Explain MAC addressing, framing stop and wait according to computer network as per university exam ChatGPT said: ChatGPT Certainly! Let's delve into the concepts of MAC Addressing, Framing, and the Stop- and-Wait Protocol in computer networks, tailored for university-level understanding. 1. MAC Addressing A MAC (Media Access Control) address is a unique identifier assigned to a network interface controller (NIC) for communications at the data link layer of a network segment.Key Characteristics: e Format: A MAC address is typically 48 bits (6 bytes) in length, represented as 12 hexadecimal digits. It's commonly displayed in one of the following formats: 00:1A:2B:3C:4D:5E or 00-1A-2B-3C-4D-5E. e Uniqueness: Each MAC address is intended to be globally unique. The first 24 bits (known as the Organizationally Unique Identifier or OUI) identify the manufacturer, while the remaining 24 bits are assigned uniquely by the manufacturer. e Function: MAC addresses operate at the Data Link Layer (Layer 2) of the OS! model. They are essential for local network communication, ensuring thatdata frames are delivered to the correct hardware device within the same network segment. Types of MAC Addresses: e Unicast: Identifies a single unique network interface. Frames destined for a unicast MAC address are intended for one specific device. e Multicast: Identifies a group of devices. Frames sent to a multicast address are processed by all devices that are members of that multicast group. e Broadcast: A special address (FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF) that targets all devices within a network segment. Frames sent to the broadcast address are received and processed by alldevices on the local network. 2. Framing Framing is a function of the Data Link Layer where network layer packets are encapsulated into frames. This encapsulation includes adding headers and trailers that are necessary for proper data transmission and error checking. Structure of a Frame: e Header: Contains control information such as source and destination MAC addresses, frame type, and quality of service indicators. e Payload: The actual data being transmitted, which can vary in size depending on the network protocol andthe maximum transmission unit (MTU) of the network. e Trailer: Often includes error detection information, such as a Frame Check Sequence (FCS) or Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC), which helps in identifying any errors that may have occurred during transmission. Purpose of Framing: e Synchronization: Ensures that the sender and receiver are aligned in terms of data transmission, allowing the receiver to identify the beginning and end of each frame. e Error Detection: Provides mechanisms to detect errors in transmitted frames, ensuring data integrity.e Flow Control: Manages the rate of data transmission between sender and receiver to prevent overwhelming the receiver. 3. Stop-and-Wait Protocol The Stop-and-Wait protocol is a fundamental method used in data link layer communication to ensure reliable data transfer between two devices. How It Works: e Data Transmission: The sender transmits a single frame to the receiver. e Waiting for Acknowledgment: After sending the frame, the sender waits for an acknowledgment (ACK) from thereceiver, indicating that the frame was received successfully. e Acknowledgment Receipt: Upon receiving the ACK, the sender proceeds to send the next frame. e Timeout and Retransmission: If the sender does not receive an ACK within a specified timeout period, it assumes that the frame was lost or corrupted and retransmits the same frame. Advantages: e Simplicity: The protocol is straightforward to implement due to its simple logic. e Reliability: Ensures that each frame is acknowledged before sending the next,providing a reliable transmission method. Disadvantages: e Inefficiency: Only one frame can be in transit at any given time, leading to potential underutilization of network resources, especially in high-latency or high-bandwidth networks. e Idle Time: The sender remains idle while waiting for an acknowledgment, which can reduce overall data throughput. Applications: The Stop-and-Wait protocol is suitable for simple and low-speed communication scenarios where data integrity is morecritical than efficiency. However, for high- speed networks, more advanced protocols like Sliding Window are preferred to improve efficiency and throughput. For a more in-depth understanding and practical examples of the Stop-and-Wait ARQ Protocol, you might find the following video helpful: This video provides detailed explanations and examples that can enhance your grasp of the protocol's operation and its applications in computer networks. Sources 4o window.__oai_logHTML? window.__oai_logHTML():window.__oai_SSR_HTML=window.__oai_SSR_HTML|| Date.now();requestAnimationFrame((functi on(){window.__oai_logTTI? window.__oai_logTTI():window.__oai_SSR_ TTl=window.__oai_SSR_TTI||Date.now()})) Search ChatGPT can make mistakes. Chec Sender Receiver | | |--- Frame 1 ----------------—>| | | |< ACK 1 -—-------- | | | |--- Frame 2 ------------------->|e The sender transmits "Frame 1" and waits for "ACK 1" before sending "Frame 2". e This process ensures that each frame is acknowledged before the next one is sent, providing reliable data transfer. For a more in-depth understanding and practical examples of the Stop-and-Wait ARQ Protocol, you might find the following video helpful: Stop and Wait ARQ Protocol Examples in Computer Network This video provides detailed explanations and examples that can enhance your grasp of the protocol's operation and its applications in computer networks