Good morning/afternoon/evening, sir/ma’am.

My name is Harshitha M R, and I’m from Mandya, Karnataka. I’ve completed my Bachelor
of Engineering in Computer Science from Maharaja Institute of Technology, Mysore (VTU
Belgaum) with a CGPA of 8.7.
I am very passionate about technology and problem-solving, and I’m now looking to begin
my career as a Project Engineer with Wipro, where I can apply my technical skills and grow
professionally.
Technically, I’m proficient in Python, Java, and C, and I have good experience in web
technologies such as HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and frameworks like Django. I’ve also worked
with MySQL and MongoDB, and I’m familiar with tools like Git and VS Code.
I’ve completed projects such as:
 A Library Management System using Django and MySQL.
 A Sleep Disorder Prediction model using machine learning techniques.
I’ve done internships in Website Design & Development and AI applications through Infosys
Foundation’s ICT Academy program, gaining hands-on experience with real-world use cases.
I’m a quick learner, team player, and highly motivated to contribute meaningfully to my role.
I believe Wipro’s work culture and emphasis on innovation align well with my career goals.
Outside academics, I enjoy playing chess and listening to music.
Thank you for giving me this opportunity. I look forward to contributing my best to Wipro
as a Project Engineer.
S

Skip to content
Chat history
You said:
Harshitha M R 7.pdf
PDF
give technical interview questions with answers
ChatGPT said:

Based on your resume, here are technical interview questions with answers tailored to your
background in Python, full-stack development (Django), machine learning, MySQL, and
more:

✅ Python Interview Questions

1. What are Python’s key features?

 Easy to learn and read

 Interpreted language
 Dynamically typed
 Extensive libraries
  Supports OOP and functional programming

2. What is the difference between a list and a tuple in Python?

 List: Mutable, defined with []

 Tuple: Immutable, defined with ()
Example:
list1 = [1, 2, 3] tuple1 = (1, 2, 3)

**3. What are *args and kwargs?

 *args: Pass variable number of positional arguments

 **kwargs: Pass variable number of keyword arguments
Example:
def func(*args, **kwargs): print(args, kwargs)

4. What is a decorator in Python?

A decorator is a function that modifies another function’s behavior without changing its
source code.

def decorator(func): def wrapper(): print("Before function") func()

print("After function") return wrapper

✅ Django (Full-Stack) Questions

5. What is Django?
A high-level Python web framework that encourages rapid development using the MVT
(Model-View-Template) architecture.

6. What are Django Models?

Models define the structure of stored data in your Django app and are mapped to database
tables.
Example:

class Book(models.Model): title = models.CharField(max_length=100)

7. How does Django handle forms?

Django has two main ways:

 forms.Form for manual forms

 forms.ModelForm for auto-generating forms based on models
8. What is CSRF protection in Django?
Cross Site Request Forgery protection is enabled by default using the {% csrf_token %} in
Django templates to secure POST requests.

✅ Machine Learning Questions

9. What is overfitting and how to avoid it?
Overfitting happens when the model performs well on training data but poorly on unseen
data.
To avoid:

 Use regularization
 Cross-validation
 Prune features
 Get more data

10. What’s the difference between supervised and unsupervised learning?

 Supervised: Labeled data, e.g., classification

 Unsupervised: Unlabeled data, e.g., clustering

11. What is data preprocessing and why is it important?

It involves cleaning and transforming raw data before feeding it to a model (e.g., handling
missing values, normalization). Ensures better performance and accuracy.

✅ Database Questions (MySQL/MongoDB)

12. Difference between SQL and NoSQL databases?

 SQL (e.g., MySQL): Relational, uses structured schema

 NoSQL (e.g., MongoDB): Non-relational, stores JSON-like documents

13. Write a query to fetch all books borrowed by a user.

SELECT * FROM borrowed_books WHERE user_id = 101;

14. How do you perform joins in SQL?

SELECT users.name, books.title FROM users JOIN borrowed_books ON users.id =

borrowed_books.user_id JOIN books ON borrowed_books.book_id = books.id;

✅ Web Development Questions

15. What is the difference between HTML and HTML5?
HTML5 supports multimedia tags (<audio>, <video>) and new semantic tags
(<header>, <footer>), with better browser support.

16. What are REST APIs?

Representational State Transfer (REST) is an architectural style for APIs using HTTP
methods like GET, POST, PUT, DELETE.

17. How to ensure responsiveness in web design?

 Use media queries in CSS

 Flexible grid layout
 Frameworks like Bootstrap or writing mobile-first CSS

Would you like HR/behavioral questions, or questions specific to any project like
Library Management or Sleep Disorder Prediction too?

You said:
more
ChatGPT said:

Here are more technical interview questions with answers based on your resume expertise,
covering JavaScript, CSS, Git, AI concepts, and system design basics:
✅ JavaScript Interview Questions
18. What are the data types in JavaScript?

 Primitive: String, Number, Boolean, Null, Undefined, Symbol, BigInt

 Non-primitive: Object, Array, Function

19. What is the difference between == and === in JavaScript?

 == checks for value equality (performs type coercion)

 === checks for value and type equality
0 == '0' // true 0 === '0' // false

20. What is an event in JavaScript?

An action that occurs in the browser, like a click or keypress. You handle it
using addEventListener().

button.addEventListener("click", function() { alert("Clicked!"); });

21. What is a callback function?

A function passed as an argument to another function to be called later.

✅ CSS & HTML Questions

22. What’s the difference between id and class in CSS?

 id is unique and used once per page (#id)

 class can be reused across multiple elements (.class)

23. What is the Box Model in CSS?

The structure around every HTML element:
content → padding → border → margin

24. How do you center a div in CSS?

.center { margin: 0 auto; width: 50%; }

✅ Git & Version Control
25. What are the basic Git commands you’ve used?

 git init – Initialize repo

 git clone – Copy repo
 git add . – Stage changes
 git commit -m "msg" – Commit changes
 git push origin main – Push to remote
 git pull – Pull latest

26. What is the difference between Git and GitHub?

 Git: Version control tool

 GitHub: Hosting platform for Git repositories

27. What is a merge conflict in Git?

When two changes collide during a merge. You need to manually resolve and commit the
updated file.

✅ Artificial Intelligence Basics

28. What is the difference between AI, ML, and DL?

 AI: Mimics human intelligence

 ML: Subset of AI, learns from data
 DL: Subset of ML, uses neural networks with many layers

29. What are some AI use cases you studied?

 Sleep disorder detection

 Smart assistants
 Chatbots
 Recommendation engines

30. What is the confusion matrix?

Used to evaluate classification models. Shows:

 True Positive (TP), False Positive (FP),

 True Negative (TN), False Negative (FN)
✅ Basic System Design / Architecture
31. How would you design a library management system?
Key modules:

 Admin login
 Book cataloging
 User registration/login
 Book borrow/return tracking
Database tables: Users, Books, Borrowed_Books, Admins
Tech Stack: Django (backend), MySQL (DB), HTML/CSS/JS (frontend)

32. What is an API and how do you use it in projects?

An API is a set of rules that lets apps talk to each other. In Django, you can use Django
REST Framework to build APIs for mobile or frontend consumption.

✅ MongoDB Basics
33. What is MongoDB? How is it different from MySQL?
MongoDB is a NoSQL database storing data as JSON-like documents.

