VELOCIS EDUCATION PYTHON NOTES

"""
Module 2.1: Basic Expression Programs
"""

# Hello World
print("hello world")

# Output:
# hello world
# _____________________________________________________________

print("hello world how are you")

# Output:
# hello world how are you
# _____________________________________________________________

print("hello world")
print("how are you")

# Output:
# hello world
# how are you
# _____________________________________________________________

print("hello world")
print("\nhow are you")

# Output:
# hello world
# how are you
# _____________________________________________________________

print("hello world\t", end="")

print("how are you")

# Output:
# hello world how are you
# _____________________________________________________________

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VELOCIS EDUCATION PYTHON NOTES

"""
Write a program to read one number and display it
"""

n = int(input())
print(n)

# Output (if user enters 5):

#5
#5
# _____________________________________________________________

"""
Write a program to read one number and display it (with messages)
"""

n = int(input("enter a number : "))

print("you have entered :", n)

# Output (if user enters 10):

# Enter a number: 10
# You entered: 10
# _____________________________________________________________

"""
Write a program to add two numbers
"""

n1 = int(input("Enter first number: "))

n2 = int(input("Enter second number: "))
sum = n1 + n2
print("Addition =", sum)

# Output (if user enters 25 and 15):

# Enter first number: 25
# Enter second number: 15
# Addition = 40
# _____________________________________________________________

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VELOCIS EDUCATION PYTHON NOTES
"""
Write a program to multiply two numbers
"""

n1 = int(input("enter first number : "))

n2 = int(input("enter second number : "))
n3 = n1 * n2
print("multiplication =", n3)

# Output (if user enters 10 and 5):

# enter first number : 10
# enter second number : 5
# multiplication = 50
# _____________________________________________________________

"""
Write a program to find area of a rectangle
"""

side1 = int(input("enter one side : "))

side2 = int(input("enter second side : "))
area = side1 * side2
print("area of rectangle =", area)

# Output (if user enters 5 and 8):

# enter one side : 5
# enter second side : 8
# area of rectangle = 40
# _____________________________________________________________

"""
Write a program to find volume of cube
"""

h = int(input("enter height : "))

l = int(input("enter length : "))
b = int(input("enter breadth : "))
v=l*h*b
print("volume of cube =", v)

# Output (if user enters 5, 4, and 3):

# enter height : 5
# enter length : 4

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VELOCIS EDUCATION PYTHON NOTES
# enter breadth : 3
# volume of cube = 60
# _____________________________________________________________

"""
Write a program to find area of triangle
"""

h = float(input("enter height : "))

b = float(input("enter base : "))
a = h * b * 0.5
print("area of triangle =", a)

# Output (if user enters 6 and 8):

# enter height : 6
# enter base : 8
# area of triangle = 24.0
# _____________________________________________________________

"""
Write a program to calculate simple interest
"""

p = float(input("principal amount : "))

r = float(input("rate of interest : "))
n = float(input("number of years : "))
i = (p * r * n) / 100
print("interest =", i)

# Output (if user enters 1000, 5, and 2):

# principal amount : 1000
# rate of interest : 5
# number of years : 2
# interest = 100.0
# _____________________________________________________________

"""
Write a program to compute Fahrenheit from centigrade
"""

c = float(input("Enter Temperature in Centigrade: "))

f = 1.8 * c + 32
print("Temperature in Fahrenheit =", f)

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VELOCIS EDUCATION PYTHON NOTES

# Output (if user enters 25):

# Enter Temperature in Centigrade: 25
# Temperature in Fahrenheit = 77.0
# _____________________________________________________________

"""
Write a program to calculate area of circle
"""

r = float(input("enter radius of circle : "))

pi = 3.14
a = pi * r * r
print("area =", a)

# Output (if user enters 5):

# enter radius of circle : 5
# area = 78.5
# _____________________________________________________________

"""
Module 2.2: Conditional Programs
(if, if-else, if-else if ladder, switch-case, goto)
"""

"""
Write a program to read marks of a student from keyboard whether the
student is pass (if)
"""

m = int(input("enter marks : "))

if m >= 35:
print("pass") # Indented under if
print("bye")

# Output (if user enters 50):

# enter marks : 50
# pass
# bye
# Output (if user enters 30):
# enter marks : 30
# bye
# _____________________________________________________________

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VELOCIS EDUCATION PYTHON NOTES

"""
Write a program to read marks of a student from keyboard whether the
student is pass or fail (if-else)
"""

m = int(input("enter marks : "))

if m >= 35:
print("pass") # Indented under if
else:
print("fail") # Indented under else
print("bye")

# Output (if user enters 50):

# enter marks : 50
# pass
# bye
# Output (if user enters 30):
# enter marks : 30
# fail
# bye
# _____________________________________________________________

