Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela

Ministry of Popular Power for Defense

National Experimental Polytechnic University of the
Bolivarian National Armed Force
Portuguese Core - Guanare Headquarters

Architecture
Of
Computer

Lening Segovia

C.I.: 28,106,506

Degree: Systems Engineering.

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 Index:

1. Introduction……………………………………………………………… 3
2. Control Logic Design.................................................. 4

2.1. Control Organization.......................... 4

2.1.1. Control With Wired Components........ 4

2.1.2. Microprogram Control…………………. 4
2.1.3. Control of the Processor Unit.............. 5
2.1.4. Plan Control............................................... 5

2.2. Microprogram Sequencer……………………… 6

3. COMPUTER DESIGN............................ 6
3.1. System Configuration.............................. 6

3.1.1. Computer Instructions.

3.1.2. Time and Control Synchronizer…...... 7
3.1.3. Execution of Instructions.................. 7

3.2. Computer Record Design…………………… 8

3.2.1. Control Design............................ 9
3.2.2. Computer Console................... 9

4. MICROCOMPUTER SYSTEM DESIGN……………….. 9

4.1. Organization of the Microcomputer.......................... 9

4.1.1. Instructions and Addressing Modes. 10

4.1.2. Stack, Subroutines and Interrupts………………. 10

4.2. Organization of Memory...………………………….. 11

4.2.1. I/O Interconnection………………………….. 11
Direct Memory Steel……………………. 12
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6. Bibliography .................................................... 14

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 1. Introduction

Currently, people have electronic devices capable of

perform operations that are truly useful, to carry out
multiple daily tasks, with an abysmal ease, which does not make it very
dependent on these, the operations are carried out through processes
mathematics, which are executed internally through the components
of these machines, and in them, there are many small parts that the
component, which are capable of performing a small task that almost
insignificant but at a great speed, but these pieces are not
"intelligent" and they only perform an action, they need someone to organize them.
in such a way that they can fulfill what is desired that they do,
said component.

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 1. Control Logic Design.

The design logic of a digital system is a process to deduce the

digital circuits that perform data processing and digital circuits
that supply control signals. Currently, assisted systems are used.
by computer to automate this process, despite all the development
of the same and the analysis of the system cannot be automated and require the
mental reasoning of the human designer. For this, algorithms are used.
designed to represent in a sequential and organized manner the
configuration of the logical design of a piece of equipment.

The control logic allows all the records of a digital system to

they can be controlled by means of pulses from a master clock, which are applied
to all the flip-flops and registers of the system. These pulses do not change the
state of a record, unless the record is enabled by the control signal.

1.1 Organization of Control.

Once the control sequence has been established, the design can be made for the
sequential system that configures control operations. Like control
it is a sequential circuit, it can be designed using the logical procedure
sequential. The main objective of control logic design must be the
development of a circuit that configures the desired control sequence of a
logical and direct manner

1.1.1 Control with Wired Components: It is essentially One

organization with wired components by the registration method
sequence and decoder. The sequence register G in this case is a
counter and the time decoder deliver four control states for the
system. A second decoder is used for the operation code
stored in a register. The control logic network block generates all
the control functions for the computer.

1.1.2 Microprogram Control: The control variables that initiate micro-

operations are stored in memory. The control memory is
normally a ROM since the control sequence is permanent and not
needs alteration. The control variables stored in memory are

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read one by one to start the sequence of micro-operations of the system.
A state in the control memory is represented by the address of a
microinstruction. An address for the control memory specifies a
control word within a micro-instruction.

The inspection of the state diagram reveals that the sequence of addresses
the control of the microprogram must have the following qualities:

Provision for loading an external address as a result of

occurrence of the internal signals qa and qs.

Provision for the consecutive sequence of decisions.

Provision to choose between two directions as a function of the values

gifts of a condition variable S and E.

1.1.3 Control of the Processing Unit: The organization of the materials

of a microprogram control unit must have a configuration of
general purpose to adapt to a large number of situations. A
The microprogram control unit must have a control memory.
sufficient to store microinstructions. Provision must be made.
to include all possible control variables in the system and not only
to control the ALU. The multiplexer and the selected bits must include
all the other possible condition bits that need to be checked in the
system. A provision must be made to accept external differentiation
to start many operations instead of just two operations such
like addition and subtraction.

1.1.4 Control of the PLA: The PLA is programmed to supply the outputs of
control and the next state to provide sequences to the record. It is possible
then design a control circuit with a connected register still to the
PLA simply replacing a combined national circuit with the PLA
register operates as a sequence record that determines the state of the
control.

The design of a PLA control requires obtaining the state table of the
The PLA method should be used if the state table contains many

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inputs don't matter, otherwise it is more advantageous to use a ROM instead of
a PLA. The state table essentially provides all the required information
to obtain the table of the PLA program.

