UNIT - IV

JAVA AWT

 Java AWT (Abstract Window Toolkit) is an API used to create

Graphical User Interface (GUI) or Windows-based Java
programs.
 Java AWT components are platform-dependent.
 The java.awt package contains AWT API classes

THE AWT CLASS HIERARCHY

Components: AWT provides various components such as buttons,

labels, text fields, checkboxes, etc used for creating GUI elements for
Java Applications.
Containers: AWT provides containers like panels, frames, and
dialogues to organize and group components in the Application.
Layout Managers: Layout Managers are responsible for arranging
data in the containers some of the layout managers are
BorderLayout, FlowLayout, etc.
Event Handling: AWT allows the user to handle the events like
mouse clicks, key presses, etc. using event listeners and adapters.
Graphics and Drawing: It is the feature of AWT that helps to draw
shapes, insert images and write text in the components of a Java
Application.
Types of Containers in Java AWT
There are four types of containers in Java AWT:
1. Window: Window is a top-level container that represents a
graphical window or dialog box. The Window class extends the
Container class, which means it can contain other components, such
as buttons, labels, and text fields.
2. Panel: Panel is a container class in Java. It is a lightweight
container that can be used for grouping other components together
within a window or a frame.
3. Frame: The Frame is the container that contains the title bar and
border and can have menu bars.
4. Dialog: A dialog box is a temporary window an application
creates to retrieve user input.

USER INTERFACE COMPONENTS

1. Labels
 Label is used to display the static text.
 Labels are passive controls that do not support any interaction
with the user.
Constructors to Create Label
 Label( ) - Creates a blank label
 Label(String str) - creates a label that contains the string
specified by str. This string is left-justified
 Label(String str, int how) - creates a label that contains the
string specified by str using the alignment specified by how.
The value of how must be one of these three constants:
Label.LEFT, Label.RIGHT, or Label.CENTER.
Methods of Label Control
 void setText(String str)
 String getText( )
 void setAlignment(int how)
 int getAlignment( )
Example
import java.awt.*;
import java.applet.*;
/*
<applet code="LabelDemo" width=300 height=200>
</applet>
*/
public class LabelDemo extends Applet
{
public void init()
{
Label one = new Label("One");
Label two = new Label("Two");
Label three = new Label("Three");
// add labels to applet window
add(one);
add(two);
add(three);
}
}
2. Buttons
 The most widely used control is the push button.
 A push button is a component that contains a label and that
generates an event when it is pressed.
 Push buttons are objects of type Button.
Constructors for Button Control
Button defines these two constructors:
 Button( )
 Button(String str)
Methods for Button Control
 String getLabel()
 void setLabel(String str)
 void setEnabled(Boolean enable)
  Void addActionListener(ActionListener l)
 void removeActionListener(ActionListener l)
 String getActionCommand()
 void setActionCommand(String Cmd)
Example
import java.awt.*;
import java.applet.*;
/*
<applet code="ButtonDemo" width=250 height=150>
</applet>
*/
public class ButtonDemo extends Applet
{
String msg = "";
Button yes, no, maybe;
public void init()
{
yes = new Button("Yes");
no = new Button("No");
maybe = new Button(“Understand");
add(yes);
add(no);
add(maybe);
}
public void paint(Graphics g)
{
g.drawString(msg, 6, 100);
}
}
3. Check Box
 Control which allows the user to choose more than one option
Constructors for Check Box Control
 Checkbox( )
 Checkbox(String str)
 Checkbox(String str, boolean on)
 Checkbox(String str, boolean on, CheckboxGroup cbGroup)
 Checkbox(String str, CheckboxGroup cbGroup, boolean on)
Methods for Check Box Control
 boolean getState( )
 void setState(boolean on)
 String getLabel( )
 void setLabel(String str)
 void addItemListener(ItemListener l)
 void removeItemListener(ItemListener l)
Example
import java.awt.*;
import java.applet.*;
/*
<applet code="CheckboxDemo" width=250 height=200>
</applet>
*/
public class CheckboxDemo extends Applet
{
String msg = "";
Checkbox Win98, winNT, solaris, mac;
public void init()
{
Win98 = new Checkbox("Windows 98/XP", null, true);
winNT = new Checkbox("Windows NT/2000");
solaris = new Checkbox("Solaris");
mac = new Checkbox("MacOS");
add(Win98);
add(winNT);
add(solaris);
add(mac);
}
public void paint(Graphics g)
{}
}
4. Checkbox Group
 It is possible to create a set of mutually exclusive check boxes
in which one and only one check box in the group can be
checked at any one time.