"""
Write a program to read three numbers from keyboard and find out
maximum out of these three (nested if-else)
"""

a, b, c = map(int, input("Enter three numbers: ").split())

if a > b:
if a > c:
print(a, "is max") # Indented under inner if
else:
print(c, "is max") # Indented under inner else
elif b > c:
print(b, "is max") # Indented under elif
else:
print(c, "is max") # Indented under else

# Output (if user enters 10, 30, 20):

# Enter three numbers: 10 30 20
# 30 is max
# _____________________________________________________________

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VELOCIS EDUCATION PYTHON NOTES

"""
Write a program to read marks from keyboard and your program should
display equivalent grade according to following table:

Marks Grade
100-80 Distinction
60-79 First class
36-59 Second class
0-39 Fail
"""

m = int(input("Enter marks: "))

if m >= 80 and m <= 100:
print("Distinction") # Indented under if
elif m >= 60 and m < 80:
print("First class") # Indented under elif
elif m >= 35 and m < 60:
print("Second class") # Indented under elif
elif m >= 0 and m < 35:
print("Fail") # Indented under elif
else:
print("Invalid marks") # Indented under else
print("Have a nice day")

# Output (if user enters 85):

# Enter marks: 85
# Distinction
# Have a nice day
# Output (if user enters 50):
# Enter marks: 50
# Second class
# Have a nice day
# _____________________________________________________________

"""
Write a program that reads a number from 1 to 7 and accordingly it
should display MONDAY To SUNDAY (switch-case)
"""

# Python doesn't have switch-case, so we use if-elif-else or dictionary

day = int(input("Enter day number: "))
days = {

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VELOCIS EDUCATION PYTHON NOTES
1: "Monday",
2: "Tuesday",
3: "Wednesday",
4: "Thursday",
5: "Friday",
6: "Saturday",
7: "Sunday"
}
print(days.get(day, "Invalid day number"))
print("Have a nice day")

# Output (if user enters 3):

# Enter day number: 3
# Wednesday
# Have a nice day
# Output (if user enters 8):
# Enter day number: 8
# Invalid day number
# Have a nice day
# _____________________________________________________________

"""
Check whether the given number is positive, negative or zero
"""

n = int(input("Enter any number: "))

if n > 0:
print(n, "is positive") # Indented under if
elif n < 0:
print(n, "is negative") # Indented under elif
else:
print(n, "is zero") # Indented under else

# Output (if user enters 5):

# Enter any number: 5
# 5 is positive
# Output (if user enters -3):
# Enter any number: -3
# -3 is negative
# Output (if user enters 0):
# Enter any number: 0
# 0 is zero
# _____________________________________________________________

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VELOCIS EDUCATION PYTHON NOTES

"""
Write a simple calculator (using if...else if)
"""

num1 = float(input("Enter first number : "))

num2 = float(input("Enter second number : "))
op = input("Operation (+ , - , * , /) : ")
if op == '+':
res = num1 + num2 # Indented under if
elif op == '-':
res = num1 - num2 # Indented under elif
elif op == '*':
res = num1 * num2 # Indented under elif
elif op == '/':
res = num1 / num2 # Indented under elif
else:
print("Invalid choice") # Indented under else
res = None # Indented under else
if res is not None:
print("Result :", res) # Indented under if

# Output (if user enters 10, 5, *):

# Enter first number : 10
# Enter second number : 5
# Operation (+ , - , * , /) : *
# Result : 50.0
# _____________________________________________________________

"""
Write a simple calculator (using switch-case)
"""

# Using dictionary as switch-case alternative

num1 = float(input("Enter first number : "))
num2 = float(input("Enter second number : "))
op = input("Operation (+ , - , * , /) : ")
operations = {
'+': lambda x, y: x + y,
'-': lambda x, y: x - y,
'*': lambda x, y: x * y,
'/': lambda x, y: x / y
}

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VELOCIS EDUCATION PYTHON NOTES
if op in operations:
res = operations[op](num1, num2) # Indented under if
print("Result :", res) # Indented under if
else:
print("Invalid choice . .") # Indented under else

# Output (if user enters 10, 5, *):

# Enter first number : 10
# Enter second number : 5
# Operation (+ , - , * , /) : *
# Result : 50.0
# _____________________________________________________________

"""
Write a program to find out given year, which is leap or not.

A leap year is a year which is evenly divisible by 4, but if it is

evenly divisible by 100 then it is not a leap year,
but if it evenly divisible by 400 then it is a leap year.
"""

year = int(input("Enter a year : "))

if (year % 4 == 0 and year % 100 != 0) or (year % 400 == 0):
print(year, "is a leap year") # Indented under if
else:
print(year, "is not a leap year") # Indented under else

# Output (if user enters 2024):

# Enter a year : 2024
# 2024 is a leap year
# Output (if user enters 1986):
# Enter any year : 1986
# 1986 is not leap year
# _____________________________________________________________

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VELOCIS EDUCATION PYTHON NOTES

"""
Module 2.3: Loops
"""