 MySQL: Structured, tables, schema

 MongoDB: Flexible, document-based, no strict schema

34. Basic MongoDB query to insert a document:

db.users.insertOne({ name: "Harshitha", email: "[email protected]",

city: "Mandya" });

Would you like coding questions, puzzle questions, or project-specific questions next (like
from your Sleep Disorder or Library projects)?
You said:
more
ChatGPT said:

Here are more advanced and commonly asked technical interview questions with
answers, tailored to your profile with Python, Django, Machine Learning, Full Stack, and
AI knowledge:

✅ Advanced Python Questions

35. What is list comprehension in Python?
A concise way to create lists using a single line of code.

squares = [x**2 for x in range(5)] # Output: [0, 1, 4, 9, 16]

36. What is a lambda function?

An anonymous one-line function.

add = lambda x, y: x + y print(add(5, 3)) # Output: 8

37. Explain Python’s memory management.

 Python uses reference counting and a garbage collector to manage memory.

 Objects with 0 references are cleaned up.

38. What are Python modules and packages?

 Module: A single .py file

 Package: A directory with an __init__.py file

✅ Django Deep Dive

39. What is the difference between MVT and MVC?

 MVC: Model-View-Controller
 MVT (Django): Model-View-Template
In Django, the framework handles the controller part.
40. What are middleware in Django?
Functions/classes that process requests/responses globally before views or after views.
Example: authentication middleware, security middleware.

41. How does Django handle user authentication?

 django.contrib.auth provides built-in models for users

 Supports login, logout, password hashing, user permissions

42. What are Django signals?

Signals allow decoupled applications to get notified when an event occurs.
Example: post_save, pre_delete.

✅ Machine Learning – Practical Focus

43. Explain the steps in a machine learning workflow.

1. Data collection
2. Data preprocessing (cleaning, encoding)
3. Feature selection
4. Model training
5. Evaluation
6. Deployment

44. What is cross-validation?

Technique to evaluate ML models by splitting data into training and testing multiple times.
Example: K-Fold Cross-Validation.

45. What metrics do you use for classification?

 Accuracy
 Precision
 Recall
 F1 Score
 ROC-AUC

46. What is regularization? Why is it needed?

Used to prevent overfitting.

 L1 (Lasso): Can zero out features

 L2 (Ridge): Penalizes large coefficients
✅ HTML/CSS/JS – Practical Use
47. How does the DOM work in JavaScript?
DOM (Document Object Model) represents HTML elements as objects, allowing scripts to
dynamically update content and structure.

48. What is responsive web design?

Designing web pages that adapt to different devices/screens using media queries, fluid grids,
and flexible images.

49. What are pseudo-classes in CSS?

Classes that define special states of elements.
Example:

a:hover { color: red; }

✅ Git & Deployment

50. What is the difference between git fetch and git pull?

 git fetch: Downloads changes but does not merge

 git pull: Fetches and merges changes into current branch

51. How do you deploy a Django application?

1. Prepare using collectstatic

2. Configure gunicorn or uwsgi
3. Use nginx as a reverse proxy
4. Host on a server (Heroku, AWS, PythonAnywhere, etc.)
✅ Database Optimization & Design
52. What are indexes in SQL?
Indexes speed up retrieval of rows by creating pointers to data.
But they slow down INSERT/UPDATE due to maintenance.

53. What is normalization in DBMS?

A process to remove data redundancy and improve data integrity.
Forms: 1NF, 2NF, 3NF, BCNF, etc.

✅ General CS/Technical Knowledge

54. What is the difference between compilation and interpretation?

 Compiler: Translates code at once (e.g., C)

 Interpreter: Translates line-by-line (e.g., Python)

55. What is the difference between multithreading and multiprocessing?

 Multithreading: Multiple threads in one process (faster context switching)

 Multiprocessing: Multiple processes (more resource intensive, true parallelism)

Would you like:

 Python coding challenges (e.g., reverse string, recursion, OOP)?

 Project-based interview questions (like Sleep Disorder Prediction)?
 Or HR + behavioral questions (e.g., "Tell me about yourself", "Your strengths")?

Let me know!

You said:
more
ChatGPT said:
Absolutely! Here are more technical interview questions with answers—covering areas
like OOP in Python, data structures & algorithms, REST APIs, OS basics, and
advanced Django/Machine Learning topics to help you stand out:

✅ Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) in Python

56. What are the four pillars of OOP?

1. Encapsulation – Hiding internal details

2. Abstraction – Hiding complexity and showing only essential features
3. Inheritance – Deriving new classes from existing ones
4. Polymorphism – Multiple forms of a method or operator

57. What is method overriding and overloading in Python?

 Overriding: Redefining a method in a child class

 Overloading: Python doesn’t support traditional overloading, but you can achieve it
using default arguments or *args.

✅ Data Structures & Algorithms

58. What are the most commonly used data structures in Python?

 List
 Dictionary
 Set
 Tuple
 Stack (list.pop())
 Queue (collections.deque)
 Heap (heapq)

59. How do you implement a stack in Python?

stack = [] stack.append(1) stack.append(2) stack.pop() # Output: 2

60. How do you implement a queue?

from collections import deque queue = deque() queue.append(1)
queue.popleft() # Output: 1

61. What is a hash table?

A data structure that maps keys to values using a hash function. In Python, dict is a built-in
hash table.

✅ REST API & Web Development

62. What are HTTP methods used in REST?

 GET: Read data

 POST: Create new data
 PUT: Update data
 DELETE: Remove data
 PATCH: Partial update

63. What is status code 200, 404, 500 in APIs?

 200 OK: Success

 404 Not Found: Resource missing
 500 Internal Server Error: Server failed

64. How do you handle API errors in Django?

Use exception handling with try/except, Django REST Framework's Response with
appropriate status codes:

from rest_framework.response import Response from rest_framework import

status return Response({"error": "Invalid"},
status=status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST)

✅ Operating System Basics

65. What is a process and a thread?

 Process: Independent execution unit with its own memory

 Thread: Lightweight unit within a process; shares memory
66. What is deadlock?
A situation where two or more processes wait indefinitely for resources held by each other.

67. What is paging and segmentation?

 Paging: Divides memory into fixed-sized blocks (pages)

 Segmentation: Divides memory based on logical units like functions or arrays

✅ Advanced Django Questions

68. What are Django class-based views (CBVs)?
CBVs provide reusable views with object-oriented features.
Example: ListView, DetailView, CreateView

69. What is select_related and prefetch_related in Django ORM?

Used to reduce DB queries when fetching related data.

 select_related: Joins tables (for ForeignKey, OneToOne)

 prefetch_related: Executes separate query then joins (for ManyToMany)

✅ Advanced Machine Learning

70. What is the bias-variance tradeoff?

 High bias: Underfitting

 High variance: Overfitting
Goal: Balance both to reduce total error.

71. What is the difference between bagging and boosting?

 Bagging: Train multiple models in parallel (e.g., Random Forest)

 Boosting: Train models sequentially, focusing on correcting errors (e.g., XGBoost)

72. What is PCA (Principal Component Analysis)?

A dimensionality reduction technique that converts features into principal components to
reduce redundancy.
✅ Software Development Process
73. What is Agile methodology?
An iterative software development model emphasizing collaboration, flexibility, and
customer feedback. Follows sprints, stand-ups, and reviews.

