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Oracle Database 10g: Develop

PL/SQL Program Units

Volume III • Student Guide

D17169GC30
Edition 3.0
April 2009
D59278

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 Authors Copyright © 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved.

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 Contents

Preface

I Introduction

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Lesson Objectives I-2
Course Objectives I-3
Course Agenda I-4
Human Resources (HR) Schema I-7
Creating a Modularized and Layered Subprogram Design I-8
Modularizing Development with PL/SQL Blocks I-9
Review of Anonymous Blocks I-10
Introduction to PL/SQL Procedures I-11
Introduction to PL/SQL Functions I-12
Introduction to PL/SQL Packages I-13
Introduction to PL/SQL Triggers I-14
PL/SQL Execution Environment I-15
PL/SQL Development Environments I-16
What Is Oracle SQL Developer? I-17
Creating a Database Connection I-18
Creating an Anonymous Block I-19
Coding PL/SQL in SQL*Plus I-20
Coding PL/SQL in Oracle JDeveloper I-21
Summary I-22
Practice I: Overview I-23

1 Creating Stored Procedures

Objectives 1-2
What Is a Procedure? 1-3
Syntax for Creating Procedures 1-4
Developing Procedures 1-5
What Are Parameters? 1-6
Formal and Actual Parameters 1-7
Procedural Parameter Modes 1-8
Using IN Parameters: Example 1-9
Using OUT Parameters: Example 1-10
Viewing OUT Parameters 1-11

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 Using IN OUT Parameters: Example 1-12
Syntax for Passing Parameters 1-13
Parameter Passing: Examples 1-14
Using the DEFAULT Option for Parameters 1-15
Summary of Parameter Modes 1-17
Invoking Procedures 1-18
Handled Exceptions 1-19
Handled Exceptions: Example 1-20

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Exceptions Not Handled 1-21
Exceptions Not Handled: Example 1-22
Removing Procedures 1-23
Viewing Procedures in the Data Dictionary 1-24
Benefits of Subprograms 1-25
Summary 1-26
Practice 1: Overview 1-28

2 Creating Stored Functions

Objectives 2-2
Overview of Stored Functions 2-3
Syntax for Creating Functions 2-4
Developing Functions 2-5
Stored Function: Example 2-6
Ways to Execute Functions 2-7
Advantages of User-Defined Functions in SQL Statements 2-8
Function in SQL Expressions: Example 2-9
Locations to Call User-Defined Functions 2-10
Restrictions on Calling Functions from SQL Expressions 2-11
Controlling Side Effects When Calling Functions from SQL Expressions 2-12
Restrictions on Calling Functions from SQL: Example 2-13
Removing Functions 2-14
Viewing Functions in the Data Dictionary 2-15
Procedures Versus Functions 2-16
Summary 2-17
Practice 2: Overview 2-18

3 Creating Packages
Objectives 3-2
PL/SQL Packages: Overview 3-3
Components of a PL/SQL Package 3-4
Visibility of Package Components 3-5
Developing PL/SQL Packages 3-6

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 Creating the Package Specification 3-7
Example of Package Specification: comm_pkg 3-8
Creating the Package Body 3-9
Example of Package Body: comm_pkg 3-10
Invoking Package Subprograms 3-11
Creating and Using Bodiless Packages 3-12
Removing Packages 3-13
Viewing Packages in the Data Dictionary 3-14

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Guidelines for Writing Packages 3-15
Advantages of Using Packages 3-16
Summary 3-18
Practice 3: Overview 3-20

4 Using More Package Concepts

Objectives 4-2
Overloading Subprograms 4-3
Overloading: Example 4-5
Overloading and the STANDARD Package 4-7
Using Forward Declarations 4-8
Package Initialization Block 4-10
Using Package Functions in SQL and Restrictions 4-11
Package Function in SQL: Example 4-12
Persistent State of Packages 4-13
Persistent State of Package Variables: Example 4-14
Persistent State of a Package Cursor 4-15
Executing CURS_PKG 4-16
Using PL/SQL Tables of Records in Packages 4-17
PL/SQL Wrapper 4-18
Running the Wrapper 4-19
Results of Wrapping 4-20
Guidelines for Wrapping 4-21
Summary 4-22
Practice 4: Overview 4-23

