Class 9th Physics Notes

Chap: 5 Pressure and deformation in solids

Matters:-
Anything that occupy space and have mass is called matter.
It is present in nature in four different ways.
1. Solid
2. Liquid
3. Gas
4. Plasma
Solid matter is made up of atoms and molecules which are closely packed and strong
intermolecular forces between them as compared to gas and liquid .Because of this property of
solids, they retain their original shapes easily and the atoms or molecules return to equilibrium
after removal force.
On the other hand, atoms and molecules of liquid and gas are loosely packed, the deformation of
this matter takes less force as compared to solids.
Elasticity:-
Ability of a deformed body to return to its original shape and size when the
deforming forces are removed is called elasticity.
Examples: Stretched spring is returned to previous position when force is
removed.
 Elastic materials:
Materials that can returns to its original position and size after an external
force or stress is removed.
Examples: spring, bow, rubber etc.
 Inelastic materials:
Materials that cannot returns to its original position and size after an external
force or stress is removed.
Examples: clay, wax, paper, dough etc.
Q: What is elastic limit?
A: Elastic limit is the maximum stress or force a material can withstand without permanently
deforming. When a material is stretched or compressed within its elastic limit, it will return to its
original shape once the force is removed.
OR
The maximum stretch a material can handle before it breaks or changes shape forever.
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 Hook’s law:-
“With in elastic limit, the extension or compression (x) is
directly proportional to the restoring force (F)”.

F ∝ – x.
This restoring force can be written mathematically as,

F = – k x.
K= - F / x
This expression for Hooke’s law is also known as the spring constant formula.
Unit: Nm-1
Here,
 F is restoring force.
 x represents the magnitude of the distortion or displacement from equilibrium as exhibited
in the stretching of a spring or rubber band.
 k is the proportionality constant, also known as the spring constant.
Note – Here, the direction of the force is in the direction opposite that of the displacement, so
consider minus sign.
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Applications of Hooks law:-
The relationship between the forces applied to an elastic material and the resulting deformation. It
states that the force applied to a material is directly proportional to the extension or compression
of the material, as long as the material remains within its elastic limit. Hooke’s law finds
numerous applications in various fields. Some key applications include :
1. Balance wheel of the mechanical watches :
The balance wheel is a timekeeping device in mechanical watches. It's connected to a
spiral torsion spring, often called a hairspring. The hairspring exerts a restoring torque on
the balance wheel when it's displaced from its equilibrium position. According to Hooke's
Law, this restoring torque is directly proportional to the angular displacement of the
balance wheel. Because the restoring force is proportional to the displacement, the
balance wheel's oscillations have a nearly constant period, making the watch a reliable
timekeeping device.
2. Spring scale :-
Spring scales are based off of Hooke's Law, which states that the amount of force pulling
on a spring is directly proportional to the length that the spring extends. So, by hanging an
object off the end of a spring, you can calculate the distance the spring extends and, thus,
the force pulling on the spring.
3. Galvanometer :-
A galvanometer is an electromechanical measuring instrument for electric current.
 The coil of galvanometer is attached to a spring.
 When the current flow through the coil, the coil stretches or compresses in response.
 Deflection of needle ∝ current that passed

Change in spring’s length moves a needle which indicates the strength

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Stress Strain Analysis:-
Stress refers to the force applied to a material per unit area, while strain is a deformation or
change in the shape of the material that results from the applied force.

F∝x

Stress ∝ Strain
This graph shows that:
O →A (limit of proportionality)

Stress ∝ strain
That obeys hook's law

*We remove force object returns to its original position.

A → B (yield strength)
(Stress is not directly proportional to strain)
* But when we remove force the object return to its original position.
B → C (ultimate strength / plasticity)
* When we remove force the object do not return to its original position. So this is called
plasticity.
* C is the maximum force or (stress) that material can bear.
D → C (breaking point)
* This is also plastic region.
* When we increase force beyond C. The material break. D is called breaking point.
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Pressure:
Definition: Force per unit area is called pressure .It is represented by P. If force F is
applied on area A .The pressure is given by
F
Formula: P =A
The SI unit of pressure is pascal (Pa) which equals to newton per square meter (N /m-2).
1N
1Pa = −2
m

P ∝ A (constant area).
Relations:-

P∝
1
A (constant force).
Examples:-
1. Balloon burst easily when pricked with a pin.
2. Getting stepped on by a high heeled shoe hurts more than getting stepped on by a flat one.
3. The sharp knife offers little surface area thereby increasing pressure which helps to cut meat
easily as compared to blunt knife.
Q .Is stress and pressure are same? And what is the difference between stress and pressure?
Ans: No, pressure and stress are not same in physics, although they are both measured in force
per unit area.
i. Pressure is the force applied to an object from outside while stress is the internal resistance
with in a material to external forces often causing deformation.
ii. Due to stress, the pressure will not be developed .On the other hand pressure, stress will be
developed.
iii. Stress is developed internally / pressure is exerted externally.
iv. Stress may be tensile, compressive and shear .and pressure is always compressive.

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Atmospheric Pressure :-
Definition:-
The pressure that atmospheric particles exert on the surface of earth and all over the surface of
objects on the earth is called atmospheric pressure.
The pressure of the air at a given place varies slightly according to the weather and height
from sea level. At sea level, the pressure of the atmosphere on average is 1.013 × 10 5 Pa
(101325 Pa).
1atm =1.013 × 105 Pa (101325 Pa).
Another unit of pressure sometimes used (in meteorology and on weather maps) in the bar,
which is defined as:
1 bar = 1.000× 105 Pa (100000)
101325 ÷100000 1atm = 1.01325 bar

Examples:
Suction cup, air evacuated from sealed can, an inflated balloon, sipping any drink from the
glass using a straw.

Measurement of atmospheric pressure:

‘A liquid barometer is a device that measures atmospheric pressure using the principles of
hydrostatics and the behavior of liquids’.
The most common type of liquid barometer is the mercury barometer.
The liquid barometer works on the principle of hydrostatic equilibrium, which states that the
pressure at any point in a fluid at rest is the same at all depths.
Working principle of Mercury Barometer:
In a mercury barometer a tube is filled with mercury is inverted into a container of mercury.
Balance between forces:
o Atmospheric pressure (force) pushes down on the mercury surface.
o Weight of the mercury column (force) pulls it down.
 o The two forces balance each other, determining the mercury column's height.
Equilibrium:
o The mercury column rises or falls until the forces are in
equilibrium.
o At equilibrium, the mercury column's height indicates the
atmospheric pressure.
At sea level, the atmosphere will push and down mercury in the tub and
make it rise up in a tube to a height of approximately 760 mm of Hg or
76cm.

1 atm = 760 mm Hg = 101.325kPa

The torr is another unit of pressure, equivalent to 1mm Hg.
1atm = 760 torr
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Liquid Pressure :-

Q: Prove that P = p x g x h
Ans: Liquids exert pressure in all directions. Pressure sensor in liquid shows that pressure
varies with depth.
Consider a liquid cylinder of surface of area A and depth h. The force acting on this surface
will be the weight w of the liquid in upward direction. If p is the density of the liquid and m
is mass of liquid above the surface, then
Mass of the liquid cylinder m = volume x density = (A x h) x p
Force acting on area A, F = w = mg = A x h x p x g
F Axhx pxg
As, Pressure P = A= A
Liquid Pressure at depth h = P = p g h
This equation shows that pressure in liquid increases with depth.