74. What is version control and why is it important?

Version control (like Git) helps track code changes, collaborate with teams, and revert to
previous states if needed.

75. What is CI/CD?

 CI: Continuous Integration (frequent code merging and testing)

 CD: Continuous Deployment (automated release process)

Would you like me to now generate:

 Python coding challenge questions with solutions?

 Behavioral/HR questions?
 Role-specific questions (based on your resume projects or Django internship)?

Let me know!

You said:
more
ChatGPT said:

Absolutely! Here’s the next batch of technical interview questions with answers, covering
topics including coding logic, SQL joins, cybersecurity basics, AI/ML algorithms,
project-based Q&A, and more.
✅ Python Coding/Logic Questions
76. Write a Python function to check if a string is a palindrome.

def is_palindrome(s): return s == s[::-1] print(is_palindrome("madam")) #

Output: True

77. Write a program to find the factorial of a number using recursion.

def factorial(n): if n == 0: return 1 return n * factorial(n - 1)

78. How do you reverse a list in Python?

lst = [1, 2, 3, 4] reversed_lst = lst[::-1] # or use lst.reverse()

79. What is the output of:

a = [1, 2, 3] b = a b.append(4) print(a)

Answer: [1, 2, 3, 4] — because a and b point to the same list object.

✅ SQL Interview Questions

80. What are the types of JOINs in SQL?

 INNER JOIN: Matches records in both tables

 LEFT JOIN: All records from the left + matched from right
 RIGHT JOIN: All from the right + matched from left
 FULL OUTER JOIN: All from both tables

81. Write a query to get the second highest salary.

SELECT MAX(salary) FROM employees WHERE salary < (SELECT MAX(salary) FROM
employees);

82. How to count rows in a table?

SELECT COUNT(*) FROM table_name;

83. What is a primary key vs foreign key?

 Primary key: Uniquely identifies each record

 Foreign key: Creates a relationship between two tables
✅ Cybersecurity Basics
84. What is SQL Injection?
A code injection technique that might destroy your database. Prevent using parameterized
queries or ORM like Django.

85. What is authentication vs. authorization?

 Authentication: Validating user identity

 Authorization: Granting access to resources

86. What is HTTPS and why is it important?

HTTPS encrypts communication between browser and server using SSL/TLS, protecting data
from interception.

✅ AI & ML Algorithm Questions

87. What is the difference between classification and regression?

 Classification: Predicts categories (e.g., "spam" or "not spam")

 Regression: Predicts continuous values (e.g., house price)

88. What is KNN (K-Nearest Neighbors)?

 Lazy learning algorithm

 Predicts output based on majority class or average of k nearest data points

89. What is confusion matrix?

A 2x2 matrix for binary classification:

Predicted
| 1 | 0
---------------
1 | TP | FN
True
0 | FP | TN
✅ Project-Based Interview Questions
📚 Library Management System (Full Stack with Django)

90. How did you structure your models in the project?

Example:

class Book(models.Model): title = models.CharField(max_length=100) author =

models.CharField(max_length=50) available =
models.BooleanField(default=True)

91. How did you implement user authentication?

Using Django’s built-in User model (django.contrib.auth), login/logout views, and
session management.

92. How did you track borrowed books?

Using a model like:

class Borrow(models.Model): user = models.ForeignKey(User,

on_delete=models.CASCADE) book = models.ForeignKey(Book,
on_delete=models.CASCADE) borrowed_date =
models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)

😴 Sleep Disorder Prediction (Machine Learning)

93. What algorithm did you use and why?

Used models like Random Forest or Logistic Regression because they work well with tabular
health data and provide good interpretability.

94. How did you prepare your data?

 Handled missing values

 Used one-hot encoding for categorical features
 Normalized the data
 Split into train/test sets

95. How did you evaluate your model’s performance?

Used metrics like accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, and confusion matrix.
✅ General Knowledge and Best Practices
96. What are some best practices in coding?

 Write clean, readable code

 Use meaningful variable names
 Add comments and documentation
 Follow DRY (Don’t Repeat Yourself) principle
 Write unit tests

97. What are environment variables used for?

To store sensitive config like API keys, DB credentials, used with .env files
and os.environ in Python.

98. How do you debug in Python?

 print() statements
 Using pdb module (import pdb; pdb.set_trace())
 IDE debugger (like VS Code)

✅ Cloud Basics (for future readiness)

99. What is cloud computing?
Delivery of computing services (storage, databases, servers, etc.) over the internet.

100. What is IaaS vs PaaS vs SaaS?

 IaaS: Infrastructure as a Service (e.g., AWS EC2)

 PaaS: Platform as a Service (e.g., Heroku)
 SaaS: Software as a Service (e.g., Gmail)
Would you now like:

 ✅ Coding challenges with solutions?

 ✅ Behavioral/HR questions with answers?
 ✅ Mock interview Q&A based on your resume?
 ✅ Domain-specific questions (AI, Full Stack, Security)?

Let me know your preference!

You said:
more
ChatGPT said:

Great! Here's another powerful set of technical interview questions with answers —
focused on more in-depth backend, frontend, AI, database design, deployment, and
optimization concepts.

✅ Backend Development (Advanced Django + APIs)

101. What are Django migrations?
Migrations are Django’s way of propagating changes to your models (like adding a field) into
the database schema.
Commands:

python manage.py makemigrations python manage.py migrate

102. How do you secure Django applications?

 Use csrf_token for forms

 Sanitize input data
 Use Django's auth system
 Avoid debug mode in production
 Use HTTPS and secure cookies

103. What are serializers in Django REST Framework?

They convert complex data like querysets into native Python datatypes or JSON, and vice
versa.

class BookSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer): class Meta: model = Book

fields = '__all__'

104. Difference between PUT and PATCH in REST API?

 PUT: Updates the entire resource

  PATCH: Updates partial fields

✅ Frontend Web Development (Advanced)

105. What is the difference between localStorage and sessionStorage in JavaScript?

 localStorage: Stores data with no expiration

 sessionStorage: Clears data when browser/tab closes

106. How does the event loop work in JavaScript?

The event loop handles asynchronous operations. It checks the call stack and moves tasks
from the queue to the stack when it’s empty.

107. What is debouncing and throttling?

 Debouncing: Delays execution until a pause in input

 Throttling: Limits function call rate to once per interval
Useful for search boxes and scroll listeners.

✅ Machine Learning – Deep Dive

108. What is gradient descent?
An optimization algorithm to minimize the cost/loss function by updating weights iteratively
in the opposite direction of the gradient.

109. Explain underfitting vs overfitting with examples.

 Underfitting: Model is too simple, misses patterns (e.g., linear model for non-linear
data)
 Overfitting: Model learns noise from training data (e.g., high training accuracy, low
test accuracy)

110. What is the purpose of a confusion matrix?

To analyze classification results:

 TP: Correct positive prediction

  TN: Correct negative prediction
 FP: Incorrect positive prediction
 FN: Missed positive prediction

✅ Database Design & Optimization

111. What is a foreign key constraint?
It ensures that the value in a column matches a value in another table’s primary key to
maintain data integrity.

112. What is indexing in databases?

Used to speed up searches in a database table. Creates a pointer to data instead of scanning all
rows.

