Data Mining
Concepts and Techniques
Helly Sunil Shah,Prof.Mayank Dewani
1.Student,B.E.Computer Engineering,Sal College of Engineering ,Ahmedabad,Gujarat,India
2.Assistant Professor,Department of Information Technology,Sal College of Engineering,Ahmedabad,Gujarat ,India.
Introduction to Data Mining
Data mining is the process of discovering useful information and patterns in large datasets
using techniques from statistics, machine learning, and databases. It's used in fields like
finance, healthcare, retail, and telecom to:
Predict trends
Segment customers
Detect fraud
Recommend products
Think of it like extracting valuable insights (not the raw data itself) — similar to finding
diamonds in a mine, but here you're digging through databases
DATA MINING ALGORITHMS:
A data mining algorithm is a computational method used to extract patterns, knowledge, or
useful information from large datasets. These algorithms are the backbone of data mining
and are used in various domains such as business intelligence, healthcare, finance, and
more.
1. Classification Algorithms
Used to categorize data into predefined classes or labels.
Decision Trees (e.g., C4.5, CART)
Naive Bayes
Support Vector Machines (SVM)
k-Nearest Neighbours (k-NN)
Random Forests
2. Clustering Algorithms
Used to group data points into clusters based on similarity.
K-Means
Hierarchical Clustering
DBSCAN (Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise)
Mean Shift
4. Regression Algorithms
Used to predict continuous numeric values.
Linear Regression
Logistic Regression (for classification)
Ridge/Lasso Regression
Core Concepts:
1. Knowledge Discovery Process: Steps include:
Cleaning: Remove noise or irrelevant data
Integration: Combine data from different sources
Selection: Choose the relevant data
Transformation: Reformat it
Mining: Apply algorithms
Evaluation: Identify meaningful patterns
Visualization: Present it clearly for interpretation
2. Types of Data You Can Mine:
Flat Files (e.g., CSVs)
Data Warehouses (centralized data from multiple sources)
Multimedia Databases (images, videos, audio)
Spatial Databases (geographical info like maps)
3. Data Preparation Essentials:
Cleaning: Fix errors, missing data
Integration: Combine data sources
Transformation: Normalize, scale
Reduction: Use fewer variables without losing meaning
4. Techniques Used:
Machine Learning: To learn and make decisions
Statistical Analysis: For pattern finding
Database Management: For storage/access
AI & Neural Networks: For deeper analysis
Data Visualization: For better understanding
Knowledge discovery in data mining
Knowledge Discovery in Data Mining (KDD) is the overall process of discovering useful
knowledge from data. It involves a sequence of steps that starts with raw data and ends
with valuable insights. Data Mining is just one step within this broader KDD process.
Data Selection: Choosing the relevant data from the larger dataset.
Data Pre-processing (Cleaning & Integration): Removing noise, handling missing
values, and integrating data from multiple sources.
Data Transformation: Converting data into suitable formats for mining (e.g.,
normalization, aggregation).
Data Mining: Applying algorithms to extract patterns from the data (e.g.,
classification, clustering, association rule mining).
Pattern Evaluation: Identifying truly interesting patterns and discarding redundant or
irrelevant ones.
Knowledge Presentation: Using visualization and reporting tools to present the
mined knowledge in an understandable form.
What kind of Data can be mined?
A wide variety of data types can be mined, depending on the domain and the goal of the
analysis. Here's a breakdown of the main kinds of data that can be mined:
Structured Data
Data that is organized in rows and columns (like spreadsheets or databases).
Examples:
Customer records
Transaction histories
Inventory databases
Semi-Structured Data
Data that doesn’t fit into strict rows and columns but still has some structure.
Examples:
XML, JSON files
Log files
HTML pages
Unstructured Data
Raw data without a predefined structure.
Examples:
Text (emails, documents, social media posts)
Images
Audio and video
PDFs
Time-Series Data
Data collected over time, often at regular intervals.
Examples:
Stock prices
Sensor readings
Weather data
Spatial Data
Data related to physical locations or geography.
