Python Data Structures - Complete Functions & Methods Guide

1. String Methods

string.replace(old, new, count) # Replace occurrences of a substring

string.split(separator, maxsplit) # Split string into a list

string.rsplit(separator, maxsplit) # Split from right

string.lstrip(chars) # Remove leading spaces or specified chars

string.rstrip(chars) # Remove trailing spaces or specified chars

string.strip(chars) # Remove leading/trailing spaces or chars

string.find(substring, start, end) # Find position of substring (-1 if not found)

string.rfind(substring, start, end) # Find last occurrence of substring

string.index(substring, start, end) # Find index of substring, error if not found

string.rindex(substring, start, end) # Find last index of substring, error if not found

string.count(substring) # Count occurrences of substring

string.capitalize() # Capitalize first letter

string.title() # Convert to title case

string.upper() # Convert to uppercase

string.lower() # Convert to lowercase

string.swapcase() # Swap uppercase/lowercase

string.startswith(prefix) # Check if string starts with prefix

string.endswith(suffix) # Check if string ends with suffix

string.isalpha() # Check if all characters are alphabetic

string.isdigit() # Check if all characters are digits

string.isnumeric() # Check if all characters are numeric

string.isspace() # Check if all characters are whitespace

string.islower() # Check if all characters are lowercase

string.isupper() # Check if all characters are uppercase

string.istitle() # Check if string is title-cased

string.zfill(width) # Pad with leading zeros

string.center(width, fillchar) # Center string with padding

string.ljust(width, fillchar) # Left justify with padding

string.rjust(width, fillchar) # Right justify with padding

string.expandtabs(tabsize) # Expand tabs into spaces

string.splitlines(keepends) # Split string into lines

string.join(iterable) # Join elements of iterable with string

string.format(*args, **kwargs) # Format string

2. List Methods

list.append(element) # Add element at end

list.extend(iterable) # Extend list with another iterable

list.insert(index, element) # Insert element at index

list.pop(index) # Remove and return element at index

list.clear() # Remove all elements

list.index(element, start, end) # Get index of first occurrence

list.count(element) # Count occurrences of element

list.sort(reverse=False, key=None) # Sort list in ascending/descending order

list.reverse() # Reverse the list

list.copy() # Return a shallow copy of the list

list.max() # Return the maximum value in the list

list.min() # Return the minimum value in the list

list.sum() # Return the sum of all elements in the list

3. Tuple Methods

tuple.count(element) # Count occurrences of element

tuple.index(element, start, end) # Find index of element

tuple.__len__() # Get length of tuple

tuple.__getitem__(index) # Get element at index

tuple.max() # Return the maximum value in the tuple

tuple.min() # Return the minimum value in the tuple

tuple.sum() # Return the sum of all elements in the tuple

4. Set Methods
set.add(element) # Add element to set

set.update(iterable) # Add multiple elements

set.remove(element) # Remove element (raises error if not found)

set.discard(element) # Remove element (no error if not found)

set.pop() # Remove and return an arbitrary element

set.clear() # Remove all elements

set.union(set2) # Return union of sets

set.intersection(set2) # Return intersection of sets

set.difference(set2) # Return difference of sets

set.symmetric_difference(set2) # Return symmetric difference

set.issubset(set2) # Check if subset

set.issuperset(set2) # Check if superset

set.copy() # Return a copy of the set

set.any() # Check if any element is True

set.all() # Check if all elements are True

5. Frozenset Methods (Immutable Set)

frozenset.union(set2) # Return union of sets

frozenset.intersection(set2) # Return intersection of sets

frozenset.difference(set2) # Return difference of sets

frozenset.symmetric_difference(set2) # Return symmetric difference

frozenset.issuperset(set2) # Check if superset

6. Dictionary Methods

dict.keys() # Return keys of dictionary

dict.values() # Return values of dictionary

dict.items() # Return key-value pairs

dict.get(key, default) # Get value for key, return default if not found

dict.update(other_dict) # Update dictionary with another dictionary

dict.pop(key, default) # Remove key and return value

dict.popitem() # Remove and return last key-value pair

dict.clear() # Remove all elements

dict.copy() # Return a shallow copy

dict.setdefault(key, default) # Set default value for key

dict.fromkeys(iterable, value) # Create dictionary from keys with default value

dict.__getitem__(key) # Get value for key

dict.__setitem__(key, value) # Set value for key

dict.__delitem__(key) # Delete key from dictionary

1. Comprehensions in Python
Definition

Comprehensions in Python provide a concise and efficient way to create

collections such as lists, sets, tuples, and dictionaries. They are often used to

replace traditional loops and conditional statements, improving code readability

and performance.

Use Cases of Comprehensions

1. List Comprehensions - Used for filtering, mapping, and transforming lists.

2. Set Comprehensions - Useful for creating unique collections of elements.

3. Dictionary Comprehensions - Helps create and transform dictionaries

dynamically.

4. Tuple Comprehensions (Generator Expressions) - Efficient way to generate

tuple-like structures using generators.

1.1 List Comprehension

Definition

List comprehension is a concise way to create lists from iterables by applying a

transformation or filtering condition within a single line of code.

Comparison: List Comprehension vs. Traditional Loop

# Using traditional loop

for x in range(1, 11):

squares.append(x ** 2)

print(squares) # [1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100]

# Using list comprehension

squares = [x ** 2 for x in range(1, 11)]

print(squares) # [1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100]

# Example 2: Filtering even numbers

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]

evens = [x for x in numbers if x % 2 == 0]

print(evens) # [2, 4, 6, 8, 10]

# Example 3: Creating a list of characters from a string

word = "HELLO"

char_list = [char for char in word]

print(char_list) # ['H', 'E', 'L', 'L', 'O']

1.2 Set Comprehension

# Example 1: Convert a list to a set using comprehension

unique_numbers = {num for num in numbers_list}

print(unique_numbers) # {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

# Example 2: Create a set of squares

squares_set = {x ** 2 for x in range(1, 6)}

print(squares_set) # {1, 4, 9, 16, 25}

# Example 3: Extract unique vowels from a sentence

sentence = "Hello, how are you?"

vowels = {char for char in sentence if char in "aeiouAEIOU"}

print(vowels) # {'e', 'o', 'a', 'u'}

1.3 Dictionary Comprehension

# Example 1: Swap keys and values in a dictionary

original_dict = {"a": 1, "b": 2, "c": 3}

swapped_dict = {v: k for k, v in original_dict.items()}

print(swapped_dict) # {1: 'a', 2: 'b', 3: 'c'}

# Example 2: Create a dictionary of squares

squares_dict = {x: x ** 2 for x in range(1, 6)}

# Example 3: Filtering dictionary values

grades = {"Alice": 85, "Bob": 70, "Charlie": 90, "David": 60}

passed_students = {k: v for k, v in grades.items() if v >= 75}

print(passed_students) # {'Alice': 85, 'Charlie': 90}

1.4 Tuple Comprehension (Generator Expression)

# Example 1: Generate squares using a generator

squares_tuple = tuple(x ** 2 for x in range(1, 6))

print(squares_tuple) # (1, 4, 9, 16, 25)

# Example 2: Generate even numbers in a tuple

even_tuple = tuple(x for x in range(10) if x % 2 == 0)

print(even_tuple) # (0, 2, 4, 6, 8)