EXPERIMENT 1

Create a table EMPLOYEE with following schema: (Emp_no, E_name, E_address, E_ph_no, Dept_no,
Dept_name,Job_id , Salary)

Below are the SQL queries to perform the requested tasks based on the EMPLOYEE table schema:

1. Create the EMPLOYEE Table

CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE (

Emp_no INT PRIMARY KEY, -- Employee number (unique identifier)

E_name VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL, -- Employee name

E_address VARCHAR(100), -- Employee address

E_ph_no VARCHAR(15), -- Employee phone number

Dept_no VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL, -- Department number

Dept_name VARCHAR(50), -- Department name

Job_id VARCHAR(20), -- Job ID

Salary DECIMAL(10, 2) NOT NULL -- Employee salary

);

2. Insert at Least 5 Rows

INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE (Emp_no, E_name, E_address, E_ph_no, Dept_no, Dept_name, Job_id,
Salary)

VALUES

(1, 'Alice', '123 Main St', '123-456-7890', 'D10', 'HR', 'HR01', 55000.00),

(2, 'Bob', '456 Elm St', '987-654-3210', 'D20', 'IT', 'IT02', 75000.00),

(3, 'Charlie', '789 Oak St', '555-666-7777', 'D30', 'Finance', 'FIN01', 65000.00),

(4, 'David', '101 Pine St', '444-555-6666', 'D10', 'HR', 'HR02', 60000.00),

(5, 'James', '202 Birch St', '333-222-1111', 'D40', 'Sales', 'SLS01', 70000.00);
3. Display All Information in the EMPLOYEE Table

SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE;

4. Display the Record of Employees Who Work in Department D10

SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE

WHERE Dept_no = 'D10';

5. Update the City of Emp_no 12 to Nagpur

If the E_address column stores the city, the query is:

UPDATE EMPLOYEE

SET E_address = 'Nagpur'

WHERE Emp_no = 12;

(Ensure there's an employee with Emp_no = 12 in the table for this query to take effect.)

6. Display the Details of Employees Who Work in the MECH Department

SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE

WHERE Dept_name = 'MECH';

7. Delete the Email ID of Employee James

Assuming the E_address or another column holds the email, replace its value with NULL:

UPDATE EMPLOYEE

SET E_address = NULL

WHERE E_name = 'James';

8. Display the Complete Record of Employees Working in the SALES Department

SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE

WHERE Dept_name = 'Sales';

Create a table EMPLOYEE with following schema:

(Emp_no, E_name, E_address, E_ph_no, Dept_no, Dept_name,Job_id , Salary)

ANS

1. Create the EMPLOYEE Table

CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE (

Emp_no INT PRIMARY KEY, -- Employee number (unique identifier)

E_name VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL, -- Employee name

E_address VARCHAR(100), -- Employee address (can include city)

E_ph_no VARCHAR(15), -- Employee phone number

Dept_no VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL, -- Department number

Dept_name VARCHAR(50), -- Department name

Job_id VARCHAR(20), -- Job ID

Salary DECIMAL(10, 2) NOT NULL -- Employee salary

);

2. Insert at Least 5 Rows

INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE (Emp_no, E_name, E_address, E_ph_no, Dept_no, Dept_name, Job_id,
Salary)

VALUES

(1, 'Alice', 'Mumbai', '123-456-7890', 'D10', 'HR', 'HR01', 55000.00),

(2, 'Bob', 'Pune', '987-654-3210', 'D20', 'IT', 'IT02', 75000.00),

(3, 'Charlie', 'Delhi', '555-666-7777', 'D30', 'Finance', 'FIN01', 65000.00),

(4, 'David', 'Bangalore', '444-555-6666', 'D10', 'HR', 'HR02', 60000.00),

(5, 'James', 'Hyderabad', '333-222-1111', 'D40', 'Sales', 'SLS01', 70000.00);

3. Display All Information in the EMPLOYEE Table

SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE;

SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE

WHERE Dept_no = 'D10';

5. Update the City of Emp_no 12 to Nagpur

If the city is stored in the E_address column:

UPDATE EMPLOYEE

SET E_address = 'Nagpur'

WHERE Emp_no = 12;

If there is no employee with Emp_no = 12, ensure you add this record first.

