PHOTOGRAMMETRY

INSTRUCTOR: ENGR. SAMANTHA NICOLE N. LACUESTA

 REVIEW TIME!
• Greek
Photogrammetry came from the ___________ word “photos” which
light
means _________, written and “metron”
“gramma” which means __________
meaning measure
________.
• Photogrammetry is also considered as the first Remote Sensing
________________
technology ever developed.
• Topographic maps
Aerial photogrammetry is used to produce ____________________,
Thematic maps
____________________, Digital Terrain Models
and ___________________________.
• The principal application of photogrammetry is
Topographic applications
____________________________.
• Aime Laussedat
__________________________ is the father of photogrammetry.
 Remote Sensing and
Photogrammetry
• Remote Sensing – the science and
art of obtaining information about an
object, area or phenomenon through
the analysis of data acquired by a
device that is not in contact with the
object, area or phenomenon under
investigation.
• Photogrammetry - the science of
obtaining reliable measurements by
means of images for the
determination of the geometric
properties of objects.
 Remote Sensing and
Photogrammetry
• Through Remote Sensing, images can be captured.
• From these images, several layers of information can be obtained.
• But the methods or approaches of processing these images to extract
information are many.
- e.g., image interpretation, image enhancement, classification, etc.

• One approach to extract specific information is Photogrammetry.

- The specific information we want to extract here are the geometric properties (or 3D
information) of objects!
• Photogrammetry cannot work without Remote Sensing.
- Remote sensing provides images in order for Photogrammetry to extract 3D
information
 Remote Sensing and
Photogrammetry
• Photogrammetry cannot work without Remote Sensing
• Remote
sensing provides images in order for
Photogrammetry to extract 3D information
 7 Elements of the Remote Sensing
Process
A. Energy Source or Illumination
B. Radiation and its Interaction
with the Atmosphere
C. The Interaction of the
Radiation with the Target of
Interest
D. Recording of the
Reflected/Emitted Energy by
the Sensor
E. Transmission, Reception and
Processing
F. Interpretation and Analysis
G. Application
 7 Elements of the Remote Sensing
Process
A. Energy Source or Illumination
B. Radiation and its Interaction with the
Atmosphere
C. The Interaction of the Radiation with
the Target of Interest
D. Recording of the Reflected/Emitted
Energy by the Sensor
E. Transmission, Reception and
Processing
F. Interpretation and Analysis
- (Metric and Interpretative Analysis for 3D
Information Extraction)
G. Application
 A. Energy Source or Illumination
• Thefirst requirement for
remote sensing is to have
energy source
- Illuminates or
provides electromagnetic
energy to the target of
interest
• Mainsource of Energy for
Data Acquisition: SUN
 B. Radiation and its Interaction
with the Atmosphere
• As the energy travels from
its source to the target, it
will come in contact
with and interact with
the atmosphere it passes
through.
• Notall energy emitted by
the source goes into the
Earth’s surface
 C. The Interaction of the Radiation
with the Target of Interest
• Once the energy makes
its way to the target
through the
atmosphere, it
interacts with the
target
• Theinteraction is
dependent on the
properties of both the
target and the
radiation.
D. Recording of the Reflected/Emitted
Energy by the Sensor
• Afterthe energy has been
reflected by the target, we
require a sensor (remote -
not in contact with the
target) to collect and record
the reflected
electromagnetic radiation.
• Examples of Sensors for
Aerial photogrammetry: –
Film camera – Digital
camera
 Well- Defined
Areas of
Photogrammetry
 Metric Photogrammetry
• Thismakes precise measurements and
computations on photographs of the size, shape,
and position of objects captured in the photograph.
• Involvesall quantitative work such as
determination of ground positions, distances,
differences in elevations, areas, volumes, various
types of maps and other image and digital products
such as orthophotos and digital elevation models.
Metric Photogrammetry
Interpretative Photogrammetry
• Also known as Photo-Interpretation
• It is all about identifying objects and gathering significant factors from an
image with careful and systematic analysis. Involves the qualitative
analysis of photographs for identifying objects and assessing their
significance.
• Relies on human ability to correlate such photographic elements as:
• Sizes • Textures
• Shapes • Colors
• Patterns • Contrasts and
• Tones • Relative location
Interpretative Photogrammetry
Classification of
Photographs
Terrestrial Photographs
Aerial Photographs
Extra-terrestrial Photographs
Composite Photographs
 Terrestrial Photographs
• Are Ground based camera
• It
deals with photographs taken with cameras located
on the surface of the earth.
(Cameras may be handheld, mounted on tripods, or
suspended from towers or other specially designed
mounts)
Terrestrial Photographs
 Aerial Photographs
• Airborne based camera
• Any photograph taken from the air
• Two (2) types of Aerial Photograph:
- Vertical Photograph
(one that is taken with the camera axis directed toward
the ground “as vertically as possible”)
- Oblique Photograph
(one which has been taken with the camera axis with an
inclination to the ground)
Aerial Photographs
Extra-Terrestrial Photographs
• Space based camera
• Satellites
that have its purpose of capturing Earth observation
and its position.
 Composite Photographs
• Joining multiple photographs
• Made up of two or more photographs which are combined to create
one image.
Aerial Cameras
 Aerial Camera
• Aerialcameras are highly specialized instruments developed
to enable accurate and consistent imagery of the Earth to be
obtained from an aircraft.
• Itprovides an advantage to many industries due to its ability
to capture features that are difficult to visit from the ground.
Aerial Camera
Components of
Aerial Camera
Three (3) Basic Components
of Aerial Camera

