beyond which the soil converts

from SOLID STATE to SEMI -SOLID STATE

It is the maximum water content beyond which the soil converts

from SEMI -SOLID STATE to PLASTIC State

It is the MAXIMUM water content beyond which the soil converts

From PLASTIC to LIQUID STATE

2 The MINIMUM water content at which the soil tends to attain a CONSTANT Volume and Shape

4 5 6 7 8 9

The MINIMUM water content at which the The MINIMUM water content at soil tends to show VISIBLE CRACKS which the soil tends to flow as a liquid during Volume Reduction / during Drying i.e It is the minimum Water Content below which even the minimum Water Content at which soil by drying Soil Volume DOES NOT DECREASE starts Crumbling The MAXIMUM Water Content ( ) at which The at which the soil thread starts The minimum at which two soil wet CRACKING or CRUMBLING lumps join together by applying the soil stops shrinking or the MINIMUM at VIBRATIONS which starts EXPANDING All the three limits are together named as CONSISTENCY LIMITS of SOIL or ATTERBERGs Limits Consistency means a property by which a material manifests RESISTANCE TO FLOW or DEFORMATION or CONSISTENCY is the DEGREE OF FIRMNESS Plastic limit - change of consistency from Liquid limit change of consistency brittle/crumbly to plastic state from plastic to liquid state Medium Stiff SOFT FIRM or HARD All the three Limits are basically WATER CONTENTS or MOISTUTRE CONTENTS

20

Compare and Contrast Initial Consolidation Vs Primary Consolidation Vs Secondary Consolidation

# 1 Defn

Initial Consolidation

Primary Consolidation

Secondary Consolidation

2 3 4

also
Stage

due to

5 6 7

Load support Duration

Significance

All the three types of Settlements are related to the COMPRESSIBILITY or CONSOLIDATION of Soils It is the immediate reduction in soil volume the settlement is due to the expulsion of pore just after the application of the loads on the water after the initial compression i.e due to soil the DISSIPATION of the excess pore pressure ( excess hydrostatic pressure ) Elastic Compression Consolidation Settlement Secondary Compression FIRST SECOND THIRD for partially saturated soils, the Initial due to expulsion of water due to the readjustment of the solid Consolidation is due to EXPULSION of air particles and for Saturated Soils IC is due Compression of Soil Solid Grains External load on the soil is supported by Load is supported by the soil grains since the Load is supported by the soil the PORE WATER pore water starts flowing out grains Immediate / very short time May take from weeks to years or even decades Still slower and longer based on the soil permeability Not so insignificant Very significant ; causes the maximum Very negligible settlement

Compare and Contrast Single Drainage Vs Double Drainage

# 1 2 3 Where No. of faces Drainage Path Length

Single Drainage

Double Drainage

Both are related to the nature of water expulsion from soil stratum during consolidation Water escapes from a soil stratum ONLY through its TOP Water escapes from the sol stratum through BOTH the SURFACE or ONLY through its BOTTOM SURFACE TOP SURFACE and BOTTOM SURFACE Drainage Path Length = H Drainage Path Length = H / 2 Where H is the THICKNESS or DEPTh of the given soil stratum from the pore water escapes The soil stratum whose consolidation settlement is determined These are parameters mainly adopted in the TRIAXIAL SHEAR STRENGTH TEST The soil takes longer time to undergo consolidation due to The soil takes lesser time for consolidation due to shorter longer path path

4 5

Implication

21

AA

# 1 2

Compare and Contrast Total Stress Vs Pore Pressure ( or Neutral Stress ) Vs Effective Stress Vs Feature Total Stress or Pore Pressure or Neutral Stress Effective Stress
GEOSTATIC STRESS

Symbol Defn

u
The pressure due to the pore water in the soil voids

=
The net pressure due to the interaction between the soil and water The difference between the Total Stress and Pore Pressure

Formula

u=

wh

=
The pressure transmitted through grain to grain at the contact points through a soil mass is termed as intergranular or effective pressure. It is known as effective pressure since this pressure is responsible for the decrease in the void ratio or increase in the frictional resistance of a soil h depth at which stress is

Effect

If the pores of a soil mass are filled with water and if a pressure induced into the pore water, tries to separate the grains, this pressure is termed as pore water pressure or neutral stress. The effect of this pressure is to increase the volume or decrease the frictional resistance of the soil mass.