5 Using Oracle-Supplied Packages in Application Development

Objectives 5-2
Using Oracle-Supplied Packages 5-3
List of Some Oracle-Supplied Packages 5-4
How the DBMS_OUTPUT Package Works 5-5
Interacting with Operating System Files 5-6

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 File Processing Using the UTL_FILE Package 5-7
Exceptions in the UTL_FILE Package 5-8
FOPEN and IS_OPEN Function Parameters 5-9
Using UTL_FILE: Example 5-10
Generating Web Pages with the HTP Package 5-12
Using the HTP Package Procedures 5-13
Creating an HTML File 5-14
Using UTL_MAIL 5-15

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Installing and Using UTL_MAIL 5-16
Sending Email with a Binary Attachment 5-17
Sending Email with a Text Attachment 5-19
DBMS_SCHEDULER Package 5-21
Creating a Job 5-23
Creating a Job with In-Line Parameters 5-24
Creating a Job Using a Program 5-25
Creating a Job for a Program with Arguments 5-26
Creating a Job Using a Schedule 5-27
Setting the Repeat Interval for a Job 5-28
Creating a Job Using a Named Program and Schedule 5-29
Managing Jobs 5-30
Data Dictionary Views 5-31
Summary 5-32
Practice 5: Overview 5-33

6 Dynamic SQL and Metadata

Objectives 6-2
Execution Flow of SQL 6-3
Dynamic SQL 6-4
Native Dynamic SQL 6-5
Using the EXECUTE IMMEDIATE Statement 6-6
Dynamic SQL with a DDL Statement 6-7
Dynamic SQL with DML Statements 6-8
Dynamic SQL with a Single-Row Query 6-9
Dynamic SQL with a Multirow Query 6-10
Declaring Cursor Variables 6-11
Dynamically Executing a PL/SQL Block 6-12
Using Native Dynamic SQL to Compile PL/SQL Code 6-13
Using the DBMS_SQL Package 6-14
Using DBMS_SQL with a DML Statement 6-15
Using DBMS_SQL with a Parameterized DML Statement 6-16

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 Comparison of Native Dynamic SQL and the DBMS_SQL Package 6-17
DBMS_METADATA Package 6-18
Metadata API 6-19
Subprograms in DBMS_METADATA 6-20
FETCH_xxx Subprograms 6-21
SET_FILTER Procedure 6-22
Filters 6-23
Examples of Setting Filters 6-24

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Programmatic Use: Example 1 6-25
Programmatic Use: Example 2 6-27
Browsing APIs 6-29
Browsing APIs: Examples 6-30
Summary 6-32
Practice 6: Overview 6-33

7 Design Considerations for PL/SQL Code

Objectives 7-2
Standardizing Constants and Exceptions 7-3
Standardizing Exceptions 7-4
Standardizing Exception Handling 7-5
Standardizing Constants 7-6
Local Subprograms 7-7
Definer’s Rights Versus Invoker’s Rights 7-8
Specifying Invoker’s Rights 7-9
Autonomous Transactions 7-10
Features of Autonomous Transactions 7-11
Using Autonomous Transactions 7-12
RETURNING Clause 7-13
Bulk Binding 7-14
Using Bulk Binding 7-15
Bulk Binding FORALL: Example 7-16
Using BULK COLLECT INTO with Queries 7-18
Using BULK COLLECT INTO with Cursors 7-19
Using BULK COLLECT INTO with a RETURNING Clause 7-20
Using the NOCOPY Hint 7-21
Effects of the NOCOPY Hint 7-22
NOCOPY Hint Can Be Ignored 7-23
PARALLEL_ENABLE Hint 7-24
Summary 7-25
Practice 7: Overview 7-26

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 8 Managing Dependencies
Objectives 8-2
Understanding Dependencies 8-3
Dependencies 8-4
Local Dependencies 8-5
A Scenario of Local Dependencies 8-7
Displaying Direct Dependencies by Using USER_DEPENDENCIES 8-8
Displaying Direct and Indirect Dependencies 8-9