"""
To read any five number and print the average value
"""

print("Enter five numbers: ", end="")

numbers = list(map(int, input().split()[:5]))
average = sum(numbers) // 5
print("Average =", average)

# Output (if user enters 10 20 30 40 50):

# Enter five numbers: 10 20 30 40 50
# Average = 30
# _____________________________________________________________

"""
Write a program to find out all the numbers divisible by 5 and 7
between 1 to 100
"""

for i in range(1, 101):

if i % 5 == 0 and i % 7 == 0: # Indented under for
print(i) # Indented under if

# Output:
# 35
# 70
# _____________________________________________________________

"""
Find sum of digits of given numbers
"""

num = int(input("Enter a number: "))

sum_digits = 0
while num > 0:
sum_digits += num % 10 # Indented under while
num = num // 10 # Indented under while
print("Sum of digits =", sum_digits)

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VELOCIS EDUCATION PYTHON NOTES

# Output (if user enters 12345):

# Enter a number: 12345
# Sum of digits = 15
# _____________________________________________________________

"""
To Find out the total number of odd digits within the given number and
print the sum of all odd digits
"""

n = int(input("Enter the number: "))

sum_odd = 0
while n > 0:
digit = n % 10 # Indented under while
if digit % 2 != 0: # Indented under while
sum_odd += digit # Indented under if
n = n // 10 # Indented under while
print("Addition of odd digits =", sum_odd)

# Output (if user enters 12345):

# Enter the number: 12345
# Addition of odd digits = 9
# _____________________________________________________________

"""
Reverse a number
"""

num = int(input("Enter a number: "))

rev = 0
while num > 0:
rev = rev * 10 + num % 10 # Indented under while
num = num // 10 # Indented under while
print("Reverse =", rev)

# Output (if user enters 12345):

# Enter a number: 12345
# Reverse = 54321
# _____________________________________________________________

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VELOCIS EDUCATION PYTHON NOTES

"""
Find out sum of first and last digit of a given number
"""

num = int(input("Enter a number: "))

last = num % 10
while num > 9:
num = num // 10 # Indented under while
first = num
sum_fl = first + last
print("Sum of first and last digits:", sum_fl)

# Output (if user enters 12345):

# Enter a number: 12345
# Sum of first and last digits: 6
# _____________________________________________________________

"""
WAP to find out largest digit in an given integer e.g. 1 2 3 4, 5 is
the greatest
"""

num = int(input("Enter a number: "))

max_digit = 0
while num > 0:
digit = num % 10 # Indented under while
if digit > max_digit: # Indented under while
max_digit = digit # Indented under if
num = num // 10 # Indented under while
print("Largest digit =", max_digit)

# Output (if user enters 567231):

# Enter a number: 567231
# Largest digit = 7
# _____________________________________________________________

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VELOCIS EDUCATION PYTHON NOTES

"""
Read five persons height and weight and count the number of persons
having greater than 170 and weight less than 50
"""

count = 0
for i in range(5):
h = float(input("Enter height: ")) # Indented under for
w = float(input("Enter weight: ")) # Indented under for
if h >= 170 and w <= 50: # Indented under for
count += 1 # Indented under if
print("Total persons =", count)

# Sample Output:
# Enter height: 175
# Enter weight: 48
# Enter height: 160
# Enter weight: 55
# Enter height: 172
# Enter weight: 49
# Enter height: 168
# Enter weight: 50
# Enter height: 180
# Enter weight: 45
# Total persons = 3
# _____________________________________________________________

"""
WAP to calculate average and total of 5 students for 3 subjects (Use 2
for loops)
"""

for i in range(1, 6):

print(f"Enter three marks for student #{i}: ", end="") # Indented under for
marks = list(map(int, input().split()[:3])) # Indented under for
average = sum(marks) // 3 # Indented under for
print("Average =", average) # Indented under for

# Sample Output:
# Enter three marks for student #1: 80 85 90
# Average = 85
# _____________________________________________________________

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VELOCIS EDUCATION PYTHON NOTES

"""
Check whether the given number is perfect or not. A number is perfect
if sum of its digits equals multiplication of digits
"""

num = int(input("Enter a number: "))

temp = num
sum_digits = 0
mul_digits = 1
while temp > 0:
digit = temp % 10 # Indented under while
sum_digits += digit # Indented under while
mul_digits *= digit # Indented under while
temp = temp // 10 # Indented under while
if mul_digits == sum_digits: # After while
print("perfect") # Indented under if
else:
print("Not perfect") # Indented under else

# Output (if user enters 123):

# Enter a number: 123
# perfect
# Output (if user enters 356):
# Enter a number: 356
# Not perfect
# _____________________________________________________________

"""
Check for Armstrong number, A number is Armstrong if sum of cube of
every digit is same as the original number.
E.g. 153 = 1^3 + 5^3 + 3^3 = 153
"""

num = int(input("Enter a number: "))

temp = num
sum_cubes = 0
while temp > 0:
digit = temp % 10 # Indented under while
sum_cubes += digit ** 3 # Indented under while
temp = temp // 10 # Indented under while
if sum_cubes == num: # After while
print("Armstrong") # Indented under if