6. Display the Details of Employees Who Work in Department MECH

SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE

WHERE Dept_name = 'MECH';

7. Delete the Email ID of Employee James

Assuming E_address contains the email or city, and you want to delete this information:

UPDATE EMPLOYEE

SET E_address = NULL

WHERE E_name = 'James';

8. Display the Complete Record of Employees Working in the SALES Department

SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE

WHERE Dept_name = 'Sales';

Experiment No: 3

Create a table EMPLOYEE with following schema:

(Emp_no, E_name, E_address, E_ph_no, Dept_no, Dept_name,Job_id, Designation , Salary)

Below are the SQL statements for the described queries based on the provided schema:

1. List the Emp_no, E_name, and Salary of all employees working as MANAGER.

SELECT Emp_no, E_name, Salary

FROM EMPLOYEE

WHERE Designation = 'MANAGER';

2. Display all the details of employees whose salary is more than the salary of any IT PROFF.

SELECT *

FROM EMPLOYEE

WHERE Salary > ANY (

SELECT Salary

FROM EMPLOYEE

WHERE Designation = 'IT PROFF'

);

3. List the employees in ascending order of Designation who joined after 1981.

Assuming there is a Join_date column in EMPLOYEE:

SELECT *

FROM EMPLOYEE

WHERE YEAR(STR_TO_DATE(Join_date, '%d-%b-%y')) > 1981

ORDER BY Designation ASC;

4. List the employees along with their Experience and Daily Salary.

Assuming Join_date exists and Experience is calculated as the difference between the current year
and the year of joining:

SELECT

E_name,
 YEAR(CURDATE()) - YEAR(STR_TO_DATE(Join_date, '%d-%b-%y')) AS Experience,

Salary / 30 AS Daily_Salary

FROM EMPLOYEE;

5. List the employees who are either CLERK or ANALYST.

SELECT *

FROM EMPLOYEE

WHERE Designation IN ('CLERK', 'ANALYST');

6. List the employees who joined on specific dates (1-MAY-81, 3-DEC-81, 17-DEC-81, 19-JAN-80).

SELECT *

FROM EMPLOYEE

WHERE STR_TO_DATE(Join_date, '%d-%b-%y') IN (

'1981-05-01', '1981-12-03', '1981-12-17', '1980-01-19'

);

7. List the employees working for Dept_no 10 or 20.

SELECT *

FROM EMPLOYEE

WHERE Dept_no IN (10, 20);

8. List the E_name values starting with S.

SELECT E_name

FROM EMPLOYEE

WHERE E_name LIKE 'S%';

9. Display the name and the first five characters of names starting with H.

SELECT E_name, LEFT(E_name, 5) AS First_Five_Chars

FROM EMPLOYEE

WHERE E_name LIKE 'H%';

SELECT *

FROM EMPLOYEE

WHERE Designation NOT IN ('PRESIDENT', 'MGR')

ORDER BY Salary ASC;

Experiment No: 4

ANS:

1. Display all the department numbers available with the DEPT and EMP tables, avoiding
duplicates.

Use the UNION operator to combine the department numbers from both tables and remove
duplicates:

SELECT Dept_no

FROM DEPT

UNION

SELECT Dept_no

FROM EMP;

2. Display all the department numbers available with the DEPT and EMP tables (including
duplicates).

Use the UNION ALL operator to combine the department numbers from both tables, including
duplicates:

SELECT Dept_no

FROM DEPT

UNION ALL

SELECT Dept_no

FROM EMP;
3. Display all department numbers available in EMP but not in DEPT, and vice versa.

(a) Department numbers in EMP but not in DEPT:

SELECT Dept_no

FROM EMP

WHERE Dept_no NOT IN (

SELECT Dept_no

FROM DEPT

);

(b) Department numbers in DEPT but not in EMP:

SELECT Dept_no

FROM DEPT

WHERE Dept_no NOT IN (

SELECT Dept_no

FROM EMP

);

(c) Combine both results to show all mismatches:

Use FULL OUTER JOIN if supported, or simulate it with UNION.