 These check boxes are often called radio button.
 Check box groups are objects of type CheckboxGroup.
 Only the default constructor is defined, which creates an empty
group.
Methods for Checkbox Group Control
 Checkbox getSelectedCheckbox( )
 void setSelectedCheckbox(Checkbox wh)
Example
import java.awt.*;
import java.applet.*;
/*
<applet code="CBGroup"
width=250 height=200>
</applet>
*/
public class CBGroup extends Applet
{
String msg = "";
Checkbox Win98, winNT,
solaris, mac;
CheckboxGroup cbg;
public void init()
{
cbg = new CheckboxGroup();
Win98 = new Checkbox("Windows 98/XP", cbg, true);
winNT = new Checkbox("Windows NT/2000", cbg, false);
solaris = new Checkbox("Solaris", cbg, false);
mac = new Checkbox("MacOS", cbg, false);
add(Win98); add(winNT);
add(solaris); add(mac);
}
public void paint(Graphics g)
{
msg = "Current selection: ";
msg += cbg.getSelectedCheckbox().getLabel();
g.drawString(msg, 6, 100);
}
}}
5. Choice Control
 The Choice class is used to create a pop-up list of items from
which the user may choose.
 Thus, a Choice control is a form of menu.
  Each item in the list is a string that appears as a left justified
label in the order it is added to the Choice object.
Methods for Choice Control
 void add(String name)
 String getSelectedItem( )
 int getSelectedIndex( )
 int getItemCount( )
 void select(int index)
 void select(String name)
 String getItem(int index)
Example
import java.awt.*;
import java.applet.*;
/*
<applet code="ChoiceDemo" width=300 height=180>
</applet>
*/
public class ChoiceDemo extends Applet
{
Choice os, browser;
String msg = "";
public void init()
{
os = new Choice();
browser = new Choice();
os.add("Windows 98/XP");
os.add("Windows NT/2000");
os.add("Solaris");
os.add("MacOS");
browser.add("Netscape 3.x");
browser.add("Netscape 4.x");
browser.add("Netscape 5.x");
browser.add("Netscape 6.x");
browser.add("Internet Explorer 4.0");
browser.add("Internet Explorer 5.0");
browser.add("Internet Explorer 6.0");
browser.add("Lynx 2.4");
browser.select("Netscape 4.x");
add(os);
add(browser);
}
public void paint(Graphics g)
{
}
}
6. List Control
  The List class provides a compact, multiple-choice, scrolling
selection list.
 Unlike the Choice object, which shows only the single selected
item in the menu, a List object can be constructed to show any
number of choices in the visible Window.
 It can also be created to allow multiple selections.
Constructors for List Control
 List( ) - creates a List control that allows only one item to be
selected at any one time.
 List(int numRows) - the value of numRows specifies the
number of entries in the list that will always be visible.
 List(int numRows, boolean multipleSelect) - if multipleSelect is
true, then the user may select two or more items at a time
Methods for List Control
 void add(String name)
 void add(String name, int index)
 String getSelectedItem( )
 int getSelectedIndex( )
 String[ ] getSelectedItems( )
 int[ ] getSelectedIndexes( )
 int getItemCount( )
 void select(int index)
 String getItem(int index)
7. Scroll Bar
 Scroll bars are used to select continuous values between a
specified minimum and maximum.
 Scroll bars may be oriented horizontally or vertically.
 A scroll bar is actually a composite of several individual parts.
slider box (or thumb) for the scroll bar.
 The slider box can be dragged by the user to a new position,
this action translates into some form of page up and page
down.