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VELOCIS EDUCATION PYTHON NOTES
else:
print("Not Armstrong") # Indented under else

# Output (if user enters 123):

# Enter a number: 123
# 123 is Not Armstrong
# Output (if user enters 153):
# Enter a number: 153
# 153 is Armstrong
# _____________________________________________________________

"""
Module 2.4: Series
"""

"""
1+2+3+......+n
"""

n = int(input("1+2+3+...+n Enter n: "))

sum_series = sum(range(1, n+1))
print("Sum =", sum_series)

# Output (if user enters 5):

# 1+2+3+...+n Enter n: 5
# Sum = 15
# _____________________________________________________________

"""
2+4+6+......+n
"""

n = int(input("2+4+6+...+n enter n : "))

sum_series = sum(range(2, n+1, 2))
print("sum=", sum_series)

# Output (if user enters 10):

# 2+4+6+ . . . +n enter n : 10
# sum=30
# _____________________________________________________________

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VELOCIS EDUCATION PYTHON NOTES

"""
1+3+5+......+n
"""

n = int(input("1+3+5+...+n enter n : "))

sum_series = sum(range(1, n+1, 2))
print("sum=", sum_series)

# Output (if user enters 7):

# 1+3+5+ . . . +n enter n : 7
# sum=16
# _____________________________________________________________

"""
1^2 + 2^2 + 3^2 + 4^2 ....... +n^2
"""

n = int(input("1^2+2^2+3^2+4^2...+n^2 enter n : "))

sum_series = sum(i*i for i in range(1, n+1))
print("sum=", sum_series)

# Output (if user enters 5):

# 1^2+2^2+3^2+4^2...+n^2 enter n : 5
# sum=55
# _____________________________________________________________

"""
1+4-9+16-25+36...+n^2
"""

n = int(input("enter n : "))
sum_series = 1
sign = 1
for i in range(2, n+1):
sum_series += (i * i) * sign # Indented under for
sign *= -1 # Indented under for
print("sum=", sum_series)

# Output (if user enters 4):

# Enter n : 4
# Sum = 12

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VELOCIS EDUCATION PYTHON NOTES
# _____________________________________________________________

"""
1! + 2! + 3! + 4! + ......n!
"""

n = int(input("enter n : "))
total = 0
fact = 1
for i in range(1, n+1):
fact *= i # Indented under for
total += fact # Indented under for
print("sum=", total)

# Output (if user enters 5):

# enter n : 5
# sum=153
# _____________________________________________________________

"""
Module 2.6: Array
"""

"""
Write a program to print sum of any 10 numbers using list
"""

print("Enter 10 numbers:")
numbers = [int(input()) for _ in range(10)]
print("Sum =", sum(numbers))

# Sample Output:
# Enter 10 numbers:
#1
#2
#3
#4
#5
#6
#7
#8
#9
# 10

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VELOCIS EDUCATION PYTHON NOTES
# Sum = 55
# _____________________________________________________________

"""
Write a program to find maximum element from list
"""

n = int(input("How many elements? "))

print(f"Enter {n} elements:")
elements = [int(input()) for _ in range(n)]
print("Maximum =", max(elements))

# Sample Output:
# How many elements? 5
# Enter 5 elements:
# 12
# 34
# 56
# 78
# 90
# Maximum = 90
# _____________________________________________________________

"""
Write a program to add corresponding elements of two lists and store
them in third list
"""

n = int(input("Enter size of array: "))

print(f"Enter {n} elements of array a:")
a = [int(input()) for _ in range(n)]
print(f"Enter {n} elements of array b:")
b = [int(input()) for _ in range(n)]
c = [a[i] + b[i] for i in range(n)]
print("Third array:")
print(' '.join(map(str, c)))

# Sample Output:
# Enter size of array: 3
# Enter 3 elements of array a:
#1
#2
#3

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VELOCIS EDUCATION PYTHON NOTES
# Enter 3 elements of array b:
#4
#5
#6
# Third array:
#579
# _____________________________________________________________

"""
Write a program to find number of odd and even elements from the list
"""

n = int(input("How many elements? "))

print(f"Enter {n} elements:")
numbers = [int(input()) for _ in range(n)]
even = sum(1 for num in numbers if num % 2 == 0)
odd = n - even
print("Even numbers:", even)
print("Odd numbers:", odd)

# Sample Output:
# How many elements? 5
# Enter 5 elements:
#1
#2
#3
#4
#5
# Even numbers: 2
# Odd numbers: 3
# _____________________________________________________________

"""
Write a program to sort given list in ascending order
"""

n = int(input("How many elements? "))

print(f"Enter {n} elements below:")
numbers = [int(input()) for _ in range(n)]
numbers.sort()
print("Sorted list:")
print(' '.join(map(str, numbers)))

