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Python Fundamentals Guide Final

This document serves as a beginner's guide to Python fundamentals, covering variables, data types, control flow, data structures, functions, modules, error handling, input/output, and file handling. It emphasizes the importance of practice and suggests next steps for further learning, such as exploring object-oriented programming and web frameworks. The guide encourages small projects to build confidence in coding.

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Maciej Karoń
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4 views4 pages

Python Fundamentals Guide Final

This document serves as a beginner's guide to Python fundamentals, covering variables, data types, control flow, data structures, functions, modules, error handling, input/output, and file handling. It emphasizes the importance of practice and suggests next steps for further learning, such as exploring object-oriented programming and web frameworks. The guide encourages small projects to build confidence in coding.

Uploaded by

Maciej Karoń
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Python Fundamentals: A Beginners Guide

Variables and Data Types


In Python, you dont need to declare variable types Python figures it out for you.

name = "Alice" # String


age = 30 # Integer
height = 5.6 # Float
is_student = True # Boolean

Common Data Types:


- int: Whole numbers (10)
- float: Decimal numbers (3.14)
- str: Text ("Hello")
- bool: Boolean values (True / False)
- list, tuple, dict, set: Collections

Control Flow
Python uses indentation (usually 4 spaces) to define blocks of code.

if statements:
if age >= 18:
print("Adult")
else:
print("Minor")

for loops:
for i in range(5):
print(i) # 0 to 4

while loops:
count = 0
while count < 3:
print(count)
count += 1

Data Structures
Lists (Ordered, changeable, allow duplicates):
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
fruits.append("orange")

Tuples (Ordered, immutable):


dimensions = (10, 20)

Dictionaries (Key-value pairs):


person = {"name": "Alice", "age": 30}
print(person["name"])

Sets (Unordered, no duplicates):


unique_numbers = {1, 2, 3, 3} # {1, 2, 3}

Functions
Functions allow you to reuse code.

def greet(name):
return f"Hello, {name}!"

print(greet("Bob"))

Modules and Imports


Python has a huge standard library and supports custom modules.

import math
print(math.sqrt(16)) # 4.0

You can also create your own .py files and import them.
Error Handling
Use try...except to catch exceptions:

try:
result = 10 / 0
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("Cannot divide by zero.")

Input and Output


Input from user:
name = input("Enter your name: ")

Output to console:
print("Hello", name)

File Handling
Reading from and writing to files:

# Writing to a file
with open("example.txt", "w") as file:
file.write("Hello, file!")

# Reading from a file


with open("example.txt", "r") as file:
content = file.read()

Next Steps
Once youve mastered the fundamentals, you can explore:
- Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)
- Web frameworks (Flask, Django)
- Data analysis (Pandas, NumPy)
- Automation (Selenium, pyautogui)

Final Tip
Practice consistently. Python is readable and beginner-friendly, but mastering it requires writing
code regularly.
Try small projects like a calculator, a to-do app, or a simple game to build confidence.

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