Constructors for Scroll Bar
 Scrollbar( ) - creates a vertical scroll bar
 Scrollbar(int style) - Allow us to specify style
Scrollbar.VERTICAL, Scrollbar.HORIZONTAL
 Scrollbar(int style, int iValue, int tSize, int min, int max) - The
initial value of the scroll bar is passed in iValue. The number of
units represented by the height of the thumb is passed in tSize.
The minimum and maximum values for the scroll bar are
specified by min and max.
Methods for Scroll Bar
 void setValues(int iValue, int tSize, int min, int max)
 int getValue( )
 void setValue(int newValue)
 int getMinimum( )
  int getMaximum( )
 void setUnitIncrement(int newIncr)
 void setBlockIncrement(int newIncr)
8. Text Component
 It is used to get the input from user
 There are 2 types of text component
1. Textfield
2. Textarea
1. Textfield
 The TextField class implements a single-line text-entry area,
called an edit control.
 Text fields allow the user to enter strings and to edit the text
using the arrow keys, cut and paste keys, and mouse selections.
 TextField is a subclass of TextComponent.
Constructors for Textfield Control
 TextField( )
 TextField(int numChars)
 TextField(String str)
 TextField(String str, int numChars)
Methods for Textfield Control
 String getText( )
 void setText(String str)
 String getSelectedText( )
  void select(int startIndex, int endIndex)
 boolean isEditable( )
 void setEditable(boolean canEdit)
 void setEchoChar(char ch)
 boolean echoCharIsSet( )
 char getEchoChar( )
2. Textarea
Sometimes a single line of text input is not enough for a given task.
To handle these situations, the AWT includes a simple multiline
editor called TextArea.
Following are the constructors for TextArea:
 TextArea( )
 TextArea(int numLines, int numChars)
 TextArea(String str)
 TextArea(String str, int numLines, int numChars)
 TextArea(String str, int numLines, int numChars, int sBars)
Methods for Textarea Control
 TextArea is a subclass of TextComponent.
 Therefore, it supports the getText( ), setText( ),
getSelectedText( ), select( ), isEditable( ), and setEditable( )
methods as of TextField.
TextArea adds the following methods:
 void append(String str)
  void insert(String str, int index)
 void replaceRange(String str, int startIndex, int endIndex)
Layout Managers
 Layout means arranging the components within the container.
 The task of lay outing can be done automatically by the Layout
manager.
 The layout manager is set by the setLayout( ) method.
 If no call to setLayout( ) is made, then the default layout
manager is used. Whenever a container is resized (or sized for
the first time), the layout manager is used to position each of
the components within it.
 The setLayout( ) method has the following general form:
 void setLayout(LayoutManager layoutObj)
 Here, layoutObj is a reference to the desired layout manager.
 If we wish to disable the layout manager and position
components manually, pass null for layoutObj.
 There are following classes that represents the layout
managers:
1. FlowLayout
2. BorderLayout
3. GridLayout
4. CardLayout
5. GridBagLayout
1. Flow Layout
 FlowLayout is the default layout manager.
 FlowLayout implements a simple layout style, which is similar
to how words flow in a text editor.
 Components are laid out from the upper-left corner, left to
right and top to bottom.
 When no more components fit on a line, the next one appears
on the next line.
 A small space is left between each component, above and
below, as well as left and right.
Constructors for FlowLayout
 FlowLayout( ) - centers components and leaves five pixels of
space between each component.
 FlowLayout(int how) - lets us specify how each line is aligned.
Valid values for how are as follows:
1. FlowLayout.LEFT
2. FlowLayout.CENTER
3. FlowLayout.RIGHT
 FlowLayout(int how, int horz, int vert) - allows us to specify
the horizontal and vertical space left between components
Example
public class FlowLayoutDemo extends Applet
{
Checkbox Win98, winNT, solaris, mac;
public void init()
{
Win98 = new Checkbox("Windows 98/XP", null, true);
winNT = new Checkbox("Windows NT/2000");
solaris = new Checkbox("Solaris");
mac = new Checkbox("MacOS");
setLayout(new FlowLayout(FlowLayout.CE
add(Win98); add(winNT);add(solaris);add(mac);
}}
2. Border Layout
 The BorderLayout class implements a common layout style for
top-level windows.