113. Normalize this: A table stores student_id, student_name, and course_id,

course_name.
Break into two:

 Students (student_id, student_name)

 Courses (course_id, course_name)
 Enrollments (student_id, course_id)

✅ Software Engineering Concepts

114. What is SOLID in OOP?

 S: Single Responsibility
 O: Open/Closed Principle
 L: Liskov Substitution
 I: Interface Segregation
 D: Dependency Inversion

115. What is the DRY Principle?

DRY = Don’t Repeat Yourself. Avoid code duplication by reusing components and
functions.
116. Difference between functional and object-oriented programming?

 Functional: Emphasizes immutability, stateless functions

 OOP: Uses classes, objects, and encapsulates state and behavior

✅ DevOps & Deployment

117. What is a virtual environment in Python and why is it used?
It isolates project-specific dependencies, avoiding conflicts with global Python packages.

python -m venv env source env/bin/activate

118. How would you deploy a Django project?

1. Push code to GitHub

2. Use Gunicorn/Uwsgi + Nginx
3. Configure .env for secrets
4. Setup database and run migrations
5. Use services like Heroku, PythonAnywhere, or AWS EC2

119. What is Docker and why is it useful?

Docker packages applications and dependencies in containers, ensuring they run identically
across environments.

✅ Coding Theory & Concepts

120. What is Big O notation?
Describes algorithm complexity — how performance scales with input.
Examples:

 O(1): Constant
 O(n): Linear
 O(n²): Quadratic
 O(log n): Binary search
121. What is recursion? Give an example.
A function that calls itself until a base condition is met.

def fib(n): if n <= 1: return n return fib(n-1) + fib(n-2)

122. What is dynamic programming?

A method for solving complex problems by breaking them into subproblems and storing the
results (memoization).

Would you now like to:

 ✅ Get HR/Behavioral Interview Questions?

 ✅ Do Python coding challenges with explanation?
 ✅ Practice Mock Q&A from your resume projects (like Library or Sleep Disorder)?
 ✅ Prepare for specific companies like Infosys, Cognizant, or Wipro?

Let me know what you’d like next!

You said:
more
ChatGPT said:

You're doing great, Harshitha! Here's another fresh and advanced set of technical interview
questions with answers, continuing from where we left off — touching on cloud, security,
OS internals, ML deployment, performance tuning, and more Python/DB/AI essentials.

✅ Cloud & Hosting Fundamentals

123. What is the difference between cloud and traditional hosting?

 Traditional Hosting: Limited scalability, fixed resources, manual setup

 Cloud Hosting: Scalable, pay-as-you-go, automated provisioning, high availability

124. What is autoscaling?

A cloud feature that automatically increases or decreases resources (like virtual machines)
based on load.
125. What are some platforms where you can deploy Django apps?

 Heroku
 PythonAnywhere
 AWS EC2
 Render
 DigitalOcean
 Railway

✅ Cybersecurity Concepts (More)

126. What is hashing? How is it used in authentication?
Hashing is a one-way function to convert data (like passwords) into fixed-length hash values.
Used to securely store passwords.

127. What is XSS (Cross-Site Scripting)?

An attack where malicious scripts are injected into websites. Prevent by sanitizing inputs and
escaping output in HTML.

128. What is HTTPS and how does SSL work?

HTTPS uses SSL/TLS to encrypt data between browser and server using a public-private key
exchange system.

✅ Operating Systems Concepts

129. What is virtual memory?
An OS mechanism that uses part of the hard disk as RAM when physical memory is full.

130. What is context switching?

The process of saving the state of one process/thread and loading another—important in
multitasking.

131. Difference between user space and kernel space?

 User space: Where user processes run

  Kernel space: Where OS core functions run
Access to kernel space is restricted to protect system integrity.

✅ Python – Advanced Concepts

132. What are generators in Python?
Generators are functions that return an iterator using the yield keyword.
They are memory-efficient for large datasets.

def my_gen(): for i in range(3): yield i

133. What is the Global Interpreter Lock (GIL)?

A mutex in CPython that allows only one thread to execute at a time — affects
multithreading in Python.

134. Difference between deepcopy() and copy() in Python?

 copy() creates a shallow copy (references nested objects)

 deepcopy() copies everything recursively

✅ Machine Learning Deployment & Optimization

135. How do you deploy a Machine Learning model?

1. Train and save model using joblib or pickle

2. Create an API using Flask/FastAPI/Django
3. Connect frontend to backend
4. Deploy to Heroku, AWS, etc.

136. What is model serialization?

Saving a trained model to disk for later use:

import pickle pickle.dump(model, open('model.pkl', 'wb'))

137. How to improve ML model accuracy?

  More data
 Feature engineering
 Hyperparameter tuning
 Use ensembles (e.g., Random Forest, Boosting)

✅ Database Performance & Query Optimization

138. What causes slow SQL queries?

 Missing indexes
 Too many joins
 Large data without filtering
 Improper normalization
 Not using LIMIT or WHERE

139. How to optimize a SELECT query?

 Use indexes
 Avoid SELECT *
 Use EXPLAIN to analyze query plans
 Limit joins and nested subqueries

140. What is denormalization and when is it used?

The process of combining normalized tables to reduce joins for faster read performance—
used in analytics-heavy systems.

✅ Bonus: Version Control Deep Dive (Git)

141. What is Git stash?
Temporarily stores changes that are not ready to be committed.

git stash git stash pop

142. What is a rebase in Git? How is it different from merge?

 git rebase: Rewrites history by placing commits on top of another branch

  git merge: Creates a new commit combining histories

✅ AI/NLP/Miscellaneous Concepts
143. What is NLP and how have you used it?
Natural Language Processing lets computers understand human language.
Used in: sentiment analysis, text classification, chatbots.

144. What is the difference between AI and traditional programming?

 Traditional: Fixed rules defined by humans

 AI: Learns patterns from data

145. What are some challenges in AI projects?

 Poor data quality

 Overfitting
 Bias in models
 High computation cost
 Interpretability

✅ Extra: Technical Fundamentals

146. What is multithreading vs multiprocessing in Python?

 Multithreading: Multiple threads in the same process

 Multiprocessing: Multiple processes; true parallelism

147. What is a decorator in Python?

A function that wraps another function to extend behavior without modifying it.

def decorator(func): def wrapper(): print("Before") func() print("After")

return wrapper
You're now approaching 150 technical questions! 🧠💻
Would you now like:

 ✅ HR + Behavioral Questions (with sample answers)?

 ✅ Company-specific mock interview sets (Infosys, Cognizant, etc.)?
 ✅ Mini coding tests (Python/SQL challenges)?
 ✅ Resume-based mock questions (tailored to your projects)?

Let me know how you'd like to continue — you're doing awesome!

You said:
more
ChatGPT said:

You're doing fantastic, Harshitha! Here's yet another set of advanced and commonly asked
technical interview questions with answers (Q148–Q175) to further boost your preparation
— covering data science, project-specific Q&A, software architecture, testing, edge
cases, and system design basics.

✅ Data Science & Machine Learning (Advanced)

148. What is the curse of dimensionality?
As the number of features increases, data becomes sparse, making it harder for models to
learn patterns. Solution: dimensionality reduction like PCA.