1.2 Microprogram Sequencer.

Its purpose is to present an address to the control memory in order to

that a microinstruction can be read and executed. The sequencers
they include an internal register stack within the unit that is used for the
temporary storage of addresses during subroutine requests and
microprogram cycles.

The CD (condition) field selects one of the status bits of the second
Multiplexer, if the variable T is 1, 'true' (test) is equal to 1, otherwise it is set to 0.

The T value along with the two bits of the BR (jump) field go to a logic circuit.
In input. The input logic will determine the type of available operations.
in the unit. Typical operations are: Increase, transfer or jump,
call and return from subroutine, load an external address, save or read it
many, among others.

2 Computer Design.

The design process is carried out through tabulated lists that

summarize (which consists of summarizing the common bits of several networks), the

specifications and operations in compact form. The processor section

is defined by means of the block diagram that consists of registers and
multiplexers.

2.1 System Configuration.

It consists of, by blocks of records, the master clock generator and the
control logic. This configuration is supposed to meet the structure of
final system. In a practical situation, the designer begins a
configuration, which is constantly being modified during the process of
design. The name of each record is written inside a block,
together with the symbolic designation in parentheses.

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The master clock generator is a common clock pulse source, so
a general oscillator, which generates a periodic train of pulses, To these pulses
they are given greater capacity through amplifiers, each pulse must arrive
to each flip-flop and register at the same time.

2.1.1 Computer Instructions.

The number of instructions available in a computer and its efficiency is

to solve the problem at hand is a good indication of how well the
designer prior to the application that was required on the machine. The systems
from medium to large scale computing, they can have hundreds of instructions,
while most small computers limit the list to less than
100, the instructions must be carefully chosen to print the
sufficient characteristics in order to solve a wide range of problems
data processing.

2.1.2 Time and Control Synchronizer

All operations of the computer are synchronized by a generator.

of master time whose clock pulses are applied to all the flip-flops of the
system. In addition, it has a certain number of time variables in the
control unit to give sequences to the operation in the correct order.
Those time variables in the control unit to give sequences to the
operation in the correct order. These time variables are designated as
t0, t1, t2, and t3 pulses occur once every microsecond.

2.1.3 Execution of Instructions

The transfer operations between registers describe concisely.

the process of transferring information within the records of the
computer. Each proposition of the description consists of a function of
control, followed by a comma, followed by one or more micro-operations with
symbolic notation. The control function is a Boolean function whose
variables are the time signals t0 - t3, the decoded operation q0 - q7 and
certain conditions of the condition bits. The micro-operations are
specified in accordance with the symbolic notation defined in the method of
transfer between records.

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Once the start switch is activated, the computer sequence
It follows a basic pattern. An instruction whose address is in the PC is read from
the memory. Its operation part is transferred to register I and the PC is
increment by 1 to prepare it for the following instruction's address. If
the instruction is of the memory reference type, it may be necessary to access
the memory again to read the operand. Thus, the words read from the
memory at register B can be instructions or data. The flip-flop F is used
to distinguish between the two. When F=0, the word read from memory, is
it is interpreted as an instruction and it is said that the computer is in the cycle of
search for the instruction. When F=1, the word read from memory is
take as an operand and it is said that the computer is in the cycle of
execution.

2.2 Computer Register Design

The design of a synchronous digital system follows a prescribed procedure.

Based on the understanding of needs, the system formulates a network of
control and a list of transfer operations between records is obtained
system. Once that list has been derived, the rest of the design is straightforward.
Some facilities use automation techniques for design
computer to translate the transfer proposals between records to a
diagram of circuits composed of circuits integrated.

The control functions list presents the Boolean functions for the
gates in the control logic network. The list of micro-operations provides a
indication of the type of records that should be chosen for the computer.
Although these tables are sufficient to complete the logical design of the
system, it might be advisable to redistribute the information in the tables of a
easier way during the current setup process.

2.2.1 Control Design

The computer's control unit generates the control variables for the
records and minority unit. There are 24 different control variables. It

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three methods were presented for control logic design: control with
wired components, the PLA control, and the microprogram control. The
The computer control unit can be designed using any of
these three methods.

2.2.2 Computer Console

Any computer has a control panel or console with switches and

lamps to allow manual and visual communication between the operator and the
computer. This communication is necessary to initiate the operation of the
computer (bootstrapping) and for maintenance purposes. For
completing lists a set of useful console functions for the
computer even if the necessary circuits to configure are not displayed
these functions.

The lamps indicate to the operator the condition of the computer's registers.
The normal output of a flip-flop connected to an indicator lamp will cause
that the lamp shines when the flip-flop is set to 1 and turns off when the
The flip-flop is erased. The registers whose outputs are to be observed in the
The computer console includes: A, B, PC, MAR, I, E, F, and S. When it is displayed the
the total number of flip-flops is found to be necessary 63 lamps
indicators.