1.The Magazine
2.The Camera Body
3.The Lens Cone Assembly
 The Magazine
•A light-tight container which holds the supply
of exposed and unexposed film.
• Film
magazines vary in capacity from 55m
(180ft) to 150m (500ft) of 24cm (9 ½ in) wide
thin base polyester film.
 The Camera Body
•Aone-piece casting which houses the drive
mechanism for the shutter assembly and the
magazine.
• It
provides the force to operate the camera through
each cycle.
• Powerfor the drive mechanism may come from an
electric motor or it may be operated manually.
The Lens Cone Assembly
A.Lens
B.Filter
C.Diaphragm
D.Nodal Points
E.Shutter
 The Lens Cone Assembly
A. Lens
- the most important part of an Aerial Camera.
- its function is to gather light rays for each point on the
terrain and to bring them into focus within the focal plane
behind the lens.
Classified Lens according to Angular Field of View
• Normal Lens – less than 75 degrees
• Wide Angle Lens – 75 to 100 degrees
• Super Wide Lens – more than 100 degrees
The Lens Cone Assembly
B. Filter
- are pieces of colored glass placed in front of
the camera lens to prevent stray and
undesirable lights from entering the camera.
- most common colors used for filters are
yellow, orange, and red.
The Lens Cone Assembly
C. Diaphragm
- the physical opening of the lens system.
- it controls the amount of light striking the
emulsion of the film which is positioned in the
focal plane.

“the large the opening of the diaphragm, the greater

the shutter speed”
 The Lens Cone Assembly
D. Nodal Point
- Front and Rear Nodal Point are the two points positioned
between the lenses elements along the optical axis of the camera.
- also called as “node”
 The Lens Cone Assembly
E. Shutter
- controls the length of time that the light
permitted to pass through the lens.
- most aerial cameras have shutter speeds ranging
from 1/100 to 1/1000 of a second.
F-stop
• The term used to denote the aperture measurements on your camera.

• Aperture controls the amount of light that enters the camera lens and it
measured in f-stop.

• The smaller the f-stop is, the higher the opening of aperture.
 Sample Problem 1
An aerial photographic film is optimally exposed with an f-
stop setting of f-4.0 and a shutter speed of 1/2000 sec.