-- Simulating FULL OUTER JOIN for mismatches

SELECT Dept_no, 'In EMP Not in DEPT' AS Source

FROM EMP

WHERE Dept_no NOT IN (

SELECT Dept_no

FROM DEPT

UNION

SELECT Dept_no, 'In DEPT Not in EMP' AS Source

FROM DEPT

WHERE Dept_no NOT IN (

SELECT Dept_no

FROM EMP

);
Experiment No: 5

Consider the following schema:

Sailors (sid, sname, rating, age) Boats (bid, bname, color) Reserves (sid, bid, day(date))

ANS

1. Find all information of sailors who have reserved boat number 101.

SELECT *

FROM Sailors S

WHERE S.sid IN (

SELECT R.sid

FROM Reserves R

WHERE R.bid = 101

);

2. Find the name of the boat reserved by Bob.

SELECT B.bname

FROM Boats B

JOIN Reserves R ON B.bid = R.bid

JOIN Sailors S ON S.sid = R.sid

WHERE S.sname = 'Bob';

3. Find the names of sailors who have reserved a red boat, and list in the order of age.

SELECT DISTINCT S.sname

FROM Sailors S

JOIN Reserves R ON S.sid = R.sid

JOIN Boats B ON R.bid = B.bid

WHERE B.color = 'red'

ORDER BY S.age;
4. Find the names of sailors who have reserved at least one boat.

SELECT DISTINCT S.sname

FROM Sailors S

JOIN Reserves R ON S.sid = R.sid;

5. Find the IDs and names of sailors who have reserved two different boats on the same day.

SELECT S.sid, S.sname

FROM Sailors S

JOIN Reserves R1 ON S.sid = R1.sid

JOIN Reserves R2 ON S.sid = R2.sid

WHERE R1.bid <> R2.bid

AND R1.day = R2.day;

6. Find the IDs of sailors who have reserved a red boat or a green boat.

SELECT DISTINCT R.sid

FROM Reserves R

JOIN Boats B ON R.bid = B.bid

WHERE B.color IN ('red', 'green');

7. Find the name and the age of the youngest sailor.

SELECT S.sname, S.age

FROM Sailors S

WHERE S.age = (

SELECT MIN(S1.age)

FROM Sailors S1

);

8. Count the number of different sailor names.

SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT S.sname) AS Sailor_Name_Count

FROM Sailors S;
9. Find the average age of sailors for each rating level.

SELECT S.rating, AVG(S.age) AS Avg_Age

FROM Sailors S

GROUP BY S.rating;

10. Find the average age of sailors for each rating level that has at least two sailors.

SELECT S.rating, AVG(S.age) AS Avg_Age

FROM Sailors S

GROUP BY S.rating

HAVING COUNT(S.sid) >= 2;

EXPERIMENT 6:

Create a relation and implement the following queries.

1. Display the total salary spent for each job category.

SELECT Job, SUM(Salary) AS Total_Salary

FROM Employee

GROUP BY Job;

2. Display the lowest-paid employee details under each manager.

SELECT Manager_id, MIN(Salary) AS Lowest_Salary

FROM Employee

GROUP BY Manager_id;

To include full details of the lowest-paid employee under each manager:

WITH MinSalaryPerManager AS (

SELECT Manager_id, MIN(Salary) AS Lowest_Salary

FROM Employee

GROUP BY Manager_id

SELECT E.*
FROM Employee E

JOIN MinSalaryPerManager M

ON E.Manager_id = M.Manager_id AND E.Salary = M.Lowest_Salary;

3. Display the number of employees working in each department and their department name.

SELECT D.Dept_name, COUNT(E.Emp_id) AS Employee_Count

FROM Employee E

JOIN Department D ON E.Dept_id = D.Dept_id

GROUP BY D.Dept_name;

4. Display the details of employees, sorting the salary in increasing order.

SELECT *

FROM Employee

ORDER BY Salary ASC;

5. Show the record of employees earning a salary greater than 16000 in each department.

SELECT E.*

FROM Employee E

JOIN Department D ON E.Dept_id = D.Dept_id

WHERE E.Salary > 16000;

6. Write queries to implement and practice the above clauses.

Example Queries:

 GROUP BY: Query 1 (GROUP BY Job) and Query 3 (GROUP BY Dept_name) demonstrate
grouping for aggregate operations.