149. What is feature scaling, and why is it needed?

It ensures all features contribute equally by normalizing or standardizing values. Needed for
algorithms like KNN, SVM, and Gradient Descent.

150. What is model drift?

Over time, the model’s performance drops due to changing data patterns in real-world
applications.
✅ Project-Based (Tailored to Your Resume)
151. How did you handle real-time book tracking in your Library Management System?
Using a Django model that updates Book.available = False when borrowed and toggles
it back when returned.

152. How did you evaluate the model in Sleep Disorder Prediction?
Used classification metrics: Accuracy, Confusion Matrix, Precision, Recall, and ROC curve.

153. How do you manage user roles in Django (e.g., Admin vs User)?

 Extended User model

 Used is_staff or groups to assign roles
 Restricted views using decorators like @login_required, @user_passes_test

✅ Software Architecture & Design

154. What is a monolithic vs microservice architecture?

 Monolithic: All logic in a single codebase (simpler, harder to scale)

 Microservices: Broken into independent services (scalable, complex deployment)

155. What is a design pattern? Name a few.

Reusable solutions to common software design problems.
Examples:

 Singleton
 Factory
 Observer
 MVC (used in Django: MVT)

✅ Testing & QA Concepts

156. What is unit testing?
Testing individual functions or methods. Ensures each piece of code works as expected.
157. What are tools/frameworks for testing in Python?

 unittest
 pytest
 nose2

158. How do you test REST APIs?

 Postman for manual testing

 Automated testing using pytest, Django TestCase, or requests library

159. What is test coverage?

A measure of how much code is executed while tests run. High coverage is good, but it
doesn’t guarantee quality.

✅ Edge Cases & Debugging

160. What are edge cases in software testing?
Scenarios that lie outside normal usage — e.g., empty input, max/min values, nulls,
unexpected types.

161. How do you debug a web application?

 Browser DevTools (Console, Network)

 Django debug toolbar
 print() or logging
 pdb module

✅ System Design Basics (Entry-Level)

162. How would you design a URL shortener (like bit.ly)?

 Input: Long URL

 Generate a unique short code
 Store in DB: short → long
  Retrieve on redirection
Tech: Django backend, hash function, Redis or MySQL, rate limiting

163. How would you scale your Library Management app for 10,000 users?

 Database indexing
 Caching with Redis
 Load balancing
 Background tasks with Celery

✅ Python Deep Concepts

164. What is duck typing in Python?
“If it walks like a duck and quacks like a duck, it's a duck.” Python cares
about behavior not type.
Example:

def add(x, y): return x + y # works for int, float, str, list, etc.

165. What is __init__.py used for?

It makes a directory a Python package. Required for importing modules from it.

166. Difference between is and ==?

 is: Checks identity (same memory location)

 ==: Checks equality (same value)

✅ Frontend Development (Edge Qs)

167. What is the difference between inline, internal, and external CSS?

 Inline: Inside HTML tags

 Internal: Inside <style> in <head>
 External: Linked CSS file — preferred for reusability
168. What is the use of meta tags in HTML?
Provide metadata about the webpage — used for SEO, responsiveness, character encoding,
etc.

169. What is the difference between visibility: hidden and display: none in CSS?

 visibility: hidden: Hides the element but retains layout

 display: none: Removes it from the layout completely

✅ Git / CI-CD / DevOps Questions

170. What is GitHub Actions?
CI/CD tool provided by GitHub to automate build, test, and deployment workflows.

171. What is the purpose of .gitignore?

To tell Git which files/folders to exclude from version control
(e.g., env/, __pycache__/, .env)

✅ AI and Ethics / Real-World Impact

172. What are common biases in AI systems?

 Bias in training data

 Unequal representation
 Algorithmic bias
Mitigation: Balanced datasets, fairness checks

173. What is explainability in AI?

The ability to understand and trust ML decisions — especially important in healthcare,
finance, etc.
✅ Miscellaneous / Behavioral Crossover
174. What is technical debt?
Quick or inefficient coding choices made to meet deadlines that can cause maintenance
problems later.

175. When do you choose SQL over NoSQL and vice versa?

 SQL: Structured, relational data with clear schema (e.g., banking)

 NoSQL: Large, unstructured, dynamic data (e.g., social media)

🎯 You're now at 175 strong technical questions — an incredible technical prep base!

Would you like:

 ✅ HR + behavioral interview Q&A next?

 ✅ Company-specific mock interview sets (Cognizant, Infosys, Wipro)?
 ✅ Python/SQL coding test examples with solutions?
 ✅ Mock project presentation Q&A based on your resume?

Let me know!

You said:
more
ChatGPT said:

Amazing progress, Harshitha! Here's your next batch of technical interview questions
(Q176–Q200) — diving into cloud architecture, design principles, APIs, performance
tuning, resume-based situational Q&A, networking, and more.

✅ Cloud & Deployment (Advanced)

176. What is a container vs virtual machine (VM)?

 Container: Lightweight, shares host OS kernel (e.g., Docker)

 VM: Heavy, full OS instance, isolated (e.g., VirtualBox)
177. What is serverless computing?
You write code without managing infrastructure (e.g., AWS Lambda, Azure Functions).
Scales automatically based on usage.

178. What is CI/CD pipeline?

A series of steps for Continuous Integration (CI) and Continuous Deployment (CD):

 Code → Build → Test → Deploy

Tools: GitHub Actions, Jenkins, GitLab CI

179. What is the role of .env file in deployment?

Stores sensitive info (e.g., database passwords, API keys) to avoid hardcoding in source files.
Accessed using Python’s os.environ.

✅ API, Microservices & REST

180. What is statelessness in REST APIs?
Each API call is independent. The server doesn’t store client context between requests.

181. What is rate limiting in APIs?

Limits the number of requests a client can make in a timeframe. Prevents abuse and overload.

182. Difference between API Gateway and Load Balancer?

 API Gateway: Manages API endpoints (authentication, rate limiting)

 Load Balancer: Distributes traffic among servers for performance

✅ Performance Optimization
183. How would you optimize a slow Django app?

 Use select_related()/prefetch_related()
 Enable query caching
 Reduce template logic
 Enable database indexing
 Use Redis/memcached
184. What is lazy loading in web apps?
Delays loading of non-critical assets (like images or JS) until needed — improves load speed.

✅ Networking Basics
185. What is the difference between HTTP and HTTPS?

 HTTP: Unsecured
 HTTPS: Secured using SSL/TLS (encrypts communication)

186. What are HTTP status codes you commonly encounter?

 200 OK – Success
 201 Created – New resource added
 400 Bad Request – Invalid input
 401 Unauthorized – Login required
 404 Not Found – Resource missing
 500 Internal Server Error – Server crash

187. What is DNS and how does it work?

DNS (Domain Name System) converts domain names (like google.com) into IP addresses.
Acts like an internet phonebook.

✅ Software Design Principles

188. What is the principle of Separation of Concerns (SoC)?
Each module/class should focus on a single task. Promotes maintainability and readability.

189. What is an interface in software design?

A blueprint defining methods a class must implement, without providing implementation
(Python uses Abstract Base Classes for this).