Examples:
Maps
Satellite images
GPS coordinates
Graph Data
Data that represents entities and their relationships.
Examples:
Social networks
Web page links
Recommendation systems
Stream Data
Real-time or continuous flow of data.
Examples:
Live financial feeds
IoT sensor data
Network traffic
DATA MINING TECHNIQUES
Data mining techniques are methods used to discover patterns, relationships, or useful
insights from large volumes of data. Here are some of the most commonly used data
mining techniques:
1. Classification
Purpose: Assign data into predefined categories or classes.
Example Algorithms: Decision Trees, Random Forest, Support Vector Machines (SVM),
Naive Bayes.
Use Case: Email spam detection, credit risk evaluation.
2. Clustering
Purpose: Group similar data points into clusters without predefined labels.
Example Algorithms: K-Means, DBSCAN, Hierarchical Clustering.
Use Case: Customer segmentation, image compression.
3. Regression
Purpose: Predict a continuous numeric value based on input variables.
Example Algorithms: Linear Regression, Polynomial Regression, Ridge Regression.
Use Case: Predicting housing prices, stock market forecasting.
4. Association Rule Learning
Purpose: Find interesting relationships (associations) between variables in large databases.
Example Algorithms: Apriorism, Eclat.
Use Case: Market basket analysis (e.g., “Customers who buy X also buy Y”).
5. Anomaly Detection (Outlier Detection)
Purpose: Identify rare items, events, or observations that differ significantly from the
majority of the data.
Example Algorithms: Isolation Forest, One-Class SVM, k-NN based methods.
Use Case: Fraud detection, network security.
6. Dimensionality Reduction
Purpose: Reduce the number of input variables in a dataset.
Example Techniques: Principal Component Analysis (PCA), t-SNE, LDA.
Use Case: Data visualization, improving performance in machine learning models.
7. Prediction
Purpose: Estimate future outcomes based on historical data.
Tools Used: A combination of classification and regression.
Use Case: Sales forecasting, demand prediction
Application oriented data mining
Here’s a focused list of application-oriented data mining topics, ideal for practical projects,
research papers, or real-world case studies:
Healthcare & Medical Applications
Predictive Modelling for Disease Diagnosis Using Data Mining
Early Detection of Diabetes or Cancer Through Classification Techniques
Mining Electronic Health Records for Patient Risk Profiling
Drug Response Prediction Using Data Mining and Machine Learning
Clinical Decision Support Systems Using Data Mining
Education
Student Performance Prediction Using Educational Data Mining
Dropout Risk Analysis in Online Learning Platforms
Adaptive Learning Systems Based on Student Behaviour Patterns
Mining Learning Management System (LMS) Logs for Personalized Feedback
Finance & Banking
Fraud Detection in Credit Card Transactions Using Anomaly Detection
Loan Default Prediction Using Classification Algorithms
Customer Segmentation in Banking Using Clustering Techniques
Risk Assessment and Credit Scoring Models Based on Data Mining
Retail & E-commerce
Market Basket Analysis for Cross-Selling and Upselling
Customer Churn Prediction in E-commerce Platforms
Recommender Systems Using Collaborative Filtering and Association Rules
Price Optimization and Demand Forecasting Using Regression Models
Social Media & Web
Sentiment Analysis on Twitter or YouTube Using Text Mining
Fake News Detection Using Data Mining and NLP
Influencer Detection in Social Networks Through Graph Mining
User Behavior Analysis for Personalized Web Content Delivery
Transportation & Smart Cities
Traffic Pattern Analysis and Prediction Using Time-Series Mining
Route Optimization for Smart Logistics Systems
Public Transport Usage Prediction Using Smart Card Data
Urban Planning Insights from GPS and Sensor Data Mining
Conclusion:
Data mining helps organizations make informed decisions, streamline operations, and stay
competitive. The combination of concepts and techniques empowers companies to
transform raw data into actionable knowledge.
Conclusion:
Data mining helps organizations make informed decisions, streamline
operations, and stay competitive. The combination of concepts and techniques
empowers companies to transform raw data into actionable knowledge.