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VELOCIS EDUCATION PYTHON NOTES
# Sample Output:
# How many elements? 5
# Enter 5 elements below:
#3
#1
#4
#2
#5
# Sorted list:
#12345
# _____________________________________________________________

"""
Write a program to sort given list in descending order
"""

n = int(input("How many elements? "))

print(f"Enter {n} elements below:")
numbers = [int(input()) for _ in range(n)]
numbers.sort(reverse=True)
print("Sorted list in descending order:")
for num in numbers:
print(num) # Indented under for

# Sample Output:
# How many elements? 5
# Enter 5 elements below:
#3
#1
#4
#2
#5
# Sorted list in descending order:
#5
#4
#3
#2
#1
# _____________________________________________________________

"""
Bubble Sort
"""

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VELOCIS EDUCATION PYTHON NOTES

numbers = [5, -9, 36, 12, 18]

n = len(numbers)
for i in range(n-1):
swapped = False # Indented under for
for j in range(n-i-1): # Indented under for
if numbers[j] > numbers[j+1]: # Indented under inner for
numbers[j], numbers[j+1] = numbers[j+1], numbers[j] # Indented under if
swapped = True # Indented under if
if not swapped: # Indented under outer for
break # Indented under if
print("Sorted list:")
for num in numbers:
print(num) # Indented under for

# Output:
# Sorted list:
# -9
#5
# 12
# 18
# 36
# _____________________________________________________________

"""
Write a program to add two matrices
"""

print("Enter 3 x 3 matrix A:")

a = [[int(input()) for _ in range(3)] for _ in range(3)]
print("Enter 3 x 3 matrix B:")
b = [[int(input()) for _ in range(3)] for _ in range(3)]
c = [[a[i][j] + b[i][j] for j in range(3)] for i in range(3)]
print("Resultant Matrix C:")
for row in c:
print('\t'.join(map(str, row))) # Indented under for

# Sample Output:
# Enter 3 x 3 matrix A:
#123
#456
#789
# Enter 3 x 3 matrix B:

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VELOCIS EDUCATION PYTHON NOTES
#987
#654
#321
# Resultant Matrix C:
# 10 10 10
# 10 10 10
# 10 10 10
# _____________________________________________________________

"""
Write a program to count number of positive, negative and zero
elements from 3 x 3 matrix
"""

print("Enter 3x3 matrix A:")

matrix = [[int(input()) for _ in range(3)] for _ in range(3)]
pos = sum(1 for row in matrix for num in row if num > 0)
neg = sum(1 for row in matrix for num in row if num < 0)
zero = 9 - pos - neg
print("Positive Numbers:", pos)
print("Negative Numbers:", neg)
print("Zeroes:", zero)

# Sample Output:
# Enter 3x3 matrix A:
#123
# -4 -5 6
#000
# Positive Numbers: 4
# Negative Numbers: 2
# Zeroes: 3
# _____________________________________________________________

"""
Read n x n matrix. Print the original matrix and its transpose
"""

n = int(input("Enter n: "))
print(f"Enter {n} x {n} matrix:")
matrix = [[int(input()) for _ in range(n)] for _ in range(n)]
print("Original matrix:")
for row in matrix:
print('\t'.join(map(str, row))) # Indented under for

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VELOCIS EDUCATION PYTHON NOTES
print("Transpose matrix:")
for i in range(n):
print('\t'.join(str(matrix[j][i]) for j in range(n))) # Indented under for

# Sample Output:
# Enter n: 3
# Enter 3 x 3 matrix:
#123
#456
#789
# Original matrix:
#123
#456
#789
# Transpose matrix:
#147
#258
#369
# _____________________________________________________________
"""
Write a program to check for symmetrical square matrix
"""
n = int(input("Enter n: "))
print(f"Enter {n} x {n} matrix A:")
matrix = [[int(input()) for _ in range(n)] for _ in range(n)]
is_symmetric = all(matrix[i][j] == matrix[j][i] for i in range(n) for j in range(n))
print("Symmetric matrix" if is_symmetric else "Not symmetric matrix")

# Sample Output 1:
# Enter n: 3
# Enter 3 x 3 matrix A:
#123
#245
#356
# Symmetric matrix
# Sample Output 2:
# Enter n : 3
# Enter 3 x 3 matrix A
#123
#234
#456
# Not Symmetric matrix
# _____________________________________________________________

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VELOCIS EDUCATION PYTHON NOTES

"""
Module 2.7: String
"""

"""
String Length
"""

s = input("Enter a string: ")

print("Length:", len(s))

# Sample Output:
# Enter a string: Hello World
# Length: 11
# _____________________________________________________________

"""
WORD COUNT
"""

s = input("Enter a string: ")

words = len(s.split())
print("Total words:", words)

# Sample Output:
# Enter a string: Hello World
# Total words: 2
# _____________________________________________________________