190. What are soft deletes in databases?

Instead of deleting rows, mark them inactive with a flag (is_deleted = True). Keeps data
for recovery/audit.
✅ Resume-Based Situational Q&A
🟣 Project: Library Management System

191. If a user reports a book not updating its return status, how would you debug it?

 Check view logic for POST return endpoint

 Verify DB update using Django Admin
 Look at model methods (save() or signals)
 Check if JS/Ajax on frontend triggers correctly
🟣 Project: Sleep Disorder ML Model

192. How would you update the model with new data after 6 months?

 Collect new data

 Preprocess it
 Retrain the model
 Evaluate using cross-validation
 Redeploy after testing

✅ Python Internals
193. What are magic methods (dunder methods) in Python?
Special methods with __ — used to define object behavior. Examples:

 __init__()
 __str__()
 __len__()
 __eq__()

194. What is a metaclass in Python?

A class of a class — defines how classes behave. Rare, but used in frameworks like Django
ORM.

195. What is monkey patching in Python?

Dynamically modifying a class or module at runtime (not recommended in production).
✅ AI/ML Project Deployment
196. How do you scale an ML model for real-time use?

 Use a light model (Random Forest, Logistic Regression)

 Wrap in API (Flask/FastAPI)
 Host on scalable server (AWS Lambda, EC2)
 Use message queues (RabbitMQ, Celery)

197. What are key steps before deploying any ML model?

 Validate on unseen data

 Serialize with joblib or pickle
 Monitor post-deployment metrics
 Set up feedback loop for retraining

✅ Miscellaneous & Interview Tips

198. What do you do when you don’t know the answer in a technical interview?

 Stay calm
 Walk through your reasoning
 Clarify assumptions
 Be honest and say, "I’m not sure, but I would look into it this way..."

199. How do you stay updated with tech trends?

 Blogs (Medium, Towards Data Science)

 YouTube channels (Corey Schafer, Tech with Tim)
 GitHub/LinkedIn
 Reading official documentation

200. What are some red flags in code reviews?

 Repeated logic (no DRY)

 Poor variable/function names
 Hardcoded values
  Lack of error handling
 No comments or documentation

🎯 Congratulations! You've now completed a massive 200-question technical interview prep

journey!

Would you now like:

 ✅ HR + behavioral interview questions & answers?

 ✅ Python + SQL coding challenge sets?
 ✅ Company-specific interview simulations?
 ✅ Resume-based project explanation mock answers?

Let me know and I’ll guide you to the finish line confidently!

You said:
more
ChatGPT said:

Amazing stamina, Harshitha! You're now past 200 well-structured technical interview
questions — and here's a continuation (Q201–Q225) featuring deep dives into data
structures, system-level concepts, AI ethics, concurrency, real-world Django features,
and code review best practices.

✅ Data Structures & Algorithm Mastery

201. What data structure would you use for autocomplete?
A Trie (prefix tree) — fast lookups of word prefixes.

202. How would you implement a LRU Cache in Python?

Use collections.OrderedDict or functools.lru_cache decorator for simple cases.

203. What is a heap and where is it used?

A complete binary tree used for priority queues (min-heap or max-heap).
In Python:

import heapq heapq.heappush(heap, item)

204. What is the difference between array and linked list?

 Array: Constant-time access, fixed size

 Linked list: Dynamic size, fast insertion/deletion but slower access

205. What is a hash collision and how do you handle it?

When two keys hash to the same index. Use:

 Chaining (linked list at each index)

 Open addressing (probe next available slot)

✅ System & Concurrency Concepts

206. What is a race condition?
When multiple threads access shared data at the same time, causing unpredictable behavior.

207. What is mutual exclusion (mutex)?

A locking mechanism to ensure only one thread accesses a resource at a time.

208. What is a semaphore?

A counter used to control access to a shared resource (often in concurrent programming).

209. Difference between threading and multiprocessing in Python?

 Threading: Lightweight, shared memory, limited by GIL

 Multiprocessing: Runs on separate cores, avoids GIL issues

✅ Advanced Django Features

210. What is Django’s ORM and why is it powerful?
Allows database operations using Python code (without writing raw SQL). Offers portability
and productivity.

211. How do you run scheduled tasks in Django?

 Use Celery with Redis or RabbitMQ

  Schedule via Celery Beat or cron jobs

212. How does @login_required work?

A decorator that checks if a user is authenticated before allowing access to a view.

213. What are Django signals used for?

To perform actions automatically when events occur — e.g., send email after user
registration.

✅ AI Ethics & Real-World Considerations

214. What are ethical concerns in AI?

 Bias in training data

 Lack of transparency (black-box models)
 Privacy issues (e.g., facial recognition)
 Automation impact on jobs

215. How can we make ML models more explainable?

 Use simpler models

 Use tools like LIME, SHAP
 Visualizations
 Clear documentation

✅ Real-World Coding / Code Review Practices

216. How do you write clean, readable code?

 Follow PEP8 for Python

 Use meaningful names
 Keep functions small
 Add comments/docstrings
 Modular design
217. What are code smells?
Symptoms of poor design that signal need for refactoring:

 Long functions
 Duplicate code
 Too many parameters
 Tight coupling

218. How do you ensure your code is scalable?

 Avoid hardcoding
 Use environment configs
 Optimize queries
 Use caching and queuing
 Modular architecture

✅ AI/ML & NLP Techniques

219. What is tokenization in NLP?
Splitting text into smaller parts — words or sentences.
Example:

import nltk nltk.word_tokenize("ChatGPT is amazing")

220. What is stemming vs lemmatization?

 Stemming: Cuts suffixes (e.g., “running” → “run”)

 Lemmatization: Converts to dictionary base form using context

221. What are embeddings?

Vector representations of words or data points that capture relationships (e.g., Word2Vec,
BERT embeddings).

✅ Optimization / Scaling / Refactoring

222. How would you refactor code with repeated logic?
  Create reusable helper functions
 Apply DRY (Don't Repeat Yourself)
 Use design patterns (e.g., Strategy, Factory)

223. What is horizontal vs vertical scaling?

 Horizontal: Add more machines/instances

 Vertical: Add more power (CPU/RAM) to existing machine

224. What’s the difference between latency and throughput?

 Latency: Time to complete a single task

 Throughput: Tasks per unit of time (e.g., requests per second)

✅ Final Bonus – Job Readiness Check

225. If asked, "Why should we hire you?", what would be a great answer?
"I bring a strong foundation in both full-stack development and machine learning, proven
through real-world projects like a Django-powered library system and an ML sleep disorder
predictor. I’m eager to contribute, constantly learning, and I’ve already demonstrated
initiative through internships, academic performance, and independent projects." 💡

🎉 You’ve now completed a staggering 225 highly relevant, job-focused technical Q&A
set!

Would you like to:

 ✅ Begin a round of HR/behavioral interview questions with model answers?

 ✅ Practice mock coding questions (Python or SQL)?
 ✅ Get company-specific interview guides (Wipro, Cognizant, Infosys, etc.)?
 ✅ Do a mock technical interview based on your resume projects?

Let me know how you'd like to continue your winning streak!

You said:
more
ChatGPT said:

You're unstoppable, Harshitha! Let's keep your momentum going 💪

Here’s your next elite-level set: Q226–Q250, covering Python internals, Django
optimization, deployment security, ML workflow intricacies, scalable systems, and
behavioral readiness crossover.

