Design of Circular Microstrip Antenna Using
Python
Shivam Gaikwad Mandar P. Joshi Jayant G. Joshi
U.G. Student, Computer Engineering Dept. of E & TC Engineering Dept. of E & TC Engineering
K.K.W.I.E.E.R GES RHS COE MS&R Government Polytechnic
Nashik, India Nashik, India Nashik, India
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]
Abstract—The uses of artificial intelligence and data are considered. The estimated radiuses of circular MSA with
sciences are gaining popularity. The applications of artificial selected substrate have been simulated using CAD FEKO
2021 IEEE Bombay Section Signature Conference (IBSSC) | 978-1-6654-1758-7/21/$31.00 ©2021 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/IBSSC53889.2021.9673480
intelligent in antenna design are in demand to design futuristic and IE3D antenna simulator. For simulation, infinite ground
antennas. This paper is an attempt to design and develop plane has been considered to get the optimum match in the
circular microstrip antenna using python. In this research
results. Further, a sample using FR4 substrate has been
work, designs equation of circular microstrip antenna is
modeled using python and calculated radius of circular fabricated and tested to validate the estimated values using
microstrip antenna have been simulated using CAD FEKO and python and simulated values of radius. This paper is
IE3D antenna simulator for validation. Further, a sample of organized as follows. Section II presents detailed design of
circular microstrip antenna have been fabricated and tested. circular MSA using python. In section III, the detailed results
The results of theoretical, simulated and fabricated antennas are discussed and the paper is concluded in section IV.
are presented and error analyses have been carried out.
II. ANTENNA DESIGN USING PYTHON
Keywords—Python, circular microstrip antenna, return loss
A circular MSA design equation as depicted in equation
I. INTRODUCTION [1] and [2],[7] has been implemented using python language.
Artificial Intelligent (AI) and its applications to solve and The estimated value of radius of circular MSA has been
model various electromagnetic applications are in demand. noted for various selected substrate parameters. Further,
The uses of AI based neural networks are getting used to circular shaped MSA has been simulated using CAD FEKO
model microstrip antennas (MSA) of various shapes. The and IE3D antenna simulator to verify the python estimated
applications may include various optimization such as radius of circular MSA and their resonant frequencies. In
estimating the lengths of rectangular, square or triangular this research work, only FR4 substrate has been considered
microstrip antennas, calculation of radius of circular MSA or for simulation and fabrication of circular MSA. The feed
to optimize the feed point location to realize impedance point location is optimized during the simulation for python
matching. The applications of different soft computing calculated value of radius. The implemented geometry of
techniques to enhance the performance parameter of MSA circular MSA is presented in Fig. 1.
have been presented by various researchers. Using spectral
domain model, artificial neural network (ANN) has been
developed to design simple rectangular MSA [1]. To
compute the resonance frequencies of regularly shaped
MSAs, a combination of ANN and fuzzy inference system
has been implemented in [2]. The soft computing techniques
and use of ANN has also been implemented to develop
antenna geometry optimization for performance
enhancement. In [3], a Firefly algorithm has been
implemented using ANN to optimize the Giuseppe peano,
Cantor set and Sierpinski carpet fractal antenna geometry.