"""
Count vowels
"""

s = input("Enter a string: ")

vowels = sum(1 for char in s.lower() if char in 'aeiou')
print("Total count:", vowels)

# Sample Output:
# Enter a string: Hello World
# Total count: 3
# _____________________________________________________________

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VELOCIS EDUCATION PYTHON NOTES
"""
Read a string through the keyboard, write a program to print character
by character with the ASCII code
"""

s = input("Enter a string: ")

for char in s:
print(f"{char} {ord(char)}") # Indented under for

# Sample Output:
# Enter a string: Hello
# H 72
# e 101
# l 108
# l 108
# o 111
# _____________________________________________________________

"""
Read a program to find out the number of times 'a' is there in the
string that is entered through Keyboard
"""

s = input("Enter a string: ")

count = s.lower().count('a')
print(f"'a' occurs {count} times in the above string.")

# Sample Output:
# Enter a string: an apple a day keeps the doctor away
# 'a' occurs 5 times in the above string.
# _____________________________________________________________

"""
Find Character
"""

s = input("Enter original string: ")

c = input("Enter character to scan: ")
positions = [i+1 for i, char in enumerate(s) if char == c]
if positions:
for pos in positions:
print(f"{c} occurs at position: {pos}") # Indented under if and for
else:

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VELOCIS EDUCATION PYTHON NOTES
print(f"{c} does not occur in {s}") # Indented under else

# Sample Output:
# Enter original string: Hello World
# Enter character to scan: o
# o occurs at position: 5
# o occurs at position: 8
# _____________________________________________________________

"""
Replace Character
"""

s = input("Enter original string: ")

old_char = input("Enter character to replace: ")
new_char = input("Enter new character: ")
new_s = s.replace(old_char, new_char)
print(new_s)

# Sample Output:
# Enter original string: Hello World
# Enter character to replace: o
# Enter new character: x
# Hellx Wxrld
# _____________________________________________________________

"""
Module 2.8: Function
"""

"""
Write a Function to add first n numbers
"""

def addn(m):
return sum(range(1, m+1)) # Indented under def

n = int(input("Enter n: "))
print("Answer =", addn(n))

# Sample Output:
# Enter n: 5
# Answer = 15

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VELOCIS EDUCATION PYTHON NOTES
# _____________________________________________________________

"""
Write a function to sum of odd numbers between 1 to n where n is
entered through keyboard
"""

def oddsum(m):
return sum(range(1, m+1, 2)) # Indented under def

n = int(input("Enter n: "))
print(f"Sum of odd numbers between 1 to {n} = {oddsum(n)}")

# Sample Output:
# Enter n: 10
# Sum of odd numbers between 1 to 10 = 25
# _____________________________________________________________

"""
Write a function program to sum of square of first n numbers, where n
is entered through keyboard
"""

def squaresum(m):
return sum(i*i for i in range(1, m+1)) # Indented under def

n = int(input("Enter n: "))
print(f"Sum of square numbers from 1 to {n} = {squaresum(n)}")

# Sample Output:
# Enter n: 5
# Sum of square numbers from 1 to 5 = 55
# _____________________________________________________________

"""
Write a function program to find out average of first n numbers, where
n is entered through keyboard
"""

def average(m):
return sum(range(1, m+1)) / m # Indented under def

n = int(input("Enter n: "))

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VELOCIS EDUCATION PYTHON NOTES
print(f"Average of numbers from 1 to {n} = {average(n):.6f}")

# Sample Output:
# Enter n: 5
# Average of numbers from 1 to 5 = 3.000000
# _____________________________________________________________

"""
Write a function program to find factors of given number n, where n is
entered through keyboard
"""

def factor(m):
return [i for i in range(2, m) if m % i == 0] # Indented under def

n = int(input("Enter n: "))
print(' '.join(map(str, factor(n))))

# Sample Output:
# Enter n: 12
#2346
# _____________________________________________________________

"""
Write a function program to find out factorial of a given number
"""

def factorial(m):
return 1 if m == 0 else m * factorial(m-1) # Indented under def

n = int(input("Enter a number: "))

print(f"Factorial = {factorial(n)}")

# Sample Output:
# Enter a number: 5
# Factorial = 120
# _____________________________________________________________

"""
Write a function program to interchange values of two variables (Using
pointers - simulated with mutable objects)
"""

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VELOCIS EDUCATION PYTHON NOTES
def interchange(a, b):
return b, a # Indented under def

a = int(input("Enter first number: "))

b = int(input("Enter second number: "))
a, b = interchange(a, b)
print(f"a={a}\tb={b}")

# Sample Output:
# Enter two numbers: 5 10
# a=10 b=5
# _____________________________________________________________

"""
Write a function space(x) that can be used to provide a space of x
positions between two output numbers
"""

def space(x):
print(' ' * x, end='') # Indented under def

print("Line1", end='')
space(10)
print("Line2")