3 DESIGN OF THE MICROCOMPUTER SYSTEM

3.1 Organization of the Microcomputer

A microprocessor is a high-scale integration (LSI) circuit.

composed of many simpler circuits such as: flip-flops, counters,
records, decoders, comparators, among others. All of them in a
same silicon chip, so that the microprocessor can be considered
as a general-purpose and universal logic device. Where it
requires that a system has a control unit and a unit
arithmetic-logic and some registers, where these units are connected it is

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it refers to the organization of the microprocessor, which is composed of ALU,
MAR, MBR, IR, CU, R, ROP, ACC, etc.

3.1.1 Instructions and Addressing Modes.

Way of specifying the location of the data and methods to access them and
their objectives are: Reduce the space occupied in memory by the
instructions, refer the relocation of the code, facilitate the handling of the
data structures.

The data handled by a machine instruction can be located in The

own instruction, where the operand is contained in a field of the own
machine instruction.

In a CPU register, the CPU registers can be used to

temporarily store the data.

In the computer's memory, in this case it will be necessary to specify from

some way the memory address where the operand is located: address
effective (EA, "Effective address") of the operand.

The operands can be located in the following places: Inside the itself
instruction, in the instruction record, in words of extension or
expansion, in visible records for the programmer, in variables located in
memory positions. The operands are not contained in the instruction
directly by:

Space saving, Use of relocatable and reentrant code, There is data

forming more or less complex structures.

The operands can be referenced from the instruction of multiple

forms, giving rise to the modes of addressing.

3.1.2 Stack, Subroutines, and Interrupts.

Stack: The stack is an ordinal or structured list of data, in which the mode of
access to its elements is of LIFO type, which allows to store and retrieve
data. This structure is applied on many occasions in the area of

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computer science due to its simplicity and implicit organization of itself
structure.

Subroutine: It is also called a function, it is a subalgorithm that

is part of the main algorithm, which allows solving a task
specific.

Interruptions: An interruption is an asynchronous signal from the hardware, in

where it is received by the processor, indicating that it must interrupt the course of
current execution and proceed to run the specific code to handle this
situation. It implies the temporary execution of a program, they start to execute
an interrupt service routine, which allows the BIOS.

3.2 Organization of Memory

3.2.1 I/O Interconnection.

Interconnection with abusspecific for processor/memory connection: The

the first one has a specific interconnection bus
processor/memory, so that all information traffic between
Peripherals and memory must necessarily be accessed through the processor.

Interconnection through a structure ofbusunique: Use a single bus of

so that its structure is called unibus. All the units are
they connect to this bus accordingly, whose name is system bus.
Since at a given moment only a single one can be transmitted
information through the bus, only one unit (the processor) can have the
system bus control.

The unibus scheme has the major drawback that, throughout

transfer through the bus, the slowest element is precisely the one that
it imposes the speed of transmission. To reduce the effects between the
differences that arise in the speeds between the processor and the peripherals,
each of them contains an intermediate memory that stores the
information during the transfer. The processor can load the buffer to
high speed, and the peripheral performs its specific task at its own pace as it can

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it is to record, print among others; the information existing in the own
buffer.

Another type of solutions to the differences in speeds is the use of

I/O controllers and direct memory access controllers.

An I/O controller is a processor with a large buffer, specialized

in controlling the data transfer operations between peripherals
connected to it and between these and the processor. These control operations in
principally are tasks of the processor, in such a way that the I/O drivers
they download this one from the same: the processor can continue working with the
memory while the peripherals complete their operations. Nevertheless,
it is always the processor that initializes and hands over control to the controller,
programming it. Once an I/O controller completes the operation
ordered by the processor, sends it an interruption signal
indicating that he is ready to perform another operation.

3.2.2 Direct Memory Access.

Direct memory access allows certain types of components to

onecomputeraccess the system memory to read or write
regardless of thecentral processing unit (CPU) main.
Many systemshardwarethey use DMA, including drivers for
disk units,graphics cards ysound cards. DMA is a
essential feature in all modern computers, as it allows
devices of different speeds communicate without subjecting the CPU to a
bulk upload ofinterruptions.

A DMA transfer mainly consists of copying a block of

memory from one device to another. Instead of the CPU initiating the
transfer, this is carried out by the DMA controller.

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 7. Conclusion

To conclude the topic, it is important to emphasize that each piece

These computing devices have a unique function or functions.
these must be designed in such a way that they meet their objective of
efficiently, the people responsible for designing these equipment
technological, every day they invent new ways to use with greater
efficiency, those teams through innovative ideas that get the most out of it
potential, to each component. Perhaps computers in some future
they are so efficient and their designs so complicated that they have to
repair themselves.

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 8. Bibliography

es.wikipedia.org

www.academia.edu

www.monografias.com

www.blogspot.com

Digital Logic and Computer Design - M. Morris Mano

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