- density or unit weight or specific weight of the sol calculated

3 w - sp weight of water = 9810 N/ m

22

AB # 1 2 3 4 5 6

Compare and Contrast Water Content Feature Water Content Symbol Defn. Formula Main Difference Values Range Spl Condns

Vs

Degree of Saturation Degree of Saturation

Water Content is the ratio of Weight of Water to Weight of Dry Soil ( Weight of Solids ) expressed as % Ww *100 Wd In terms of weight Theoretically can be greater than 100 % But usally less than 100 %

S
Degree of Saturation is the ratio of Volume of Water to the Volume of Voids expressed as % Vw S *100 Vv In terms of the volume Can never exceed 100% Always less than 100% S = 0 for dry soil S = 1 for fully saturated soil 0 < S < 1 for partially saturated soil

= 0 for DRY Soil

7
AE

Relationship

eS

Compare and Contrast Virgin Compression Curve Vs Recompression Curve Vs Rebound Curve All the three curves are related to COMPRESSIBILITY or CONSOLIDATION of soils

Virgin Compression Curve

The curve formed during INITIAL loading

Recompression Curve
It is the curve formed when the soil ALREADY LOADED & UNLOADED is again RELoaded with the same series of load as in the initial cycle

Rebound Curve
It is the curve obtained during the UNLOADING part of the Consolidation experiment

23

Virgin Compression Curve Recompression Curve Rebound Curve

24

AF

Compare and Contrast the various Soil 1 2

INDICES ( Index Properties )

3 4 5 6 7

Density Index or Relative Density ID

Void Ratio and Density e max e ID e max e min e max - void ratio at LOOSEST state e - NATURAL state e min - DENSEST ID is the relative compactness of soil at site w.r.t. MAXIMUM and MINIMUM densities possible .
As pe

Plasticity Index IP PI

Consistency Index IC CI
L L P L IP

Liquidity Index IL LI

Toughness Index IT TI

Flow Index IF FI

Shrinkage Index IS SI

********** Water Content ( Consistency Limits ) **********

IP L P
IC

Formula

Is = p - s
natural water content ( )

is the difference between the Liquid Limit and Plastic Limit

Toughness Index is the ratio of Plasticity Index to Flow Index

Flow Index is the slope of the Liquid Limit Experiment Line

Describes the range of water content over which soil is PLASTIC

is the difference between the Plastic Limit and Shrinkage Limit Describes the range of water content over which soil is SEMISOLID

Defn

25

Density Index

Plasticity Consistency Index Index IP Plasticity

0 1-5 5 10 1020 2040 >40

Liquidity Index
IL = 0 , = PL IL = 1 , = LL IL > 0 , soil is in liquid state IL < 0 , soil is in semi- solid state

Toughness Index

Flow Index

Shrinkage Index

Nonplastic Slight Low Medium High Very high

IC + I L = 1

26

AG

Compare and Contrast TOTAL SETTLEMENT Vs DIFFERENTIAL SETTLEMENT

# 1 Defn

TOTAL SETTLEMENT
The settlement experienced by all the parts of the building to the same extent without differences

DIFFERENTIAL SETTLEMENT
Different parts of tehg subsoil under the building foundation undergo different amounts of settlement making the building to TILT

Eg

PISA Tower

27

AH

Compare and Contrast CONFINED Compression Test Vs UNCONFINED Compression Test

# 1

CONFINED Compression Test

Defn The soil specimen during the compression test is CONFINED ( restrained , restricted , held ) from freely deforming - soil is NOT ALLOWED to deform laterally sidewards Deformation of soil is possible only along the vertical axis TRAIAXIAL test

UNCONFINED Compression Test

The soil is FREE to deform BOTH vertically and laterally There is NO CONFINEMENT

2 3

Eg

UCC test

1>0

and

3>0 3

Soil specimen is placed inside the RUBBER Memvrane which creates the CONFINING PRESSURE Two Principal Stresses

1 > 0 and 3 = 0 NO Rubber Membrane hence NO Confinement

Only One Principal Stress

Applied in TRIAXIAL Test

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AI

# 1

Compare and Contrast RELATIVE DENSITY and SPECIFIC GRAVITY Phenomenon 1 Phenomenon 2

RELATIVE DENSITY (or) DENSITY INDEX

Defn Relative Density or Density Index is the relative measure of the degree of compactness of soil

SPECIFIC GRAVITY
Sp Gr is the ratio between the Weight ( or MASS ) of a given volume of the material to the Weight ( or MASS ) of equal volume of water S or G = S or G = =

( ) _______ (
) e normal void ratio when soil is in natural state
-

Sp Gr of mercury is 13. 6 Sp Gr of water = 1

when soil is the densest state Sp Gr indicates how much a material is heavier or lighter than water

Mea ning

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