# Sample Output:
# Line1 Line2
# _____________________________________________________________

"""
Write a function to return 1 if the number is prime otherwise return 0
"""

def isprime(m):
if m <= 1:
return 0 # Indented under if
for i in range(2, int(m**0.5)+1):
if m % i == 0:
return 0 # Indented under inner if
return 1 # Indented under def

n = int(input("Enter a number to check: "))

print(f"{n} is {'prime' if isprime(n) else 'not prime'}")

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VELOCIS EDUCATION PYTHON NOTES

# Sample Output 1:
# Enter a number to check: 7
# 7 is prime
# Sample Output 2:
# Enter a number to check: 15
# 15 is not prime
# _____________________________________________________________

"""
Write a function power(x,y)
"""

def power(x, y):

return x ** y # Indented under def

x = float(input("Enter x: "))
y = int(input("Enter y: "))
print(f"{power(x, y):.6f}")

# Sample Output:
# Enter x: 2
# Enter y: 3
# 8.000000
# _____________________________________________________________

"""
Write a function to find out maximum out of three numbers
"""

def maxthree(a, b, c):

return max(a, b, c) # Indented under def

x, y, z = map(int, input("Enter three numbers: ").split())

print(f"Maximum = {maxthree(x, y, z)}")

# Sample Output:
# Enter three numbers: 10 20 15
# Maximum = 20
# _____________________________________________________________

"""
Module 2.9: Structure

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VELOCIS EDUCATION PYTHON NOTES
"""

"""
Initialization of structure (using class in Python)
"""

class Student:
def __init__(self, rollno, name):
self.rollno = rollno # Indented under __init__
self.name = name # Indented under __init__

s = Student(45, "Bhavesh")
print(f"{s.rollno}\t{s.name}")

# Output:
# 45 Bhavesh
# _____________________________________________________________

"""
Initialization of multiple structures
"""

s1 = Student(45, "Bhavesh")
s2 = Student(65, "Chirag")
print(f"{s1.rollno}\t{s1.name}")
print(f"{s2.rollno}\t{s2.name}")

# Output:
# 45 Bhavesh
# 65 Chirag
# _____________________________________________________________

"""
Reading structure elements from keyboard
"""

print("Enter rollno and name for first student: ", end="")

roll1, name1 = int(input()), input()
print("Enter rollno and name for second student: ", end="")
roll2, name2 = int(input()), input()
s1 = Student(roll1, name1)
s2 = Student(roll2, name2)
print(f"Student #1: {s1.rollno}\t{s1.name}")

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VELOCIS EDUCATION PYTHON NOTES
print(f"Student #2: {s2.rollno}\t{s2.name}")

# Sample Output:
# Enter rollno and name for first student: 1 John
# Enter rollno and name for second student: 2 Doe
# Student #1: 1 John
# Student #2: 2 Doe
# _____________________________________________________________

"""
Array of structure
"""

class Student:
def __init__(self, rollno, name):
self.rollno = rollno # Indented under __init__
self.name = name # Indented under __init__

n = int(input("How many students? "))

students = []
for i in range(n):
print(f"Student #{i}: Rollno and name? ", end="")
rollno, name = int(input()), input() # Indented under for
students.append(Student(rollno, name)) # Indented under for

print("You have entered:")

for i, student in enumerate(students):
print(f"Student #{i}: Rollno: {student.rollno} Name: {student.name}") # Indented under for

# Sample Output:
# How many students? 2
# Student #0: Rollno and name? 1 John
# Student #1: Rollno and name? 2 Doe
# You have entered:
# Student #0: Rollno: 1 Name: John
# Student #1: Rollno: 2 Name: Doe
# _____________________________________________________________

"""
Module 2.10: Pointers
"""

"""

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VELOCIS EDUCATION PYTHON NOTES
Pointer simulation in Python (using mutable objects)
"""

# Python doesn't have pointers like C, but we can simulate with mutable objects
def modify_value(x):
x[0] = x[0] * 2 # Modifying list element simulates pointer behavior

value = [5] # Using list as mutable container

print("Before:", value[0])
modify_value(value)
print("After:", value[0])

# Output:
# Before: 5
# After: 10
# _____________________________________________________________

"""
Pointer arithmetic simulation
"""

# Simulating pointer arithmetic with list indices

arr = [10, 20, 30, 40]
index = 0 # Acts like a pointer
print("Current value:", arr[index])
index += 1 # Pointer arithmetic
print("Next value:", arr[index])

# Output:
# Current value: 10
# Next value: 20
# _____________________________________________________________

"""
Function returning multiple values (pointer simulation)
"""

def get_values():
return 10, 20, 30 # Returns tuple (immutable)

a, b, c = get_values() # Multiple assignment simulates pointer behavior

print(f"a={a}, b={b}, c={c}")

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VELOCIS EDUCATION PYTHON NOTES
# Output:
# a=10, b=20, c=30
# _____________________________________________________________

"""
Pass by reference simulation
"""

def modify_list(lst):
lst.append(100) # Modifies original list

numbers = [1, 2, 3]
print("Before:", numbers)
modify_list(numbers)
print("After:", numbers)

# Output:
# Before: [1, 2, 3]
# After: [1, 2, 3, 100]
# _____________________________________________________________

"""
Module 2.11: File Handling
"""

"""
Write to a file
"""

with open("example.txt", "w") as file:

file.write("Hello, World!\n") # Indented under with
file.write("This is a file handling example.\n") # Indented under with

print("Data written to file successfully.")