 ORDER BY: Query 4 demonstrates sorting (ORDER BY Salary ASC).

 HAVING: Add conditions on grouped results (e.g., departments with more than 5
employees):

SELECT D.Dept_name, COUNT(E.Emp_id) AS Employee_Count

FROM Employee E

JOIN Department D ON E.Dept_id = D.Dept_id

GROUP BY D.Dept_name
HAVING COUNT(E.Emp_id) > 5;

 JOINS: Queries 3 and 5 use JOIN to combine Employee and Department tables.

Experiment No: 7

Consider the following schema:

Sailors (sid, sname, rating, age) Boats (bid, bname, color) Reserves (sid, bid, day(date))

ANS:

1. Find all information of sailors who have reserved boat number 101.

SELECT *

FROM Sailors

WHERE sid IN (

SELECT sid

FROM Reserves

WHERE bid = 101

);

2. Find the name of the boat reserved by Bob.

SELECT bname

FROM Boats

WHERE bid IN (

SELECT bid

FROM Reserves

WHERE sid = (

SELECT sid

FROM Sailors

WHERE sname = 'Bob'

)
);

3. Find the names of sailors who have reserved a red boat, and list in the order of age.

SELECT sname

FROM Sailors

WHERE sid IN (

SELECT sid

FROM Reserves

WHERE bid IN (

SELECT bid

FROM Boats

WHERE color = 'red'

ORDER BY age;

4. Find the names of sailors who have reserved at least one boat.

SELECT sname

FROM Sailors

WHERE sid IN (

SELECT DISTINCT sid

FROM Reserves

);

5. Find the IDs and names of sailors who have reserved two different boats on the same day.

SELECT sid, sname

FROM Sailors

WHERE sid IN (

SELECT R1.sid

FROM Reserves R1, Reserves R2

WHERE R1.sid = R2.sid

AND R1.day = R2.day

);

6. Find the IDs of sailors who have reserved a red boat or a green boat.

SELECT DISTINCT sid

FROM Reserves

WHERE bid IN (

SELECT bid

FROM Boats

WHERE color IN ('red', 'green')

);

7. Find the name and the age of the youngest sailor.

SELECT sname, age

FROM Sailors

WHERE age = (

SELECT MIN(age)

FROM Sailors

);

8. Count the number of different sailor names.

SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT sname) AS Sailor_Name_Count

FROM Sailors;

9. Find the average age of sailors for each rating level.

SELECT rating, AVG(age) AS Avg_Age

FROM Sailors

GROUP BY rating;

10. Find the average age of sailors for each rating level that has at least two sailors.
SELECT rating, AVG(age) AS Avg_Age

FROM Sailors

GROUP BY rating

HAVING COUNT(sid) >= 2;

Experiment No: 8

1. Create a table EMP with the specified structure.

CREATE TABLE EMP (

EMPNO NUMBER(6),

ENAME VARCHAR2(20) NOT NULL,

JOB VARCHAR2(10) NOT NULL,

DEPTNO NUMBER(3),

SAL NUMBER(7, 2),

CONSTRAINT chk_empno CHECK (EMPNO > 100), -- Constraint for EMPNO > 100

CONSTRAINT uniq_deptno UNIQUE (DEPTNO), -- Constraint for unique DEPTNO

CONSTRAINT pk_emp PRIMARY KEY (EMPNO) -- Primary key constraint for EMPNO

);

2. Add constraint to ensure EMPNO > 100.

If the constraint was not added during table creation, you can add it afterward:

ALTER TABLE EMP

ADD CONSTRAINT chk_empno CHECK (EMPNO > 100);

3. Define DEPTNO as unique.

If the unique constraint was not added during table creation:

ALTER TABLE EMP

ADD CONSTRAINT uniq_deptno UNIQUE (DEPTNO);

If the primary key constraint was not added during table creation:

ALTER TABLE EMP

ADD CONSTRAINT pk_emp PRIMARY KEY (EMPNO);

5. Queries to Practice Constraints

a) Insert a valid record.

