Java Notes (Beginner to Intermediate)

1. Introduction to Java

 Java is a high-level, object-oriented, class-based, and platform-independent programming

 Developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems in 1995.

 Now maintained by Oracle Corporation.

2. Features of Java

Feature Description

Simple Easy to learn, clean syntax like C/C++

Object-Oriented Everything in Java is treated as an object

Platform Independent Code written once can run on any system using the JVM

Secure Provides runtime checking, no pointer access

Robust Strong memory management and exception handling

Multithreaded Supports multiple threads of execution

Portable Java bytecode runs on any machine

High Performance Just-In-Time (JIT) compiler improves speed

3. Java Program Structure

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public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

System.out.println("Hello, World!");

Part Description

public class Main Declares a class named Main

public static void main Entry point of Java application

String[] args Command-line arguments

System.out.println() Prints output to console

4. Java Compilation and Execution

Step Command

Compile javac FileName.java

Run java ClassName

5. Java Data Types

Primitive Data Types

Type Size Description

byte 1 byte Whole numbers (−128 to 127)

short 2 bytes Whole numbers (−32K to 32K)

int 4 bytes Whole numbers (default type)

long 8 bytes Large whole numbers

float 4 bytes Decimal numbers

double 8 bytes Double-precision decimal

char 2 bytes Single character

boolean 1 bit true or false

6. Java Operators

Type Examples

Arithmetic +, -, *, /, %

Relational ==, !=, >, <, >=, <=

Logical &&, `

Assignment =, +=, -=, etc.

Increment/Decrement ++, --

7. Control Statements
Conditional Statements

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if (condition) {

// code

} else {

// code

Switch Statement

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switch (value) {

case 1:

// code

break;

default:

// code

Looping Statements

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for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {

// code

while (condition) {

// code

do {

// code
} while (condition);

8. Java Classes and Objects

Class Definition

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class Car {

int speed = 100;

Object Creation

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Car myCar = new Car();

System.out.println(myCar.speed);

9. Constructors

 A constructor is a special method used to initialize objects.

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class Car {

Car() {

System.out.println("Constructor called");

10. Inheritance

 Java supports single inheritance using the extends keyword.

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class Animal {

void sound() { System.out.println("Animal sound"); }

class Dog extends Animal {

void bark() { System.out.println("Bark"); }

11. Method Overloading and Overriding

 Overloading: Same method name, different parameters.

 Overriding: Same method in parent and child class.

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class A {

void show(int x) { }

void show(int x, int y) { } // Overloaded

class B extends A {

void show(int x) { } // Overridden

12. Access Modifiers

Modifier Scope

public Accessible everywhere

private Accessible only within the class

protected Accessible within the package and subclasses

default Accessible only within the same package

13. Interfaces and Abstract Classes

Interface

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interface Animal {

void sound();

Abstract Class

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abstract class Shape {

abstract void draw();

14. Exception Handling

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try {

// risky code

} catch (Exception e) {

System.out.println("Error: " + e);

} finally {

// always executed

15. Java Packages

 A package is a namespace that organizes classes and interfaces.

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package mypack;

public class MyClass {

// code

To use:
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import mypack.MyClass;

16. Java Input and Output

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import java.util.Scanner;

Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);

int num = sc.nextInt();

17. Java Arrays

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int[] arr = {1, 2, 3, 4};

System.out.println(arr[0]);

18. Java Strings

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String s = "Hello";

System.out.println(s.length());

System.out.println(s.charAt(0));

System.out.println(s.toUpperCase());

19. Java Object-Oriented Principles

Principle Description

Encapsulation Wrapping data using classes and access control

Inheritance Reuse of existing class using extends

Polymorphism One interface, multiple implementations

Abstraction Hiding implementation details

20. Java Memory Management

 Managed by Garbage Collector (GC)

 Java automatically deallocates unused objects.

21. Java Virtual Machine (JVM)

 JVM is a virtual machine that runs Java bytecode.

 It provides platform independence and runtime security.