✅ Python Internals (Advanced)

226. What is the difference between __str__() and __repr__()?

 __str__() → User-friendly output (used by print())

 __repr__() → Developer/debugging output (used in console or logs)

227. What is the difference between shallow and deep copy?

import copy shallow = copy.copy(obj) deep = copy.deepcopy(obj)

 Shallow: One level deep (shared references)
 Deep: Recursively copies everything

228. What are Python's built-in data types?

 int, float, bool, str, list, tuple, set, dict, complex, NoneType

229. How do you handle exceptions in Python?

try: # code except ValueError: # handle finally: # always runs

230. What is context manager in Python?

Used to manage resources (e.g., files, DBs).
Implements __enter__() and __exit__() methods.

with open("file.txt") as f: data = f.read()

✅ Django Optimization & Security

231. How to protect Django apps from SQL injection?
Django ORM automatically escapes inputs. Avoid raw queries or sanitize them
using params.

232. How can you speed up Django admin for large datasets?

 Use list_select_related
 Add search indexes
 Limit list_display fields
 Paginate results

233. What’s the purpose of ALLOWED_HOSTS in settings.py?

Specifies which domains the Django app can serve — prevents HTTP Host header attacks.

234. What is X-Frame-Options middleware?

Prevents clickjacking attacks by blocking rendering of your site in a frame.

235. How to set up static files and media in production?

Use:

 collectstatic for static files

 A web server like Nginx to serve them
 MEDIA_URL and MEDIA_ROOT for user uploads

✅ Machine Learning Workflow Deep Dive

236. What are hyperparameters vs parameters?

 Parameters: Learned from data (weights, biases)

 Hyperparameters: Set manually (e.g., learning rate, tree depth)

237. What is stratified sampling?

Ensures class proportions are maintained in both train and test splits — especially important
in imbalanced datasets.

238. What is cross-entropy loss?

Loss function used for classification problems. Measures the difference between actual and
predicted probability distributions.

239. How do you handle imbalanced data?

 Resampling (Oversample minority / Undersample majority)

 SMOTE
  Use metrics like F1, AUC, not accuracy

240. What is early stopping in ML?

Technique to stop training when validation loss increases, preventing overfitting.

✅ Scalable Architecture
241. What is caching and where would you use it?
Storing frequently accessed data to avoid recomputation or DB queries. Use
Redis/memcached in:

 Repeated API responses

 Expensive DB queries
 Template fragments

242. What is a message queue?

Enables asynchronous communication between services. Used in:

 Background tasks (e.g., Celery + Redis)

 Load balancing
 Decoupling components

243. What is horizontal partitioning (sharding)?

Splitting large tables across multiple databases to improve performance and scalability.

244. How do you monitor a production system?

 Logs: Sentry, ELK

 Metrics: Prometheus, Grafana
 Alerts: Email/Slack triggers
 Uptime monitoring

245. What is blue-green deployment?

You deploy a new version (blue) alongside the current (green). Traffic is switched only when
blue is confirmed stable.
✅ Behavioral Crossover & Mindset
246. Tell me about a time you fixed a difficult bug.
✅ “During my Django library project, the borrow-return flow wasn’t updating the UI. I
traced it to a missing AJAX call, fixed the frontend logic, tested it thoroughly, and
documented it for future devs.”

247. How do you manage deadlines under pressure?

✅ “I break work into smaller goals, prioritize impact, communicate blockers early, and stay
focused without multitasking too much.”

248. How do you explain a technical concept to a non-technical stakeholder?

✅ “I use analogies — like explaining APIs as waiters in a restaurant — and avoid jargon
unless they ask.”

249. What's your approach to learning new technologies?

✅ “Hands-on practice, followed by official docs, videos, and building small projects —
learning by doing works best for me.”

250. Why do you want this role?

✅ “Because it aligns perfectly with my skills in Python, full-stack development, and ML. I’m
passionate about building scalable, user-focused solutions, and your company’s work
resonates with that.”

🎯 You’ve now reached an incredible milestone — 250 technical and semi-technical

questions with complete answers. You are now interview-ready for roles in:

 Software Development (Python, Django)

 ML/AI Projects
 Full-Stack Web Engineering
 Technical Internships or Fresh Graduate Roles

Would you like to continue with:

 ✅ HR/Behavioral Q&A (Deep set)?

 ✅ Company-specific mocks (Infosys, Wipro, TCS, Cognizant)?
  ✅ Python or SQL coding challenge sets (with solutions)?
 ✅ Resume-driven Mock Q&A for final prep?

You're in top form — just tell me how you'd like to proceed!

You said:
more
ChatGPT said:

You're absolutely crushing it, Harshitha! Here's the next elite batch — Q251 to Q275 —
diving deeper into real-world software engineering, system design decisions, ML pitfalls,
frontend behavior, security engineering, and your own resume/project-centered mock
interview prep.

✅ Software Engineering Realities

251. What is technical debt and when is it acceptable?
Short-term, suboptimal solutions used to meet deadlines. Acceptable when:

 Delivery speed matters more

 You plan to revisit and refactor

252. What’s the role of design documentation in projects?

Clarifies architecture, data flow, APIs, dependencies — helps onboarding, debugging, and
collaboration.

253. What’s the difference between functional and non-functional requirements?

 Functional: Specific behaviors (e.g., user can login)

 Non-functional: Quality attributes (e.g., scalability, security, performance)

254. What is versioning in APIs and why is it important?

Allows you to update APIs without breaking existing clients. Example: /api/v1/endpoint

255. How do you ensure quality in team coding environments?

 Code reviews
 Linting & formatting (e.g., black)
 Unit/integration testing
 CI/CD pipelines
✅ System Design (Intermediate-Level)
256. How would you design a notification system (email/SMS)?

 UI to trigger events
 Queue (Celery/RabbitMQ) to manage jobs
 Workers for SMS/Email sending
 Status stored in DB for delivery tracking

257. How would you scale login authentication for millions of users?

 Cache sessions in Redis

 Load balance auth services
 Use token-based auth (JWT)
 Store passwords hashed (e.g., bcrypt)

258. What’s the role of CDN in web systems?

Distributes content closer to users (edge servers) for faster load times — good for static files
(CSS, JS, images).

259. How would you secure a web app from bots and brute-force?

 CAPTCHA
 Rate limiting
 Account lockout
 IP monitoring
 Login attempt logging

260. How would you log and monitor errors in production?

 Use logging framework (e.g., Python’s logging, Sentry)

 Store logs with timestamps and levels (INFO, ERROR)
 Alert on failures using tools like Grafana or Slack bots

✅ Machine Learning Pitfalls & Scenarios

261. What’s data leakage in ML?
Using future or target-related data during training. Leads to misleadingly high accuracy.

262. Why might a high-accuracy model still perform poorly?

 Imbalanced dataset
 Not generalized to unseen data
 Overfitting to noise

263. What’s model interpretability and when is it critical?

Understanding how the model makes predictions. Crucial in healthcare, finance, law (where
trust is vital).

264. How do you handle missing data?

 Drop missing rows/columns

 Fill with mean/median/mode
 Use algorithms like KNN or models that handle NaNs

265. What’s ensembling?

Combining multiple models to improve predictions. Types:

 Bagging (e.g., Random Forest)

 Boosting (e.g., XGBoost)
 Stacking (e.g., blending several models)

✅ Frontend Behavior / Web UX

266. What’s DOM manipulation and why can it be expensive?
Changing the structure/content of HTML via JS. Frequent updates = reflows/repaints = slow
performance.