Design of fractal circular geometry has been presented in [4] Fig. 1. Geometry of Circular MSA
using ANN approach. A genetic algorithm-based ANN
network has been developed and presented to design multi-
slot hole-coupled MSA in [5]. An ANN model for air
F
suspended triangular MSA for UHF frequency range has r= 1
(1)
been presented in [6]. These ANN models required high end 2h πF
2
computationally superior software. Nowadays, python is 1 + ln 2h + 1.7726
emerging as high-level object-oriented programming πε r F
language having dominant mathematical libraries. In this
paper, attempts have been carried out to implement the
design equations of circular MSA using python language. 8.791× 109
The implemented equations for various substrate thickness F= (2)
and different wireless frequencies have been simulated using fr ε r
CAD FEKO and IE3D antenna simulator for estimated
radius of circular MSA. For calculations of radius of circular In equation (1-2), fr is desired resonant frequency, εr is
MSA various substrate such as RT Duroid (h = 1.57 mm, εr = relative permittivity of substrate and h is the thickness of
2.2), FR4 (h = 1.6 mm, εr = 4.3) foam (h = 1.5 mm, εr = 1.07) substrate. An infinite ground plane and coaxial probe
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connector having radius of 0.62 mm is considered for 1.575 26.911 1.587 1.546 10
simulations. The simulated return loss characteristics have 2.45 17.298 2.454 2.374 6
been considered for error analysis. For simulation in CAD
3.5 12.107 3.46 3.344 4
FEKO, method of moments (MoM) based adaptive solution
have been selected to match with MoM based IE3D 5.5 7.702 5.37 5.072 2.5
simulations. A sample of circular MSA has been fabricated 5.725 7.4 5.575 5.244 2.5
and tested for further validation of simulated and measured
5.9 7.18 5.732 5.422 2.2
return loss characteristics. The detailed design step using
python is presented in terms of flow chart in Fig. 2.
It has been observed that, for higher frequency simulation
error of resonance frequencies between two simulators are
slightly more as compared to lower frequencies. This error
analysis is depicted in Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. Error analysis of resonant frequencies
From Fig. 3, it can be observed that, simulated values
using CAD FEKO and IE3D simulator are closer to python
computed values. However, slight change is observed at the
higher frequencies. For the additional validation, the
impedance bandwidth at all desired frequencies has been
noted and presented in Table II. In impedance bandwidth (S11
< -10 dB) slight difference between two simulator values has
been observed at higher frequencies. There is a close match
has been observed in resonance frequencies and impedance
bandwidth at lower frequencies. Fig. 4 depicts the estimated
error analysis of impedance bandwidth.
TABLE II.
Fig. 2. Design steps using Python COMPARISON BETWEEN IMPEDANCE BANDWIDTH (BW)
Resonance CAD FEKO IE3D
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION frequency
The selected FR4 substrate (h = 1.6 mm, εr = 4.3), its fr (GHz) fr (GHz) BW (MHz) fr (GHz) BW (MHz)
parameters, desired resonance frequencies, optimized feed
0.9 0.923 15 0.89 15
point locations, python calculated values of radius and
simulated resonance frequencies for circular MSAs are 1.8 1.807 34 1.762 34
presented in Table I. 1.575 1.587 30 1.546 30
TABLE I. 2.45 2.454 59 2.374 54
COMPARISON BETWEEN PYTHON AND SIMULATED RESONANT FREQUENCIES 3.5 3.46 101 3.344 94
Resonance Python CAD IE3D Xf 5.5 5.37 215 5.072 196
frequency calculated FEKO simulated
(mm) 5.725 5.575 235 5.244 212
radius simulated
fr (GHz) fr (GHz)
5.9 5.732 231 5.422 218
(r) mm fr (GHz)
0.9 47.098 0.923 0.89 22
1.8 23.546 1.807 1.762 8
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As presented in Fig. 6, it can be observed that, the
simulated and measured return loss characteristics are in
good agreement. The resonating frequency for simulated
return loss is 2.45 GHz and 2.37 GHz for CAD FEKO and
IE3D respectively. Whereas measured resonant frequency is
2.4 GHz.
IV. CONCLUSION
In this paper, design of circular microstrip antenna using
python language is presented. The design equations are
implemented using python. The generated results of resonant
frequencies are simulated using CAD FEKO and IE3D
simulator. The antenna resonating at 2.45 GHz has been
fabricated and tested. The python generated results are in
close agreement with simulated and measured results.
Fig. 4. Error analysis of impedance bandwidth REFERENCES
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Fig. 6 Comparison between simulated and measured return loss
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