# Output:
# Data written to file successfully.
# _____________________________________________________________

"""
Read from a file
"""

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VELOCIS EDUCATION PYTHON NOTES
with open("example.txt", "r") as file:
content = file.read() # Indented under with
print("File content:")
print(content)

# Output:
# File content:
# Hello, World!
# This is a file handling example.
# _____________________________________________________________

"""
Append to a file
"""

with open("example.txt", "a") as file:

file.write("Appending new line.\n") # Indented under with

print("Data appended to file successfully.")

# Output:
# Data appended to file successfully.
# _____________________________________________________________

"""
Read file line by line
"""

print("Reading file line by line:")

with open("example.txt", "r") as file:
for line in file: # Indented under with
print(line.strip()) # Indented under for

# Output:
# Reading file line by line:
# Hello, World!
# This is a file handling example.
# Appending new line.
# _____________________________________________________________

"""
File existence check
"""

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VELOCIS EDUCATION PYTHON NOTES

import os

filename = "example.txt"
if os.path.exists(filename):
print(f"{filename} exists") # Indented under if
else:
print(f"{filename} does not exist") # Indented under else

# Output:
# example.txt exists
# _____________________________________________________________

"""
Module 2.12: Exception Handling
"""

"""
Basic try-except block
"""

try:
result = 10 / 0 # Indented under try
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("Cannot divide by zero") # Indented under except

# Output:
# Cannot divide by zero
# _____________________________________________________________

"""
Multiple exceptions
"""

try:
num = int("abc") # Indented under try
except ValueError:
print("Invalid number format") # Indented under except
except Exception as e:
print(f"An error occurred: {e}") # Indented under except

# Output:
# Invalid number format

37
VELOCIS EDUCATION PYTHON NOTES
# _____________________________________________________________

"""
Try-except-else
"""

try:
num = int("123") # Indented under try
except ValueError:
print("Invalid number format") # Indented under except
else:
print(f"Number is: {num}") # Indented under else

# Output:
# Number is: 123
# _____________________________________________________________

"""
Try-except-finally
"""

try:
file = open("nonexistent.txt", "r") # Indented under try
content = file.read() # Indented under try
except FileNotFoundError:
print("File not found") # Indented under except
finally:
print("This always executes") # Indented under finally

# Output:
# File not found
# This always executes
# _____________________________________________________________

"""
Custom exceptions
"""

class CustomError(Exception):
pass # Indented under class

try:
raise CustomError("Something went wrong") # Indented under try

38
VELOCIS EDUCATION PYTHON NOTES
except CustomError as e:
print(f"Custom error: {e}") # Indented under except

# Output:
# Custom error: Something went wrong
# _____________________________________________________________

"""
Module 2.13: Recursion
"""

"""
Factorial using recursion
"""

def factorial(n):
if n == 0 or n == 1: # Indented under def
return 1 # Indented under if
return n * factorial(n-1) # Indented under def

print("Factorial of 5:", factorial(5))

# Output:
# Factorial of 5: 120
# _____________________________________________________________

"""
Fibonacci series using recursion
"""

def fibonacci(n):
if n <= 1: # Indented under def
return n # Indented under if
return fibonacci(n-1) + fibonacci(n-2) # Indented under def

print("Fibonacci sequence:")
for i in range(5): # Indented under for
print(fibonacci(i), end=" ") # Indented under for

# Output:
# Fibonacci sequence:
#01123
# _____________________________________________________________

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VELOCIS EDUCATION PYTHON NOTES

"""
Sum of digits using recursion
"""

def sum_digits(n):
if n == 0: # Indented under def
return 0 # Indented under if
return n % 10 + sum_digits(n // 10) # Indented under def

print("\nSum of digits in 12345:", sum_digits(12345))

# Output:
# Sum of digits in 12345: 15
# _____________________________________________________________

"""
Power calculation using recursion
"""

def power(base, exp):

if exp == 0: # Indented under def
return 1 # Indented under if
return base * power(base, exp-1) # Indented under def

print("2^5 =", power(2, 5))

# Output:
# 2^5 = 32
# _____________________________________________________________

"""
GCD using recursion (Euclidean algorithm)
"""
def gcd(a, b):
if b == 0: # Indented under def
return a # Indented under if
return gcd(b, a % b) # Indented under def

print("GCD of 48 and 18:", gcd(48, 18))

# Output:
# GCD of 48 and 18: 6
# _____________________________________________________________

40