INSERT INTO EMP (EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, DEPTNO, SAL)

VALUES (101, 'John', 'Manager', 10, 50000.00);

b) Try inserting a record with EMPNO <= 100.

This will fail because of the chk_empno constraint.

INSERT INTO EMP (EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, DEPTNO, SAL)

VALUES (99, 'Jane', 'Clerk', 20, 20000.00);

c) Try inserting a record with duplicate DEPTNO.

This will fail because of the uniq_deptno constraint.

INSERT INTO EMP (EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, DEPTNO, SAL)

VALUES (102, 'Alice', 'Analyst', 10, 30000.00);

d) Try inserting a record with NULL in ENAME or JOB.

This will fail because both columns are defined as NOT NULL.

INSERT INTO EMP (EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, DEPTNO, SAL)

VALUES (103, NULL, 'Sales', 30, 25000.00);

INSERT INTO EMP (EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, DEPTNO, SAL)

VALUES (104, 'Bob', NULL, 40, 15000.00);

e) Insert a valid record with a new department.

INSERT INTO EMP (EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, DEPTNO, SAL)

VALUES (105, 'Eve', 'Engineer', 50, 40000.00);

EXPERIMRNT 9.

1. Implementing a Savepoint
A Savepoint allows you to set a point within a transaction to which you can later roll back if needed.

Example Query:

-- Begin the transaction

BEGIN;

-- Insert a record into the EMP table

INSERT INTO EMP (EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, DEPTNO, SAL)

VALUES (201, 'Alice', 'Clerk', 30, 20000.00);

-- Create a Savepoint

SAVEPOINT sp1;

-- Insert another record

INSERT INTO EMP (EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, DEPTNO, SAL)

VALUES (202, 'Bob', 'Manager', 40, 50000.00);

2. Implementing a Rollback

A Rollback undoes all the changes made after a specific savepoint or the start of a transaction.

Example Query:

-- Rollback to the Savepoint sp1

ROLLBACK TO sp1;

-- At this point, the record for Bob will be undone, but the record for Alice remains.

If no savepoint is specified, the rollback undoes the entire transaction:

-- Rollback the entire transaction

ROLLBACK;

3. Implementing a Commit

A Commit makes all changes made in the current transaction permanent in the database.

Example Query:

-- Commit the transaction

-- At this point, the record for Alice is permanently saved in the database.

Example: Combined Workflow

BEGIN;

INSERT INTO EMP (EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, DEPTNO, SAL)

VALUES (301, 'John', 'Analyst', 50, 45000.00);

SAVEPOINT sp1;

INSERT INTO EMP (EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, DEPTNO, SAL)

VALUES (302, 'Jane', 'Engineer', 60, 55000.00);

-- Rollback to Savepoint

ROLLBACK TO sp1;

-- Commit the remaining transaction

COMMIT;

EXPERIMENT 10

1. Create a User

To create a new user:

CREATE USER new_user IDENTIFIED BY 'password';

To grant basic connection privileges to the user:

2. Grant All Privileges of Emp Table to Dept Table

To allow the Dept table to have all privileges over the Emp table:

GRANT ALL ON Emp TO new_user;

3. Grant Some Privileges of Emp Table to Dept Table

To grant specific privileges such as SELECT and INSERT:

GRANT SELECT, INSERT ON Emp TO new_user;

4. Revoke All Privileges of Emp Table from Dept Table

To revoke all previously granted privileges:

REVOKE ALL ON Emp FROM new_user;

5. Revoke Some Privileges of Emp Table from Dept Table

To revoke specific privileges like INSERT:

REVOKE INSERT ON Emp FROM new_user;

Practical Workflow Example

-- Create a user

CREATE USER department_user IDENTIFIED BY 'dept123';

-- Grant privileges

GRANT SELECT, INSERT ON Emp TO department_user;

-- Revoke specific privilege

REVOKE INSERT ON Emp FROM department_user;

-- Revoke all privileges

REVOKE ALL ON Emp FROM department_user;