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Displaying Dependencies 8-10
Another Scenario of Local Dependencies 8-11
A Scenario of Local Naming Dependencies 8-12
Understanding Remote Dependencies 8-13
Concepts of Remote Dependencies 8-15
REMOTE_DEPENDENCIES_MODE Parameter 8-16
Remote Dependencies and Time Stamp Mode 8-17
Remote Procedure B Compiles at 8:00 AM 8-19
Local Procedure A Compiles at 9:00 AM 8-20
Execute Procedure A 8-21
Remote Procedure B Recompiled at 11:00 AM 8-22
Execute Procedure A 8-23
Signature Mode 8-24
Recompiling a PL/SQL Program Unit 8-25
Unsuccessful Recompilation 8-26
Successful Recompilation 8-27
Recompilation of Procedures 8-28
Packages and Dependencies 8-29
Summary 8-31
Practice 8: Overview 8-32

9 Manipulating Large Objects

Objectives 9-2
What Is a LOB? 9-3
Contrasting LONG and LOB Data Types 9-5
Anatomy of a LOB 9-6
Internal LOBs 9-7
Managing Internal LOBs 9-8
What Are BFILEs? 9-9
Securing BFILEs 9-10
A New Database Object: DIRECTORY 9-11
Guidelines for Creating DIRECTORY Objects 9-12

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 Managing BFILEs 9-13
Preparing to Use BFILEs 9-14
Populating BFILE Columns with SQL 9-15
Populating a BFILE Column with PL/SQL 9-16
Using DBMS_LOB Routines with BFILEs 9-17
Migrating from LONG to LOB 9-18
DBMS_LOB Package 9-20
DBMS_LOB.READ and DBMS_LOB.WRITE 9-23

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Initializing LOB Columns Added to a Table 9-24
Populating LOB Columns 9-25
Updating LOB by Using DBMS_LOB in PL/SQL 9-26
Selecting CLOB Values by Using SQL 9-27
Selecting CLOB Values by Using DBMS_LOB 9-28
Selecting CLOB Values in PL/SQL 9-29
Removing LOBs 9-30
Temporary LOBs 9-31
Creating a Temporary LOB 9-32
Summary 9-33
Practice 9: Overview 9-34

10 Creating Triggers
Objectives 10-2
Types of Triggers 10-3
Guidelines for Designing Triggers 10-4
Creating DML Triggers 10-5
Types of DML Triggers 10-6
Trigger Timing 10-7
Trigger-Firing Sequence 10-8
Trigger Event Types and Body 10-10
Creating a DML Statement Trigger 10-11
Testing SECURE_EMP 10-12
Using Conditional Predicates 10-13
Creating a DML Row Trigger 10-14
Using OLD and NEW Qualifiers 10-15
Using OLD and NEW Qualifiers: Example Using AUDIT_EMP 10-16
Restricting a Row Trigger: Example 10-17
Summary of the Trigger Execution Model 10-18
Implementing an Integrity Constraint with a Trigger 10-19
INSTEAD OF Triggers 10-20

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 Creating an INSTEAD OF Trigger 10-21
Comparison of Database Triggers and Stored Procedures 10-24
Comparison of Database Triggers and Oracle Forms Triggers 10-25
Managing Triggers 10-26
Removing Triggers 10-27
Testing Triggers 10-28
Summary 10-29
Practice 10: Overview 10-30

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11 Applications for Triggers
Objectives 11-2
Creating Database Triggers 11-3
Creating Triggers on DDL Statements 11-4
Creating Triggers on System Events 11-5
LOGON and LOGOFF Triggers: Example 11-6
CALL Statements 11-7
Reading Data from a Mutating Table 11-8
Mutating Table: Example 11-9
Benefits of Database Triggers 11-11
Managing Triggers 11-12
Business Application Scenarios for Implementing Triggers 11-13
Viewing Trigger Information 11-14
Using USER_TRIGGERS 11-15
Listing the Code of Triggers 11-16
Summary 11-17
Practice 11: Overview 11-18

12 Understanding and Influencing the PL/SQL Compiler

Objectives 12-2
Native and Interpreted Compilation 12-3
Features and Benefits of Native Compilation 12-4
Considerations When Using Native Compilation 12-5
Parameters Influencing Compilation 12-6
Switching Between Native and Interpreted Compilation 12-7
Viewing Compilation Information in the Data Dictionary 12-8
Using Native Compilation 12-9
Compiler Warning Infrastructure 12-10
Setting Compiler Warning Levels 12-11
Guidelines for Using PLSQL_WARNINGS 12-12
DBMS_WARNING Package 12-13

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