264 Chapter 3  Differentiation Rules

d
Example 5 Find ftanh21ssin xdg.
dx
SOLUTION  Using Table 6 and the Chain Rule, we have

d 1 d
ftanh21ssin xdg − ssin xd
dx 1 2 ssin xd dx
2

1 cos x
2 cos x −
− − sec x ■
1 2 sin x cos2x

3.11 Exercises
1–6  Find the numerical value of each expression. 21. If cosh x − 53 and x . 0, find the values of the other hyper-
1. (a) sinh 0 (b) cosh 0 bolic functions at x.

2. (a) tanh 0 (b) tanh 1 22.  (a) Use the graphs of sinh, cosh, and tanh in Figures 1–3 to
draw the graphs of csch, sech, and coth.
3. (a) coshsln 5d (b) cosh 5 ; (b) Check the graphs that you sketched in part (a) by using a
4. (a) sinh 4 (b) sinhsln 4d graphing device to produce them.
5. (a) sech 0 (b) cosh21 1 23. Use the definitions of the hyperbolic functions to find each
of the following limits.
6. (a) sinh 1 (b) sinh21 1 (a) lim tanh x (b) lim tanh x
xl` x l2`
(c) lim sinh x (d) lim sinh x
7–19  Prove the identity. xl` x l2`
(e) lim sech x (f) lim coth x
7. sinhs2xd − 2sinh x xl` xl`

 (This shows that sinh is an odd function.) (g) lim1 coth x (h) lim2 coth x
x l0 x l0
8. coshs2xd − cosh x sinh x
 (This shows that cosh is an even function.) (i) lim csch x ( j) lim
x l2` xl` ex
9. cosh x 1 sinh x − e x 24. Prove the formulas given in Table 1 for the derivatives of the
10. cosh x 2 sinh x − e2x functions (a) cosh, (b) tanh, (c) csch, (d) sech, and (e) coth.

11. sinhsx 1 yd − sinh x cosh y 1 cosh x sinh y 25. Give an alternative solution to Example 3 by letting
y − sinh21x and then using Exercise 9 and Example 1(a)
12. coshsx 1 yd − cosh x cosh y 1 sinh x sinh y with x replaced by y.
13. coth2x 2 1 − csch2x 26.  Prove Equation 4.
tanh x 1 tanh y
14. tanhsx 1 yd − 27. Prove Equation 5 using (a) the method of Example 3 and
1 1 tanh x tanh y (b) Exercise 18 with x replaced by y.
15. sinh 2x − 2 sinh x cosh x 28.  F
 or each of the following functions (i) give a definition like
16. cosh 2x − cosh2x 1 sinh2x those in (2), (ii) sketch the graph, and (iii) find a formula
similar to Equation 3.
x2 2 1
17. tanhsln xd − (a) csch 21      (b) sech21      (c) coth21
x2 1 1
1 1 tanh x 29.  P
 rove the formulas given in Table 6 for the derivatives of the
18. − e 2x following functions.
1 2 tanh x
(a) cosh21      (b) tanh21      (c) csch21
19. scosh x 1 sinh xdn − cosh nx 1 sinh nx (d) sech21      (e) coth21
 (n any real number)
30–45  Find the derivative. Simplify where possible.

20.  If tanh x − 12 30. f sxd − e x cosh x

13 , find the values of the other hyperbolic func-
tions at x. 31. f sxd − tanh sx 32. tsxd − sinh 2 x

Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 Section 3.11  Hyperbolic Functions 265

33. hsxd − sinhsx 2 d 34. Fstd − lnssinh td y

35. Gstd − sinhsln td ¨

5
36. y − sech x s1 1 ln sech xd
1 1 sinh t
37. y − e cosh 3x 38. f std −
1 2 sinh t
_7 0 7 x
39. tstd − t coth st 2 1 1 40. y − sinh21 stan xd
41. y − cosh21 sx 52.  U
 sing principles from physics it can be shown that when a
42. y − x tanh x 1 ln s1 2 x
21 2 cable is hung between two poles, it takes the shape of a curve
y − f sxd that satisfies the differential equation
43. y − x sinh21sxy3d 2 s9 1 x 2
44. y − sech21 se2x d
45. y − coth21 ssec xd
d2y
dx 2
−
t
T
Î S D 11
dy
dx
2

where  is the linear density of the cable, t is the acceleration

due to gravity, T is the tension in the cable at its lowest point,

46. Show that

d
Î 4 1 1 tanh x
− 12 e xy2.
and the coordinate system is chosen appropriately. Verify that
the function

S D
dx 1 2 tanh x
T tx
d y − f sxd − cosh
47.  Show that arctanstanh xd − sech 2x. t T
dx
is a solution of this differential equation.

48. The Gateway Arch in St. Louis was designed by Eero
Saarinen and was constructed using the equation  cable with linear density  − 2 kgym is strung from the
53.  A
tops of two poles that are 200 m apart.
y − 211.49 2 20.96 cosh 0.03291765x
(a) Use Exercise 52 to find the tension T so that the cable is
 for the central curve of the arch, where x and y are measured 60 m above the ground at its lowest point. How tall are
in meters and x < 91.20. | | the poles?
; (a) Graph the central curve. (b) If the tension is doubled, what is the new low point of the
(b) What is the height of the arch at its center? cable? How tall are the poles now?
(c) At what points is the height 100 m?
54. A model for the velocity of a falling object after time t is
(d) What is the slope of the arch at the points in part (c)?
49.  I f a water wave with length L moves with velocity v in a
body of water with depth d, then
v std − Î mt
k
tanh t SÎ D tk
m

v− Î tL
2
tanh
2d
L
S D where m is the mass of the object, t − 9.8 mys 2 is the

acceleration due to gravity, k is a constant, t is measured in
seconds, and v in mys.
where t is the acceleration due to gravity. (See Figure 5.) (a) Calculate the terminal velocity of the object, that is,
Explain why the approximation lim tl` v std.

Î
(b) If a person falls from a building, the value of the constant
tL k depends on his or her position. For a “belly-to-earth”
v<
2 position, k − 0.515 kgys, but for a “feet-first” position,
k − 0.067 kgys. If a 60-kg person falls in belly-to-earth
is appropriate in deep water.
 position, what is the terminal velocity? What about feet-
; 50. A flexible cable always hangs in the shape of a catenary first?
y − c 1 a coshsxyad, where c and a are constants and a . 0 Source: L. Long et al., “How Terminal Is Terminal Velocity?” American Math-
(see Figure 4 and Exercise 52). Graph several members of ematical Monthly 113 (2006): 752–55.
the family of functions y − a coshsxyad. How does the graph 55.  (a) Show that any function of the form
change as a varies?
y − A sinh mx 1 B cosh mx
51.  A
 telephone line hangs between two poles 14 m apart in the
 satisfies the differential equation y99 − m 2 y.
shape of the catenary y − 20 coshsxy20d 2 15, where x and
(b) Find y − ysxd such that y99 − 9y, ys0d − 24,
y are measured in meters.
and y9s0d − 6.
(a) Find the slope of this curve where it meets the right pole.
(b) Find the angle  between the line and the pole. 56.  If x − lnssec  1 tan d, show that sec  − cosh x.

Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.