 It has four narrow, fixed-width components at the edges and
one large area in the center.
 The four sides are referred to as
1. north,
2. south,
3. east, and
4. west.
 The middle area is called the center.
 BorderLayout defines the following constants that specify the
regions:
1. BorderLayout.CENTER
2. BorderLayout.SOUTH
3. BorderLayout.EAST
4. BorderLayout.WEST
5. BorderLayout.NORTH
 To add components, we use these constants with the following
form of add( ), which is defined by Container:
void add(Component compObj, Object region);
 Here, compObj is the component to be added, and region
specifies where the component will be added.
Constructors for Border Layout
 BorderLayout( ) - creates a default border layout
 BorderLayout(int horz, int vert) - allows us to specify the
horizontal and vertical space left between components in horz
and vert, respectively
Example
public class BorderLayoutDemo extends Applet {
public void init() {
setLayout(new BorderLayout());
add(new Button("This is across the top."), BorderLayout.NORTH);
add(new Label("The footer message."), BorderLayout.SOUTH);
add(new Button("Right"), BorderLayout.EAST);
add(new Button("Left"), BorderLayout.WEST);
String msg = "The reasonable man adapts himself to the world;\n" +
"the unreasonable one persists in trying to adapt the world to
himself.\n"
+
"Therefore all progress depends on the unreasonable man.\n\n" + "
-
George Bernard Shaw\n\n";
add(new TextArea(msg), BorderLayout.CENTER);
}
}
3. Grid Layout
 GridLayout lays out components in a two-dimensional grid.
 When we instantiate a GridLayout, we define the number of
rows and columns.
Constructors for Grid Layout
 GridLayout( ) - creates a single-column grid layout
 GridLayout(int numRows, int numColumns ) - creates a grid
layout with specified number of rows and columns
 GridLayout(int numRows, int numColumns, int horz, int vert)
Example
public class GridLayoutDemo extends Applet {
static final int n = 4;
public void init(){
setLayout(new GridLayout(n, n));
setFont(new Font("SansSerif", Font.BOLD, 24));
for(int i = 0; i < n; i++){
for(int j = 0; j < n; j++){
int k = i * n + j;
if(k > 0)
add(new Button("" + k));
} }}}
4. Card Layout
 The CardLayout class is unique among the other layout
managers in that it stores several different layouts.
 Each layout can be thought of as being on a separate index card
in a deck that can be shuffled so that any card is on top at a
given time.
 This can be useful for user interfaces with optional
components that can be dynamically enabled and disabled
upon user input.
 We can prepare the other layouts and have them hidden, ready
to be activated when needed
Constructors for Card Layout
CardLayout provides these two constructors:
 CardLayout( ) - creates a default card layout
  CardLayout(int horz, int vert) - allows us to specify the
horizontal and vertical space left between components
Methods
 void add(Component panelObj, Object name);
 Here name is a string that specifies the name of the card whose
panel is specified by panelObj. After we have created a deck,
our program activates a card by calling one of the following
methods:
1. void first(Container deck)
2. void last(Container deck)
3. void next(Container deck)
4. void previous(Container deck)
5. void show(Container deck, String cardName)
 deck is a reference to the container (usually a panel) that holds
the cards, and cardName is the name of a card.
Example
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
public class CardLayoutExample extends Frame implements
ActionListener{
CardLayout card;
Button b1,b2,b3;
CardLayoutExample(){
card=new CardLayout(40,30);
setLayout(card);
b1=new Button("Apple");
b2=new Button("Boy");
b3=new Button("Cat");
b1.addActionListener(this);
b2.addActionListener(this);
b3.addActionListener(this);
add(b1,”card1”); add(b2,”card2”); add(b3,”card3”); }
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
card.next(this);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
CardLayoutExample cl=new CardLayoutExample();
cl.setSize(400,400);
cl.setVisible(true);
}}
5. GridBag Layout
 Each GridBagLayout object maintains a dynamic rectangular
grid of cells, with each component occupying one or more cells,
called its display area.