Determine the correct f-stop setting if the shutter speed is

changed to 1/1000 sec.
a. f-22
b. f-5.6
c. f-32
d. f-11
 Sample Problem 1
An aerial photographic film is optimally exposed with an
f-stop setting of f-4.0 and a shutter speed of 1/2000 sec.
 Sample Problem 1
An aerial photographic film is optimally exposed with an f-stop setting of f-4.0 and a
shutter speed of 1/2000 sec.

Determine the correct f-stop setting if the shutter speed is changed to 1/1000 sec.
a. f-22
b. f-5.6
c. f-32
d. f-11
 Sample Problem 2
An aerial photographic film is optimally exposed with an f-stop
setting of f-4.0 and a shutter speed of 1/2000 sec.
Determine the correct f-stop setting if the shutter speed is
changed to 1/250 sec.
a. f-22
b. f-5.6
c. f-16
d. f-11
 Sample Problem 2
An aerial photographic film is optimally exposed with an
f-stop setting of f-4.0 and a shutter speed of 1/2000 sec.
Determine the correct f-stop setting if the shutter speed
is changed to 1/250 sec.
a. f-22
b. f-5.6
c. f-16
d. f-11
 Sample Problem 3
An aerial photographic film is optimally exposed with an f-stop
setting of f-4.0 and a shutter speed of 1/2000 sec.

Determine the correct f-stop setting if the shutter speed is

changed to 1/125 sec.
a. f-22
b. f-5.6
c. f-16
d. f-11
 Sample Problem 3
An aerial photographic film is optimally exposed with an f-stop
setting of f-4.0 and a shutter speed of 1/2000 sec.

Determine the correct f-stop setting if the shutter speed is

changed to 1/125 sec.
a. f-22
b. f-5.6
c. f-16
d. f-11
Classification of
Aerial Cameras
Classification of Aerial Cameras
 Classification by Type
- Single Lens Camera
- Multi-lens Camera
- Strip Camera
- Panoramic Camera
Classification of Aerial Cameras
 Classification by Angular Field
- Normal Angle Camera (up to 75°)
- Wide Angle Camera (75° to 100°)
- Super Wide Angle Camera (over 100°)
Classification of Aerial Cameras
 Classification by Focal Length
- Short Lens Camera (up to 15 cm)
- Long Lens Camera (15 cm to 30 cm)
Classification of Aerial Cameras
 Classification by Use
- Reconnaissance Camera
- Mapping Camera
- Special Camera
Camera Accessories
  View Finder
• Enables the photographer to have a continuous view
of the terrain below the aircraft and to see the
ground coverage of each photograph.
• It
assures the proper orientation of the camera with
respect to the line of flight.
  Camera Mount
•A device used to attached the camera to the aircraft.
• The mount is the part that joins the camera's body and the
lens.
  Power Supply
• The generator of the aircraft is the source of power supply for
the drive mechanism of the aerial camera and the
intervalometer.
 Vacuum Line
• It
is necessary for film flattening in aerial
cameras.
  Level Vial
• It
is attached to the camera aids in determining if the
optical axis of the camera lens is vertical in spite of
any slight tip and tilt of the aircraft.
  Intervalometer
•A device that operates a control (as for camera shutter) at
regular intervals.
• Thisdevice can automatically trip the shutter at a specified time
and also move the film automatically.

=> If an intervalometer is not employed during photography, the

photographer must either use a stop watch to time the exposure
intervals or follow the ground image as it crosses the lines ruled
on the viewfinder.
  Intervalometer
•A device that operates a control (as for camera shutter) at
regular intervals.
• Thisdevice can automatically trip the shutter at a specified time
and also move the film automatically.

=> If an intervalometer is not employed during photography, the

photographer must either use a stop watch to time the exposure
intervals or follow the ground image as it crosses the lines ruled
on the viewfinder.