Electric Circuits

Module-2
1. Faraday’s Laws:
1st Law:-Whenever magnetic flux linking with a coil changes with time an emf is induced in
that coil or whenever a moving conductor cuts the magnetic flux, an emf is induced in the
conductor.

2nd Law:-The magnitude of the induced emf is equal to the product of the number of turns of
the coil and the rate of change of flux linkage. and is given by
𝑑∅
𝑒 = −𝑁
𝑑𝑡
e= induced emf
N=Number of turns
𝑑∅
= rate of change of flux
𝑑𝑡

Lenz’s Law
The induced emf always opposes the cause producing it which is represented by negative
sign, mathematically in its expression
𝑑∅
𝑒 = −𝑁
𝑑𝑡
1. Fleming’s Right hand rule: This rule helps in deciding the direction of the induced
emf.
Statement: Hold the right hand thumb, fore finger and the middle finger set at right angles to
each other then, Thumb points-direction of the motion of the conductor Fore finger points
direction of the magnetic field and Middle finger points -direction of the induced emf

2. Fleming’s Left hand rule: This rule helps in deciding the direction of force acting on
a conductor
Statement: Hold the left hand thumb, fore finger and the middle finger set at right angles to
each other then, the Thumb points -the direction of the force acting on the conductor of the
Fore finger points the direction of the magnetic field and the Middle finger points the direction
of the current in the conductor

1
 Electric Circuits

2. Induced e.m.f:
Generally, there are two types of induced emf’s that are
i) Statically induced e.m.f.
ii) Dynamically induced e.m.f

i) Statically-induced e.m.f:
Statically-induced e.m.f is the e.m.f which is produced in the coil due to the change of its own
flux linked with it. If the current of the coil is changed, then the flux linked with its own turns
will also change which will produce an e.m.f that is called self-induced e.m.f.
This type of EMF is generated by keeping the coil and the magnetic field system, stationary at
the same time; that means the change in flux linking with the coil takes place without either
moving the conductor (coil) or the field system

• The change in flux lines with respect to coil can be achieved without physically moving
the coil or the magnet. such induced e.m.f. in a coil which is without physical movement
of coil or a magnet is called statically induced e.m.f.
• this type of induced emf occurs in transformers
ii) Dynamically induced e.m.f
Dynamic Induced emf generated when a current carrying conductor cuts the magnetic flux
using relative motion. It is having rotating parts in it, inducing emf with respect to moving parts
is known as dynamic Induced emf.

 Generator works on the production of dynamically induced e.m.f in the conductors.

2
 Electric Circuits

3. Alternating Current
Definition: -Alternating Current is defined as the flow of electric charge that changes
direction periodically.

The AC current forms a wave similar to the sinusoidal wave, the wave starts from zero
and reaches its maximum value then started decreasing to reach the zero value it
continues to decrease till it reaches its minimum value (negative maximum value) and
then it increases again to reach the zero value. The AC waveform is positive in the first
half and negative in the second half.

3.1 Characteristics of AC power

1. Amplitude: Amplitude is the maximum value of current or voltage. It is

represented by either of the two peaks of the since wave. This voltage level is also
referred to as the peak voltage, and can be either positive or negative. Positive and
negative refer only to the direction of current flow. A negative number does not
mean that the voltage or current flows are less than zero, only that the current flows
in the opposite direction.

3
 Electric Circuits

2. Cycles: A cycle is one complete repetition of the sine wave pattern. It is produced
by one complete revolution (3600) of the AC generator. Since the sine wave begins
at zero, goes positive through the positive peak, then negative through zero and
reaches the negative peak, and to zero, we say a full cycle has been completed.

3. Frequency(f): Frequency is the number of times that a wave cycle repeats itself in
one second. Hertz (Hz, cycles per second) is the unit of measurement of frequency.
This is one of the critical parameters which is frequently specified in AC electrical
systems.
F=1/T

4. Peak to peak: There are two values of voltage that we must be familiar with. The
first is "peak-to-peak" voltage. This is the voltage measured between the maximum
positive and negative amplitudes on the sine wave. It is twice the amplitude.

4
 Electric Circuits

3.2 RMS Value of a sinusoidal wave:

Definition: Alternating voltage's root mean square or R.M.S. value, is defined as the value of
current/voltage that would generate same amount of heat in given resistance in same time.

5
 Electric Circuits

3.3 Average Value of a sinusoidal wave:

Form Factor: The form factor is defined as the ratio of the RMS value to the average value of
an alternating quantity.
𝑅𝑀𝑆 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

Peak Factor: The form factor is defined as the ratio of the Peak value to the RMS value of an
alternating quantity.
𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
𝑅𝑀𝑆 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