  Each component managed by a grid bag layout is associated
with an instance of GridBagConstraints that specifies how the
component is laid out within its display area
 For customize a GridBagConstraints object by setting one or
more of its instance variables:
 gridx, gridy: Specifies the cell at the upper left of the
component's display area, where the upper-left-most cell has
address gridx = 0, gridy = 0.
 gridwidth, gridheight: Specifies the number of cells in a row
(for gridwidth) or column (for gridheight) in the component's
display area. The default value is 1.
 fill: Used when the component's display area is larger than the
component's requested size to determine whether (and how)
to resize the component.
Example
import java.awt.*;
import java.util.*;
import java.applet.Applet;
public class GridBagEx1 extends Applet {
protected void makebutton(String name,
GridBagLayout gridbag,
GridBagConstraints c) {
Button button = new Button(name);
gridbag.setConstraints(button, c);
add(button);
}
public void init() {
GridBagLayout gridbag = new GridBagLayout();
GridBagConstraints c = new GridBagConstraints();
setLayout(gridbag);
c.fill = GridBagConstraints.BOTH;
c.weightx = 1.0;
makebutton("Button1", gridbag, c);
makebutton("Button2", gridbag, c);
makebutton("Button3", gridbag, c);
c.gridwidth = GridBagConstraints.REMAINDER; //end row
makebutton("Button4", gridbag, c);
c.weightx = 0.0;
//reset to the default
makebutton("Button5", gridbag, c); //another row
}
public static void main(String args[]) {
Frame f = new Frame("GridBag Layout Example");
GridBagEx1 ex1 = new GridBagEx1();
ex1.init(); f.add("Center", ex1); f.pack();
f.resize(f.preferredSize());
f.show(); } }
Working with Color
 Color is encapsulated by the Color class.
 Color defines several constants to specify a number of common
colors.
 We can create our own colors, using one of the Color
constructors.
 Color( int red, int green, int blue)
 Color( int rgbValue)
 Color( float red, float green, float blue)
 these values must be between 0 and 255.
 eg. new Color(255, 100, 100); //light red
Color Methods
Using Hue, Saturation and Brightness
 The Hue-Saturation-Brightness(HSB) color model is an
alternative to Red-Green Blue(RGB) for specifying particular
colors.
Hue
 is a wheel of Color
 specified with a number between 0.0 and 1.0
 colors approximately red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo
and violet.
Saturation
  scale ranging from 0.0 to 1.0 representing light pastels to
intense hues.
Brightness
 range from 0.0 to 1.0 where 1 is bright white and 0 is black.
 Color supplies two methods to convert between RGB and HSB
o static int HSBtoRGB(float hue, float saturation, float brightness)
o static float[ ] RGBtoHSB(int red, int green, int blue, float values[ ])
 RGBtoHSB( ) returns a float array of HSB values corresponding
to RGB integers
o the array contains the hue at index 0, saturation at index 1, and
brightness at index 2.
Setting the current Graphics Color
 void setColor(Color newColor)
o newColor -> specifies the new drawing color
 Color getColor( )
o to obtain the current color
Working with Fonts
 The AWT supports multiple type fonts.
 Fonts have a family name, a logical font name and a face name.
 family name -> general name of font. Eg. Courier
 logical name -> category of font. Eg. Monospaced
 face name -> specific font. Eg. Courier Italic
 Fonts are encapsulated by the Font class.
  Methods (refer book)
 The Font class defines these variables
 String name – name of the font
 float pointSize – size of the font in points
 int size – size of the font in points
 int style – font style
Determining the Available Fonts
 String[ ] getAvailableFontFamilyNames( )
 Font[ ] getAllFonts( )
Creating and Selecting a Font
 Font constructor
 Font(String fontName, int fontStyle, int pointSize)
 fontName
 name of the desired font
 Dialog, DialogInput, SansSerif, Serif and Monospaced
supported by all Javaenvironments
 default -> Dialog
 fontStyle
 style of the font
 3 constants (Font.PLAIN, Font.BOLD, Font.ITALIC)
 can be ORed together
 eg. Font.BOLD | Font.ITALIC
 pointSize -> size of the font in points
Obtaining Font Information
 Font getFont( )
To obtain information about the currently selected font.
defined by the Graphics class