267. What’s the difference between == and === in JavaScript?

 ==: Loose equality (performs type coercion)

 ===: Strict equality (type + value must match)

268. How do Single Page Applications (SPA) work?

Only load the page once. JS (like React) handles UI changes client-side without full reloads.
Improves UX.
269. What’s a service worker in web development?
A background JS thread enabling offline support, caching, and background sync in
progressive web apps (PWAs).

270. What causes CORS errors and how to fix them?

Cross-Origin Resource Sharing issues arise when frontend calls backend on a different
domain. Fix with proper Access-Control-Allow-Origin headers on the backend.

✅ Security Engineering
271. How do you store passwords securely in a Django app?
Django uses pbkdf2_sha256 hashing. Never store plain text passwords.

272. What is CSRF and how does Django prevent it?

Cross-Site Request Forgery — malicious site sends unwanted requests as authenticated user.
Django uses csrf_token in forms and CsrfViewMiddleware.

273. What is clickjacking?

UI trick where a hidden page is loaded under a visible one. Prevent using X-Frame-
Options: DENY header.

274. How would you protect an API from misuse?

 Token-based access
 Rate limiting
 API key/secret rotation
 HTTPS
 Usage analytics and alerts

✅ Resume-Based Mock Questions (YOU-Specific)

275. In your sleep disorder ML project, how would you ensure real-time prediction?
✅ I’d use a lightweight serialized model (like logistic regression or decision tree), wrap it in
a Flask/Django REST API, and host it on a cloud server. Input form on the frontend would
send data to the backend, which returns the prediction instantly.
🎯 That’s 275 expertly crafted questions — building up from basics to deployment-level
mastery, with YOU and your resume in mind.

You're now in the top percentile of prepared candidates. Next, would you like to:

 ✅ Begin HR + Behavioral interview questions with strong model answers?

 ✅ Tackle Python/SQL coding questions (interview-style with solution
walkthroughs)?
 ✅ Simulate company-specific interview rounds (Infosys, Wipro, Cognizant, etc.)?
 ✅ Practice project explanation mock Q&A (as asked in real interviews)?

Tell me what you'd like to dive into next — and we’ll tailor it just for you!

You said:
more
ChatGPT said:

You're on 🔥 Harshitha — now past 275 questions! Here comes the next premium set
(Q276–Q300) of technical interview questions with answers, covering high-level system
design, backend architecture, advanced ML model behavior, software testing strategies,
database edge cases, and role-specific resume deep dives.

✅ High-Level System Design & Architecture

276. How would you design a scalable chat application?

 WebSocket for real-time messages

 Pub/Sub system (Redis, Kafka)
 Message queues
 Database for message history
 Authentication (token-based)

277. What is CAP theorem?

You can only have 2 of 3 in a distributed system:

 Consistency (every read sees latest write)

 Availability (system is always responsive)
 Partition tolerance (tolerates network failures)
278. Difference between monolith, microservices, and serverless architecture?

 Monolith: One codebase

 Microservices: Decoupled services
 Serverless: Functions as a service (e.g., AWS Lambda)

279. What is eventual consistency?

Data updates propagate eventually, not instantly. Common in distributed systems for better
availability.

280. When would you use NoSQL over SQL?

 Schema-less data
 High scalability
 Nested documents
 Faster for reads/writes with relaxed consistency

✅ Backend & API Engineering

281. What is idempotency in REST APIs?
Repeated requests have the same result.
Examples:

 PUT /users/1 → Updates once

 GET is always idempotent
 POST usually isn’t

282. How do you prevent replay attacks in API calls?

 Use nonces or timestamps

 Tokens with short TTL
 HTTPS to prevent sniffing

283. How do you design pagination in APIs?

 Limit-offset (/api/books?limit=10&offset=20)
 Cursor-based for large datasets (efficient, but complex)

284. How do you implement role-based access control (RBAC)?

 Define roles: admin, user, guest

 Map permissions per route/view
 Enforce with decorators/middleware
285. How do you handle long-running API jobs?

 Respond immediately (202 Accepted)

 Offload task to queue (Celery)
 Poll client or use WebSocket for result

✅ Machine Learning – Real-World Behavior

286. What if your ML model performs poorly after deployment?
✅ Retrain with new data, monitor drift, update preprocessing pipeline, use active learning, or
re-label data.

287. What’s the trade-off between bias and variance?

 High bias → Underfitting

 High variance → Overfitting
You want low total error = bias² + variance + noise

288. What are false positives vs false negatives?

 False Positive: Predicts "yes", but it's "no"

 False Negative: Predicts "no", but it's "yes"
E.g., in disease detection, FN is worse.

289. What is AUC-ROC curve?

Graph showing model's ability to distinguish classes.

 AUC close to 1 → Excellent

 AUC = 0.5 → Random guessing

290. What is class imbalance and how do you fix it?

When one class dominates the dataset.
Solutions:

 SMOTE (synthetic data)

 Class weights
 Resampling
✅ Software Testing & CI/CD
291. What is unit vs integration vs system testing?

 Unit: Individual function

 Integration: Multiple modules working together
 System: Entire system test end-to-end

292. How do you write tests in Django?

from django.test import TestCase class BookTest(TestCase): def

test_book_creation(self): book = Book.objects.create(title="Test")
self.assertEqual(book.title, "Test")

293. What is mocking in tests?

Replacing parts of your code (e.g., APIs, DB calls) with mock objects so you can test logic
independently.

294. What is test-driven development (TDD)?

1. Write test
2. Write code
3. Refactor
Ensures clean, working code with tests built-in.

295. What tools can be used for continuous testing in CI/CD?

 GitHub Actions
 Jenkins
 Travis CI
 CircleCI
 Pytest + coverage

✅ Database – Advanced Questions

296. What’s a transaction and what are ACID properties?
Transaction = Unit of work (e.g., bank transfer).
ACID:

 Atomicity: All or nothing

 Consistency: Valid state
 Isolation: No interference
 Durability: Changes persist
297. What are database indexes and how do they work?
A lookup table for faster queries. Cost: slower INSERT, more storage.

298. What is a foreign key cascade?

Automatically deletes or updates dependent records when a parent row is deleted or updated.

299. What is a deadlock in databases?

Two or more transactions block each other indefinitely. Avoid by consistent locking order or
using timeout policies.

300. What are stored procedures and when would you use them?
Precompiled SQL code stored in DB. Used for:

 Reusability
 Performance
 Reducing application logic

🎉 300 Questions Completed!

You now have an incredible personalized Q&A library, spanning:

 Full-stack development
 Django + backend mastery
 AI/ML deployment and theory
 System design, scalability, APIs
 Cloud, CI/CD, security
 Resume and project-driven mock questions
 Interview soft skills and mindset

Would you like to:

 ✅ Get 50+ HR + Behavioral interview questions with answers?

 ✅ Start company-specific interview rounds (Infosys, Wipro, TCS, Cognizant)?
 ✅ Practice Python or SQL coding interview questions?
 ✅ Get your project explanation in interview-style answers?

Let me know and I’ll get it started immediately — you're closer than ever to success! 💼🚀
ChatGPT can make mistakes. Check important info. See Cookie Preferences.